• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the color changes of composite resin polymerized with three type of light curing units. Composite resin (Z100, shade A2) were applied in a cylindrical metal mold(2 mm thick, 7 mm diameter). Twenty specimens according to light curing units were made. Group 1 : the specimens were polymerized with Apollo 95E for 3seconds(1370 mW/$\textrm{cm}^2$). Group 2 : the specimens were polymerized with XL 3000 for 40seconds (480 mW/$\textrm{cm}^2$). Group 3 : the specimens were polymerized with Spectrum 800 for 10 seconds(250 mW/$\textrm{cm}^2$) and 30 seconds(700 mW/$\textrm{cm}^2$). The microhardness values(VHN) of upper and lower surfaces specimens after light polymerization were measured for the degree of polymerization. All specimens were stored in distilled water at 6$0^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. The color characteristics(L$^*$, a$^*$, b$^*$) of the specimens before and after immersion were measured by spectrophotometer and the total color difference ($\Delta$E$^*$) was computed. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The microhardness values of Group I showed significantly lower than those of Group II and III (p<0.05). 2. In all groups the $\Delta$E$^*$ values presented below 2.0. 3 Group I showed the highest $\Delta$E$^*$ values followed order from highest to lowest by Group II and III (p<0.05).

• Composites Research
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.98-109
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• 1999

복합재료 보철물이 삽입된 인공 고관절의 장기적 거동의 해석을 위한 비선형 유한요소법이 개발되었으며 아울러 두꺼운 적층 복합채 보철물의 설계를 위한 3차원 육면체 요소가 이용되었다. 사용된 요소는 요소내의 다양한 물성치를 포함하여 요소의 절단면을 고려할 수 있는 ply-drop-off요소이다. 개발된 비선형 유한요소해석 프로그램은 단층하중하의 보 문제를 통해 엄밀해와의 비교를 통해 검증하였다. 개발된 프로그램을 이용하여 보철물의 재료와 복합재료 보철물의 적층각도에 따른 밀도 변화 및 강도비를 계산하여 인공 고관절의 역학적 거동을 해석하였으며 동시에 보철물의 설계 성능을 평가하였다. 계산된 수치해석 결과를 통해 인공 고관절 보철물의 설계 성능의 평가가 가능하며 보철물 설계에 따른 시간 및 비용을 줄일 수 있다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.381-387
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• 2017

섬유강화 복합재료는 열팽창 계수의 방향성을 갖고 있을 뿐만 아니라 제작과정 온도와 실제 사용온도 사이의 차이 때문에 필연적으로 열응력 효과를 받게 된다. 이러한 열응력에 의한 파손현상은 실제 항공우주산업에서의 응용이 증대되고 있는 두꺼운 복합 적층판의 경우에 더욱 현저한 현상으로 적층판의 역학적 기능 및 파단강도에 큰 영향을 미치게 된다. 본 연구에서는 복잡한 재질로 구성되고 높은 세장비를 가진 블레이드 날개 구조의 차원축소 및 열 응력 복원 이론을 소개하고 3차원 유한요소모델과 비교결과를 통해 효율성과 정확성을 입증한다. 또한 차원을 축소한 모델링을 구성하고 복원이론를 이용하여 열적 환경에 적용된 복합재 보 단면의 열응력을 차원 복원하고 시각적으로 형상화하는 효율적인 복원해석 과정을 소개하고자 한다.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.172-181
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• 2006

브롬계 난연제인 테트라비스페놀 A 또는 브롬화 에폭시 올리고머(BEO) 및 산화안티몬을 포함하는 ABS 컴파운드에서 천매암의 난연 상승효과를 연구하였다. 탈크는 비교목적으로 사용되었다. ABS 컴파운드는 동일방향으로 회전하는 이축압출기를 통해 제조되었고 사출기를 이용하여 기계적 및 열적 성질을 측정하기 위한 시편으로 만들었다. ABS 컴파운드의 난연성을 1.6 mm 두께의 막대시편을 이용한 UL 94 수직 시험으로 알아 본 바 천매암 및 탈크는 산화안티몬을 12.5%(0.5 wt%)에서 37.5%(1.5 wt%) 대체하였을 때 모두 난연 상승효과를 보였다. 특히 BEO를 사용하였을 때 천매암이 탈크보다 우수한 난연 상승효과를 보였다. 천매암에서만 ABS 컴파운드의 유동성 증가가 나타났다. 노치드 Izod 충격강도는 천매암 또는 탈크의 함량에 비례하여 감소하였다. 천매암은 색상문제가 없는 조건에서 산화안티몬을 25%(1 wt%)까지 대체 할 수 있고 우수한 난연성과 유동성을 부여할 수 있다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.249-266
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to determine whether pH and time has any influence on the degradation behavior of composite restoration by analyzing the leached monomers of dental composites qualitatively and quantitatively after storage in acetate buffer solution as a function of time using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) / mass spectrometer. Materials and Methods：Three commercial composite restorative resin materials (Z-250, Heliomolar and Aeliteflo) with different matrix structure and filler composition were studied. Thirty specimens (7mm $diameter{\times}2mm$ thick) of each material were prepared. The cured materials were stored in acetate buffer solution at different pH (4, 7) for 1, 7 and 45days. As a reference, samples of unpolymerized composite materials of each product were treated with methanol (10mg/ml). Identification of the various compounds was achieved by comparison of their mass spectra with those of reference compound, with literature data. and by their fragmentation patterns. Data were analysed statistically using ANOVA and Duncan's test. Results：1. Amounts of leached TEGDMA in Aeliteflo were significantly larger than those of UDMA in Z-250 and Heliomolar at experimental conditions of different storage time and pH variation (p<0.001). 2. As to comparison of the amounts of leached monomers per sorage time, amounts of leached TEGDMA in Aeliteflo and UDMA in Z-250 and Heliomolar were increased in the pH 4 solution more significantly than in the pH 7 solution after 1day, 7days and 45days, respectively (p<0.001). 3. In total amounts of all the leached monomers with storage times, the overall amounts of pH 4 extracts were larger than those of pH 7 extracts for all resin groups, but there was no significant difference (p>0.05).

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.439-457
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• 2019

In this paper, a new application of a four variable refined plate theory to analyze the nonlinear bending of functionally graded plates exposed to thermo-mechanical loadings, is presented. This recent theory is based on the assumption that the transverse displacements consist of bending and shear components in which the bending components do not contribute toward shear forces, and similarly, the shear components do not contribute toward bending moments. The derived transverse shear strains has a quadratic variation across the thickness that satisfies the zero traction boundary conditions on the top and bottom surfaces of the plate without using shear correction factors. The material properties are assumed to vary continuously through the thickness of the plate according to a power-law distribution of the volume fraction of the constituents. The solutions are achieved by minimizing the total potential energy. The non-linear strain-displacement relations in the von Karman sense are used to derive the effect of geometric non-linearity. It is concluded that the proposed theory is accurate and simple in solving the nonlinear bending behavior of functionally graded plates.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.182-188
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• 2008

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs) have outstanding mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Thus, by placing nanotubes into appropriate matrix, it is postulated that the resulting composites will have enhanced properties. Cold spray can produce thick metal-based composite coatings with very high density, low oxygen content, and phase purity, which leads to excellent physical properties. In this study, we applied cold spray coating process for the consolidation of Cu/CNT composite powder. The precursor powder mixture, in which CNTs were filled into copper particles, was prepared to improve the distribution of the CNT in copper matrix. Pure copper coating was also conducted by cold spraying as a reference. Annealing heat treatment was applied to the coating to examine its effect on the properties of the composite coating. The hardness of Cu/CNT composite coating represented similar value to that of pure copper coating. It was importantly found that the electrical conductivity of the Cu/CNT composite coating significantly increased from 53% for the standard condition to almost 55% in the optimized condition, taking annealed ($500^{\circ}C/1hr$.) copper coating as a reference (100%). The thermal conductivity of Cu/CNT composite coating layer was higher than that of pure Cu coating. It was also found that the electrical and thermal conductivities of Cu/CNT composite could be improved through annealing heat treatment. The microstructural evolution of Cu/CNT coating was also investigated and related to the macroscopic properties.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.7.1-7.10
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• 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the surrounding and underlying shades' effect on the color adjustment potential (CAP) of a single-shade composite used in a thin layer. Materials and Methods: Cylinder specimens (1.0 mm thick) were built with the Vittra APS Unique composite, surrounded (dual specimens) or not (simple specimens) by a control composite (shade A1, A2, or A3). Simple specimens were also built only with the control composites. Each specimen's color was measured against white and black backgrounds or the simple control specimens with a spectrophotometer (CIELAB system). The whiteness index for dentistry (WI_D) and translucency parameters (TP₀₀) were calculated for simple specimens. Differences (ΔE₀₀) in color between the simple/dual specimens and the controls were calculated. The CAP was calculated based on the ratios between data from simple and dual specimens. Results: The Vittra APS Unique composite showed higher WID and TP₀₀ values than the controls. The highest values of ΔE₀₀ were observed among simple specimens. The color measurements of Vittra APS Unique (simple or dual) against the control specimens presented the lowest color differences. Only surrounding the single-shade composite with a shaded composite barely impacted the ΔE₀₀. The highest CAP values were obtained using a shaded composite under simple or dual specimens. Conclusions: The CAP of Vittra APS Unique was strongly affected by the underlying shade, while surrounding this composite with a shaded one barely affected its color adjustment.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제89권6호
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• pp.557-570
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• 2024

Due to interfacial ageing, chemical action and interfacial damage, the interface debonding may appear in the interfaces of composite laminates. Particularly, the laminates display a side-dependent effect at small scale. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) and anisotropic thick nanoplate model is proposed to investigate the effects of imperfect interface and nonlocal parameter on the bending deformation, vibrational response and buckling stability of one-dimensional (1D) hexagonal quasicrystal (QC) layered nanoplates. By combining the linear spring model with the transferring matrix method, exact solutions of phonon and phason displacements, phonon and phason stresses of bending deformation, the natural frequencies of vibration and the critical buckling loads of 1D hexagonal QC layered nanoplates are derived with imperfect interfaces and nonlocal effects. Numerical examples are illustrated to demonstrate the effects of the imperfect interface parameter, aspect ratio, thickness, nonlocal parameter, and stacking sequence on the bending deformation, the vibrational response and the critical buckling load of 1D hexagonal QC layered nanoplate. The results indicate that both the interface debonding and nonlocal effect can reduce the stiffness and stability of layered nanoplates. Increasing thickness of QC coatings can enhance the stability of sandwich nanoplates with the perfect interfaces, while it can reduce first and then enhance the stability of sandwich nanoplates with the imperfect interfaces. The biaxial compression easily results in an instability of the QC layered nanoplates compared to uniaxial compression. QC material is suitable for surface layers in layered structures. The mechanical behavior of QC layered nanoplates can be optimized by imposing imperfect interfaces and controlling the stacking sequence artificially. The present solutions are helpful for the various numerical methods, thin nanoplate theories and the optimal design of QC nano-composites in engineering practice with interfacial debonding.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.356-364
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 현재 임상에 사용되고 있는 opaque shade 복합레진의 opacity와 배경색 차단 능력을 평가하였다. 24개의 배경 시편 (직경 5.5 mm, 두께 3 mm)을 Tescera ATL Root dentin Mustard로 제작하고 배경판 레진 상에 7종의 opaque shade 복합레진 (Universal composite, Filtek Z350, Charisma, Clearfil ST, Palpaque Estelite, Esthet-X, Metafil Flo)과 통상적인 복합레진인 Estelite Sigma를 3.0 mm 적층 수복하였다. 적층된 opaque shade 복합레진의 표면 색상을 측정한 후, 적층한 두께가 0.5 mm가 될 때까지 0.3 mm 간격으로 적층된 면을 연마하면서 각 두께에서의 표면 색상을 측정하였다. 연마 후 각 두께에서 측정된 opaque shade 복합레진의 표면 색상과 적층 전의 배경판 색상, 그리고 연마전의 표면 색상 간의 색차를 계산하여 두께에 따른 배경색 차단 능력을 평가하였다. 또한 1 mm 두께의 시편을 제작하고 opacity를 측정하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. Opaque shade 복합레진의 opacity는 Clearfil ST, Metafil Flo, Filtek Z350, Palpaque Estelite, Universal composite, Charisma, Esthet-X 순으로 감소하였다 (p < 0.05). Opaque shade 복합레진의 두께의 감소에 따라 $L^*$ 값은 감소하는 양상을, $a^*$ 값은 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 연마 전 표면 색상과 연마 후 각 두께에서의 색차 (${\Delta}E^*$)는 Clearfil ST 군은 모든 군에서, Metafil Flo 군은 1.0 mm 이상에서 3 이하의 색차를 보였다. 배경 색상에 대한 각 opaque shade 복합레진의 색차는 모든 두께에서 10 이상의 색차를 보였으며, Clearfil ST와 Metafil Flo가 가장 큰 색차를 보였다 (p < 0.05). 현재 임상에 사용되고 있는 opaque shade 복합레진들은 제조사에 따라 서로 다른 opacity와 색상을 가진다. 따라서 재료의 선택에 있어 적용하고자 하는 병소의 특성에 따라 opaque shade 복합레진의 opacity와 색상에 대한 충분한 고려가 필요하리라 사료된다.