• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.35-48
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• 1985

One of most frequently used anesthetic agents is barbiturate derivatives. Pentobarbital or thiopental sodium have been used most frequently in the laboratory or clinical practice. There have been reports on the renal effects of barbiturate anesthesia in human and laboartory animals. Renal effects of thiopental sodium anesthesia, however, are still controversial. One of the discrepancies may be derived from the doses used. It has been reported that subanesthetic small dose of thiopental sodium influences the renal function directly. To clarify possible central effects of very small amounts of thiopental sodium on the renal function, experiments have been done in conscious rabbits. Thiopental sodium was infused into the lateral cerebroventricle for 10 minutes. Intracerebroventricular thiopental sodium induced increased urinary volume, glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow by doses of $0.1{\sim}1.0\;mg/10 min/rabbit$. Filtration fractions were not changed. Sodium, chloride and potassium excretions were increased by 0.065 mg/10 min/rabbit of thiopental sodium without significant changes of renal hemodynamics. Higher doses of thiopental sodium $(0.1{\sim}1.0\;mg/10 min/rabbit)$ induced greater increases of electrolytes excretion and renal hemodynamics. Free water clearance was not changed by thiopental sodium, but the fractional excretion of free water showed a tendency of decrease. Fractional excretion of sodium was increased by doses of 0.065 to 1.0 mg of thiopental sodium . Highly significant correlation between the changes of glomerular filtration rate and the changes of sodium excretion were found in the higher doses. Plasma renin concentration (activity) was not changed by the centrally administered thiopental sodium. Intravenous thiopental sodium, 1.0 mg/rabbit, induced no changes of renal function in conscious rabbit. These data suggest that intracerebroyentricular thiopental sodium can increase urinary sodium excretion directly by inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules and/or indirectly by increasing the renal hemodynamics.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2002

체외수정의 성공률에 있어서 배란되기 직전의 충분히 성숙된 난자를 채취하는 것이 중요하며, 최근에는 질 벽을 통하여 초음파를 이용하는 방법을 많이 사용하고 있다. 난자 채취 시술 시 정맥 마취제를 투여하는데 최근에는 수술회복이 빠르고 오심이나 구토 등의 부작용이 적은 Propofol(2,6-disoprooylphenol)과 Thiopental sodium을 사용한다. 이들 마취제가 마취 투여 시간과 양에 따라 난자의 성숙률과 수정률, 발생률에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 조사하고자 하였다. 돼지에서 추출한 성숙 전 단계의 난자를 마취제인 Propofo1 및 Thiopental sodium의 다양한 농도와 시간에 노출시킨 후 난자 성숙를을 조사하였으며 돼지 정자와 체외수정시킨 후 수정률과 발생률을 관찰하였다. 또한, 수정 단계 없이 단독 발생하는 처녀생식에 대한 영향도 조사하였다. Propofol에 단시간 노출된 난자는 대조군과 큰 차이가 없었으나 고농도에서 장시간 노출 시 성숙률이 현저히 높게 나타났다. 그러나 수정률은 높은 농도에 장시간 노출할 경우 대조군보다 낮아졌는데, 이와 같은 일시적인 난자 성숙은 Propofol이 처녀생식 유발물질이기 때문으로 보여진다. Thiopental sodium은 저농도 단시간 처리 시 난자의 성숙률과 수정률을 모두 감소시켰다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때, 각 마취제의 최적농도와 투여시간을 결정하여 이러한 영향을 최소화시키는 것이 체외수정의 성공률과 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.352-362
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• 1999

Thiopental sodium is known as ultrashort-acting barbiturates and can be employed advantageously for numerous conditions. But thiopental has the side effects of cardiovascular and respiratory systems which has barbiturates and are depend on the dose of thiopental. The side effects are reduced when the thiopental is preceded by a tranquilizer and sedative. In these drugs, benzodiazepines have the minimal effects of cardiovascular and respiratory systems. In this study, the effects of midazolam preanesthetic administration, followed by thiopental anesthetic induction, on cardiovascular system and thiopental induction requirement were studied in 14 mixed breed dogs. Cardiovascular data were recorded baseline, after premedication of saline 0.45 ml/kg or midazolam 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mg/kg, intubation, and 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 minutes after intubation. Extubation, head-up, sternal recombency, standing, and walking recovery times were recorded. The results were summarized as follows; (1) The 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/kg dosages of midazolam insignificantly decreased thiopental dose requirement necessary to accomplish intubation by 6, 20, 21 and 28%. (2) The 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/kg dosages of midazolam insignificantly reduced the times of extubation, head-up, sternal recumbency, standing, and walking recovery. (3) Midazolam was effective in reducing the frequency and duration of arrhythmia after intubation. (4) Heart rates of preanestheic midazolam administraion groups increased after thiopental injection which insignificantly changed smaller than those of control group. (5) Arterial blood pressures did not vary significantly among groups.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.220-224
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• 1997

Background: The incidence of pain on injection of propofol varies between 30 and 100%. A variety of pretreatments have been tried to alleviate this problem such as a local anesthetics, cooling and opioids. However, none of these pharmacological maneuvers were satisfactory yet. In a recent study, subhypnotic doses of both thiopental sodium and propofol decrease the acute pain. We report a comparison of thiopental sodium, lidocaine and placebo on the incidence and severity of pain on injection of propofol. Method: A controlled, double-blind study was performed to compare the prior administration of intravenous saline 2 ml(n=30, group S), lidocaine 20 mg(n=30, group L) and thiopental sodium 50 mg(n=30, group T) in alleviating the pain by propofol. Injection pain was assessed with the four-point verbal categorical scoring system. Result: The incidence of injection pain during induction was lower in group L(30%) and T(17%) than group S(77%). The incidence of injection pain was lower in group T(17%) than group L(30%), but not significant statistically. The pain scores for recall of pain in the recovery room was simlar to those pain during propofol induction. Conclusion: The pretreatment of thiopental sodium can be effective in reducing both incidence and severity of propofol injection pain and has similar effect to lidocaine to prevent propofol injection pain.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.350-358
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• 1997

수술에 의해 발생되는 침해성 통증이나 혈역학적 변화 및 내분비계의 반응은 마취 방법에 따라 약화되거나 조정될 수 있다. 본 연구는 심장수술시 체외순환 직전에 sodium thiopental을 투여한 경우 beta-endorphin치 변화에 미치는 영향을 관찰하고자 시행되었다. 관상동맥 우회술과 판막치환술을 위한 체외순환 환자 28명을 대상으로 하였다. Isoflurane, $N_2O$ 및 fentanyl 지속 정주(2 ug/kg/hr)에 의한 전신마취 하에서 thiopental군(14명)은 sodium thiopental 500 mg을, 대조군(14명)은 생리식염수 20 ml를 체외순환 직전에 투여하였다. 체외순환 직전과 체외순환 개시 후 30분 및 60분에 beta-endorphin치와 평균동맥압, 심박출량 및 전신혈관저항 등의 혈역학 지수를 각각 측정하였다. Beta-endorphin치가 대조군에서는 체외순환 개시 후 30분 및 60분에 유의하게 증가하였으나(P=0.006, P=0.004) thiopental군에서는 변화가 없었다. Beta-endorphin치의 변화는 양군 사이에 뚜렷한 차이가 이었다(F=8.7, P=0.001). 혈역학적 변화는 양군 사이 차이가 없었다. 따라서 체외순환 개시 직전에 투여된 thiopental은 체외순환중의 beta-endorphin치 변화를 예방할 수 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.413-418
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• 1998

Intracardiac velocities were determined and the wave-forms described for 4 flow areas of the normal canine heart following administration of chemical restraint drugs including xylazine HCl, ketamine HCl, and thiopental sodium using pulsed wave Doppler echocardiography. The result was that xylazine HCl and thiopental sodium reduced intracardiac flow velocities through mitral, tricuspid, aortic and pulmonary valves. It is also thought that precautions are required before using these drugs. Patterns of wave-forms had no changes between control and treatment groups. Doppler echocardiography allows the clinician to determine flow velocities across the different valves and within the various chambers of the heart. It is shown that establishing normal values and those related to chemical restraint administrations and knowing what influences them should allow the clinician to non-invasively diagnose a variety of pathological cardiac conditions.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.7-10
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• 2022

Hwangryunagyo-tang (HT) is a herbal cocktail to treat insomnia induced by yin deficiency with effulgent fire. In the present study, the onset time and the duration time of sleep were measured 30 minutes after thiopental sodium injection. And c-fos immunohistochemistry was performed to find the activated nerve cells of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) and tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) sites in the brain. HT significantly increased the number of activated nerve cells in the sleep-inducing center (VLPO), whereas HT significantly decreased the number of activated nerve cells in the arousal center (TMN). It could be concluded that the HT shortened the onset time and increased the duration time for sleep induced by thiopental sodium. And it was confirmed that the mechanism acted by activating the sleep-inducing center (VLPO) and suppressing the arousal center (TMN) in the brain. The results are considered to be useful as scientific evidence HT can be used clinically for the treatment of insomnia caused by yin deficiency with effulgent fire.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2020

Objectives : Gyejigamchoyonggolmoryeo-tang (GT, Guizhigancaolonggumulitang in Chinese) is a herbal medicine to be prescribed for insomnia caused by anxiety induced by Heart-Heat and elevated Liver-Yang. In the present study, the onset time (sleep latency) and the duration time of sleep were measured to find out the sleep inducing effects of GT. The expression of c-fos immunohistochemistry was also measured at the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) and tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) site in brain. Methods : The onset time (sleep latency) and the duration time of sleep were measured 30 minutes after thiopental sodium injection. Thereafter, brain tissue was obtained and c-fos immunohistochemistry was performed on the VLPO and TMN sites. Results : GT statistically significantly reduced the sleep latency required to enter sleep, and significantly increased sleep duration time. GT significantly increased the number of c-fos immunohistochemical staining-positive cells in the sleep-inducing center (VLPO), whereas GT significantly decreased the number of c-fos immunohistochemical staining-positive cells in the arousal center (TMN). Conclusions : It could be concluded that the GT shortened the sleep latency and increased the duration time for sleep induced by thiopental sodium. And it was confirmed that the mechanism was to stimulate the sleep-inducing center (VLPO) and suppress the arousal center (TMN) in the brain. The results of this study are considered to be useful as scientific evidence that can be used clinically for the treatment of insomnia caused by anxiety.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2009

We investigated the pathogenesis of liver tissue damage during the lipid peroxidation and fibrogenesis with the observation of correlations between the parameters of collagen synthesis (and deposition) and lipid peroxidation in liver fibrosis (cirrhosis) rats. Rats were randomly divided into two groups, normal and $CCl_4$-thiopental sod. intoxicated group. And the one group was treated intragastrically with the mixture of $CCl_4$-thiopental sod. 3 times per week for 3 weeks. The liver tissue and sera were used for the measurement of hydroxyproline (HYP), malonedialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Biochemical parameters such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total-bilirubin and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured. Additionally, the expression of collagen ${\alpha}1$(III) and $\beta$-actin mRNA was observed by RTPCR. The histological change in liver tissue was also observed by Masson's trichrome and H&E staining. Correlation analysis was carried by Spearman's rho method. All biochemical parameters except total-bilirubin were significantly higher in the $CCl_4$-thiopental sod. treated group than that of the normal group (p < 0.01). In the $CCl_4$-thiopental sod. treated group, Hyp as a parameter of collagen synthesis (deposition) and MDA as a metabolite of lipid peroxidation, were significantly elevated by 1.98 and 2.11 times higher than that of the normal group (p < 0.001) respectively. The activity of SOD in the $CCl_4$-thiopental sod. treated group is decreased significantly by 44.8% (p < 0.001). And collagen ${\alpha}1$(III) mRNA was more expressed in the $CCl_4$-thiopental sod. treated group than that of the normal group. However, the expression of $\beta$-actin mRNA is showed similar in both of groups. A good correlation was observed between the content of hyp and MDA concentration (r = 0.70, n = 40) in the two groups. And the correlation between the levels of hyp and SOD (r = -0.71, n = 25) is also reliable. However, no correlation were observed between MDA concentration and SOD (r = -0.40, n = 25) in the two groups. Elevated levels of MDA in $CCl_4$-thiopental sod. treated rats indicated enhancement of lipid peroxidation, which is accompanied by a decrease in SOD activity. Moreover, we could confirm that the parameters of collagen synthesis (and deposition) is in good correlation with the metabolite of lipid peroxidation (MDA) and the lipid peroxidation antagonizing enzyme (SOD). Hence, we propose that (1) lipid peroxidation and collagen synthesis (and deposition) could be enhanced by intragastrically application of $CCl_4$-thiopental sod. during a short terms. And (2) the intoxication of $CCl_4$-thiopental sod. could be used for monitoring of lipid peroxidation and collagen synthesis (and deposition) for test of antioxidant and antifibrotic agent.

• 대한치과마취과학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.10-15
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• 2001

Background: This prospective study was designed to compare the cardiovascular response to endotracheal insertion of either an orotracheal tube or a nasotracheal tube Methods: 120 ASA physical status I and II surgical patients requiring general anesthesia and tracheal intubation were studied and assigned to two groups: orotracheal intubation group (n = 60) and nasotracheal intubation group (n = 60). Patients were premedicated with midazolam 0.05 mg/kg and glycopyrrolate 0.005 mg/kg intramuscularly and anesthesia was induced with thiopental sodium 5 mg/kg and succinylcholine 0.1 mg/kg intravenously. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP). mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were assessed noninvasively before induction of anesthesia and immediately after intubation, 1 min, 2 min, 3 min, and 5 min after intubation. Results: Cardiovascular responses such as SBP, DBP, MAP and HR were similar for both techniques and no significant differences between two groups were observed until 5 min after intubation. Conclusions: In healthy ASA I and II patients with normal blood pressure, induction doses of thiopental sodium 5 mg/kg and succinylcholine 0.1 mg/kg didn't attenuated the cardiovascular response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Insertion of an endotracheal tube may be the most invasive stimulus during intubation procedures. (JKDSA 2001; 1: 10-15)