• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.305-313
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• 2019

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) forage in agricultural areas, and are exposed to diverse pesticide poisoning. Toxic effects on Apis mellifera of different groups of pesticides were tested in the laboratory; fungicide (Metconazole), herbicide (Glyphosate), acaricide (Amitraz), organophosphate insecticide(Fenitrothion) and neonicotinoid insecticides(Thiacloprid, Thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, Dinotefuran and Clothianidin). Commercial formulations were serially diluted from the recommended concentration (RC) to 10-6 times to carry out feeding and contact tests. Toxicity was transformed into lethal dose (LD50) and hazard question (HQ). The acute toxicity of pesticides showed similar patterns between feeding and contact tests. But feeding tests showed greater toxic to honey bee than contact test. The organophosphate and nitro-neonicotinoid insecticides were highly toxic with HQ values ranging greater than 1. However, cyano-neonicotinoids of Thiacloprid and Acetamiprid showed low toxicity. Even at the RC, 24 hr mortalities were 18 and 30%. The acaricide (Amitraz) showed intermediate level of toxicity at RC but negligible at the concentration lower than 10-1 times. A fungicide(Metconazole) and herbicide(Glyphosate) showed minimal impacts. The results imply that the selective use of pesticides could help conservation of pollinators in agricultural production systems.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.557-565
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• 2017

For our survey of insecticidal resistance of Palm thrips (Thrips palmi Karny), we established the discriminating time (DT) and concentration (DC) of nine insecticides, and we conducted a bioassay about seven local populations via leaf-dipping methods. The discriminating times of the recommended concentration (RC) were 24 h at emamectin benzoate EC and spinetoram SC, 48 h at chlorfenapyr EC, 72 h at spinosad SC, cyantraniliprole EC, acetamiprid WP, dinotefuran WG, imidacloprid WP and thiacloprid SC after treatment. The DC estimated the concentration which showed the difference within the mortalities of these local populations. The DCs were emamectin benzoate EC $0.013mg\;L^{-1}$ (RC, $10.8mg\;L^{-1}$), spinetoram SC $0.125mg\;L^{-1}$ (RC, $25.0mg\;L^{-1}$), chlorfenapyr EC $0.25mg\;L^{-1}$ (RC, $50.0mg\;L^{-1}$), spinosad SC $0.083mg\;L^{-1}$ (RC, $50.0mg\;L^{-1}$) and cyantraniliprole EC $5.0mg\;L^{-1}$ (RC, $50.0mg\;L^{-1}$), and DCs of neonicotinoids were their RCs, that is, acetamiprid WP (RC, $40.0mg\;L^{-1}$), dinotefuran WG (RC, $20.0mg\;L^{-1}$), imidacloprid WP(RC, $50.0mg\;L^{-1}$) and thiacloprid SC (RC, $50.0mg\;L^{-1}$). From our investigation into the resistance of the local populations with DT and DC application, the neonicotinoid insecticides have shown a high resistant level for all the local populations, and the other insecticides have demonstrated low or non-resistance. In the use of neonicotinoid insecticides to control Palm thrips, one must take caution. As a result, the establishment of DT and DC in the single dose bioassay method was helpful for surveying the insecticide response dynamics and the development of an insecticide resistance management strategy.

• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.295-302
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• 2017

Avoidance behavior is an important life history strategy to survive hazardous environment. The experiment was conducted to detect the avoidance tendency of the honeybee Apis mellifera against commonly used pesticides in apple production. Choice test given only 50% sucrose solution and pesticide-mixed sucrose solution as food estimated the avoidance in laboratory. Most of the acaricides and fungicides tested were shown avoided. Among insecticides, honeybee showed strong avoidance to cyhexatine, carbosulfan and fenpyroximate but low to diflubenzuron, tebufenpyrad, and acrinathrin. Avoidance behavior to neonicotinoid insecticides showed bifurcated; highly avoided from thiacloprid, acetamiprid while less avoided from imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and dinotefuran. From the field study, abamectin, fenthion, amitraz and acequinocyl showed highly avoided while fungicide of fenarimol, acaricides of acrinathrin and phosphamidon, IGR insecticide of diflubenzuron, neonicotinoid insecticide of imidacloprid, and carbamate insecticide of carbaryl showed less avoidance in the field. These results partly explained high bee poisoning from carbaryl in apple flowering period, and neonicotinoids during season.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.104-109
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• 2010

We investigated five neonicotinoid pesticide residues (acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam) in fruit vegetables and estimated the exposure of neonicotinoid pesticide residue through fruit vegetable consumption using a deterministic approach. Two hundred forty samples of eight fruit vegetables cultivated in Korea were analyzed for their pesticide residue contents. Acetamiprid had the highest detection frequency and the highest residue level in pepper. However, all pesticide levels detected didn't exceed national MRLs. The results using a deterministic approach showed that for chronic and acute study of all neonicotinoid pesticide residues, the exposure was about 50 times lower than toxicological endpoint values. It is necessary to understand that the exposure assessment in this study using a probabilistic approach should be regarded as a important knowledge in the decision-making process.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.319-325
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• 2009

Woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum, overwintered as adult or nymph stage on rootstocks, and crown- and root sucker in the soil. In an un sprayed apple orchard, the number of E. lanigerum colony started to increase from mid-April, showed the 1st peak between late June and early July, thereafter decreased followed by the 2nd peak in late July, and then again peaked in late September as the size in the 1st peak. In this orchard, the number of E. lanigerum colonies per tree did not exceed 3.5 colonies during the peak occurrence period, and was maintained around 2 colonies throughout seasons. In all seasons, parasitism of Aphelinus mali on E. lanigerum was much lower on root colonies than on aerial colonies that located on shoots and tree trunks above the ground. The parasitism of E. lanigerum was high in most orchards examined, showing parasitism of > 70% in maximum in most cases. In the laboratory bioassay for the mortality effects of several insecticides on E. lanigerum, fenitrothion, dichlorphos, machine oil, methidathion, thiacloprid, and imidacloprid showed 97.8, 96.8, 95.4, 91.5, 26.7, and 7.8% morality, respectively. Also, the adult emergence rates from A. mali mummies were 51.2, 72.6, 14.2, 3.5, 72.2, and 85.4% in the treatment of the above insecticides, respectively. Insecticides belong to neonicotinoid, which are newly developed to control aphids, showed low mortality against E. lanigerum. Fenitrothion and dichlorphos were effective on E. lanigerum control and had a low toxic to A. mali. Consequently, the insecticides should be useful in integrated pest management system for E. lanigerum in apple orchards.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 2017

This study was conducted to monitor the insecticidal susceptibility of western flower thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis, which damage horticultural crops in the Gyeonggi area. Bioassays were conducted under laboratory and greenhouse conditions by using the recommended concentrations of commercial insecticides being used for the control of thrips. Neonicotinoid insecticides, especially acetamiprid (8%) soluble powder (SP), clothianidin (8%) SC, imidacloprid (10%) wettable powder (WP) and thiacloprid (10%) water dispersible granule (WG) were not toxic to F. occidentalis collected from horticultural crops. However, F. occidentalis collected from vegetable greenhouses was extremely susceptible to acetamiprid + spinetoram (6 + 4%) suspension concentration (SC), clothianidin + spinetoram (6 + 4%) SC and methoxyfenozide + spinetoram (6 + 4%) SC, which resulted in over 90% control of thrips. In the greenhouse test, spinetoram (5%) WG, which caused 100% F. occidentalis mortality in the laboratory test, showed 87.4, 88.0, and 98.3% control at 3, 6, and 9 days after treatment, respectively, while imidacloprid (10%) WP showed below 44% control. From the results of this study, spinosin insecticides, such as more than over 4 and 10% of spinetoram and spinosad, and pyrrole insecticide, such as 5% chlorfenapyr, are recommended for the effective control of F. occidentalis.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 2012

Nineteen registered insecticides including 8 mixed formulations with buprofezin and 11 single formulations which is not including buprofezin were evaluated by spray application for their toxicity against adult and nymph of citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri. Five mixed formulations with buprofezin such as buprofezin 15EC+acetamiprid 4EC, buprofezin 10SC+clothianidin 3SC, buprofezin 20WP+dinotefuran 15WP, buprofezin 20SC+thiacloprid 5SC, and buprofezin 20SC+thiamethoxam 3.3SC showed high insecticidal activity (>93%) against nymph and adult of P. citri. Insecticidal activities of EPN 45EC, fenitrothion 50EC and methidathion 40EC in organophosphorous group showed 90 to 93% against nymph only. In addition to, insecticidal activities of acetamiprid 8WP, clothianidin 8SC, dinotefuran 20WG and thiamethoxam 10WG in neonicotinoids group showed above 90% against nymph only. In systemic and residual effect, five mixed formulations that was already proved to have high insecticidal activity showed low toxicity with below 60% against $3^{rd}$ instar nymph of P. citri in tomato and rose under greenhouse. Control efficacy of five mixed formulations with buprofezin was above 90%, 80% and 70% at 5 days after treatment (DAT), 10 DAT and 15 DAT, respectively.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.191-196
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• 2019

The edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom Amanita javanica is a valuable species protected by forest law in Korea. However, basic characterization data on its use as an important forest resource has been limited. This study was performed to determine mycelia growth characteristics of the domestically isolated Amanita javanica strain NIFoS 1267 on potato dextrose agar media under diverse culture conditions. Physical factors temperature, pH, and light, as well as chemical factors salts, heavy metals, and pesticides were examined for their effects on the growth of the mushroom strain. The mycelia of A. javanica strain exhibited optimal growth when cultured in dark at 30℃ in media with a pH of 5-6. Normal levels of growth were observed in media containing up to 2% saline. At a heavy metal ion content of 50 ppm, mycelial growth was not affected by arsenic ion but was affected by cadmium and lead ions. In the tests performed with two pesticides used in Korean forests, the growth of the mushroom strain was not affected by the presence of abamectin, but was inhibited in media containing acetamiprid, emamectin benzoate, or thiacloprid. These results are expected to facilitate artificial cultivation of A. javanica as a new commercial product.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.312-318
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• 2020

A method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed for neonicotinoid pesticide analysis in agricultural products. Four compounds (imidacloprid, clothianidin, acetamiprid, thiacloprid) were extracted with acetonitrile from agricultural products and cleaned up by NH₂ solid-phase extraction procedure, and eluted with 0.1% formic acid in methanol/dichloromethane (5/95, v/v). The limit of detection and quantification were 0.0001-0.0005 mg/kg and 0.001 mg/kg, respectively. The mean recoveries of neonicotinoid pesticide from agricultural products were in the range of 90.7-100.9% and 94.4-99.8%, as spiked at 0.2 mg/kg and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively. This validation satisfied the national criteria for pesticide analytical methods. In summary, The present method is fast, precise and sensitive enough for the Positive List System (PLS), and we conclude that the method is also suitable for neonicotinoid pesticide determination in a wide range of agricultural products.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.251-259
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• 2007

For the development of integrated pest management system by harmonizing biological and chemical control, some experiments wee carried out to select low toxic pesticides against natural enemies. and their residual toxicity were evaluated. Leaf dipping method, body dipping method, and diet treatment method were set up for the toxicity evaluation against Cotesia glomerata adults. We had tested 46 different pesticides (31 insecticides, 11 fungicides, 4 herbicides) at recommending concentration commonly used to control diamond back moth, disease and up-land weeds in chinese cabbage field. Twenty three insecticides, eleven fungicides, and four herbicides were shown to be low toxic to C. glomerata adults in the treatment of body dipping. After insecticide spraying at recommending dose on the chinese cabbage, we examined residual effect of insecticides by introducing natural enemies on different days. Safety interval for the introduction of C. glomerata adults was established according to the residual toxicity of pesticides. Safe insecticides for the introduction of C. glomerata adults at one day after treatment (DAT) were thiacloprid, acephate, chlorfenapyr, clothianidin and at 3 DAT were imidacloprid, deltamethrin, thiamethoxam, dimethylvinphos, emamectin benzoate.