• 전기학회논문지
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• 제66권12호
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• pp.1745-1750
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• 2017

Starting from the distribution transformer, the insulation oil for the oil immersed power transformer is being used to convert the vegetable oil from the existing mineral oil. Vegetable oil is better in temperature characteristics and insulation performance, is not toxic, and has better biodegradable characteristic than that of mineral oil. In order to investigate the corona inception voltage and dieclectic charateristics of the two insulating oils, three oil immersed transformers using mineral oil and vegetable oil were made and thermal cyclic aged. In this paper, the changes in the corona discharge inception voltage, chemical and electrical properties of the two sampled insulating oils from the transformers had been studied.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.621-625
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• 2020

Cast austenitic stainless steel (CASS) is used for fabricating different components of the primary reactor coolant system of pressurized water reactors. However, the thermal embrittlement of CASS resulting from long-term operation causes structural safety problems. Ultrasonic testing for flaw detection has been used to assess the thermal embrittlement of CASS; however, the high scattering and attenuation of the ultrasonic wave propagating through CASS make it difficult to accurately quantify the flaw size. In this paper, we present a different approach for evaluating the thermal embrittlement of CASS by assessing changes in the material properties of CASS using a nonlinear ultrasonic technique, which is a potential nondestructive method. For the evaluation, we prepared CF8M specimens that were thermally aged under four different heating conditions. Nonlinear ultrasonic measurements were performed using a contact piezoelectric method to obtain the relative ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter, and a mini-sized tensile test was performed to investigate the correlation of the parameter with material properties. Experimental results showed that the ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter had a correlation with tensile properties such as the tensile strength and elongation. Consequently, we could confirm the applicability of the nonlinear ultrasonic technique to the evaluation of the thermal embrittlement of CASS.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.284-291
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• 2002

전기비저항법을 이용하여 2.25Cr-1Mo 강의 경년열화도를 평가하고자 하였다. 2.25Cr-1Mo 강이 $540^{\circ}C$에서 장시간 노출되었을 때 일어나는 미세조직 변화를 모사하기 위해 인공 열화를 실시하였으며 열화에 따른 미세조직 인자 (고용원소의 함량), 기계적 성질 (연성-취성 천이온도 ), 전기비저항을 측정하여 이들간의 상호관계를 구하고자 하였다. 열화재에서는 기지내의 고용 원소 (Mo 와 Cr)의 고갈이 나타났다. 연성-취성 천이온도는 열화 초반부에 급격히 증가 후 포화되는 경향을 보인 반면 전기비저항은 열화 초반부에 급격히 감소 후 포화되는 경향을 보였다. 즉, 열화 시간에 따른 연성-취성 천이온도의 변화 경향과 전기비저항의 변화는 서로 반대적으로 변화하는 관계를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.1124-1130
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• 2015

Moisture and high temperature are the most important factors that lead to the ageing of oil-paper insulation, but the research about space charge characteristics of oil-paper insulation does not take the combined effect of ambient temperature, moisture and thermal ageing into account. The pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method was used to investigate the influence of moisture and temperature on space charge characteristics of oil paper at different ageing stages. The results showed that moisture could speed up formation of space charge in oil paper when water concentration was low, but the formation was restrained if the water concentration was high. At the beginning of thermal ageing, heterogeneous charge accumulation had predominance, but it gradually changed to homogeneous charge injection with ageing. It was believed that moisture concentration could speed up ageing and enhance charge accumulation on one hand, and accelerate or slow down the establishment speed of space charge on the other hand, therefore, charge accumulation type changed with ageing. The more seriously the oil-paper insulation was thermally aged, the deeper the trap energy level was, hence more space charge was trapped, which could be speeded up by increasing the ageing temperature, but the effect of ambient temperature did not fit the Arrhenius law.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2004년도 하계학술대회 논문집 C
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• pp.1909-1911
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• 2004

It is caused that insulation paper, which had got a lot of thermal stress by over-load after installation, should have been deteriorated in electrical and mechanical characteristics. Beside, insulation material is decreased the insulating property and accelerated aging of them in case of dielectric loss when transformers are manufactured with some moisture or transformers would have been them because of moisture-permeation, Therefore, in this study we experienced the influence of moisture content in case of the thermal aged insulation paper. we have measured tan ${\delta}$ and breakdown voltage in the ratio of paper' moisture content before the aging and then taken the same tests again after insulation paper thermally accelerating-aged. There is a purpose to gain data for a life-design and to establish aging mechanism in order to continuously study life expectancy of the insulation paper.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.693-699
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• 2010

General transformer's life is known as paper insulation' life. If a transformer is degraded by these aging factors, it is known that electrical, mechanical and chemical characteristics for transformer's oil-paper are changed. When the kraft paper is aged, the cellulose polymer chains break down into shorter lengths. It causes decrease in both tensile strength and degree of polymerization of paper insulation. The paper breakdown is accompanied by an increase in the content of furanic compounds within the dielectric liquid. In this paper it is aimed at analysis on correlation between aging characteristics for insulating diagnosis of thermally aged paper. For investigating the accelerated aging process of oil-paper samples accelerating aging cell was manufactured for estimating variation of paper insulation during 500 hours at $140^{\circ}C$ temperature. To derive the results, it was performed analysis such as tensile strength(TS), depolymerization(DP), dielectric strength(DS), relative permittivity, water content(WC) and furan compound(FC) for aged paper. Also for analyzing correlation between insulating degradation characteristics, we used linear regression method. As as results of linear regression analysis, there was a close correlation between TS and DP. WC, FC. But dielectric strength was a weak correlation with aging time.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.2860-2870
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• 1994

When crack are detected in aged turbine rotors of power plants, information on fracture resistance of the aged material at operating temperature is needed for determination of critical loading condition and residual life of the turbine. In this study, fracture toughness (J$_lc$) and tearing modulus(T$_mat$) of virgin and thermally degraded 1Cr-1Mo-0.25V steel, which is one of the most widely used rotor steels, were measured at 538.deg. C according to ASTM E813 and ASTM E1152, respectively. Five kinds of specimen with different degradation levels were prepared by isothermal aging heat treatment at $630^{\circ}C.$ It was observed that J$_lc$ and T$_mat$ value decreased as the degradation level increased. Analysis of microstructures using a scanning electron microscope showed that the decrement of J$_lc$ is related to segregation of impurities at grain boundaries. It was also verified that the DC electric potential drop method is accurate and reliable for crack length monitoring at elevated temperature.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.174-188
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• 2024

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of surface treatments, liquids, and aging on color, translucency, and surface properties of monolithic ceramics. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Lithium disilicate (LDS) and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) ceramics (n = 135 each) were cut and divided into three groups [crystallization+glaze (single stage), crystallization-glaze (two stages), and crystallization-polish (two stages)]. One sample from each group was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Remaining samples were divided into four subgroups (distilled water, coffee, grape juice, and smoothie) (n = 11 each), stored for 12 d in the respective liquids, and thermally aged. One sample from each subgroup was analyzed using SEM. The color, gloss, and roughness values of the samples were analyzed after surface treatment (initial) and storage under different liquids+aging conditions. The initial data and both the aged data and data change values were analyzed using robust two- and three-way analyses of variance. RESULTS. The glazed groups exhibited smoother surfaces. Ceramic type and ceramic-surface treatment interactions affected the initial translucency parameter (TP) (P < .001) and the initial and aged roughness values (P ≤ .001). Surface treatment type affected the color change (P < .001), and ceramic type affected the aged TP values (P < .001). Type of ceramic, surface treatment, and their interactions affected both the initial and aged gloss (P ≤ .001) and TP change values (P ≤ .015). Surface treatment type and ceramic-surface treatment interactions affected the gloss change values (P ≤ .001). CONCLUSION. Although both ceramics and all surface treatments are clinically applicable, crystallization-glaze is recommended. When gloss and smoothness are important or when translucency is important, ZLS or LDS may be preferred, respectively.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제9권4호통권33호
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• pp.515-521
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• 1997

마그네슘 금속 복합재의 열처리 및 섬유 강화재 방향에 따른 효과를 파악하기 위하여 인장강도 및 피로해석이 연구되었다. TEM 관측에 따라 시편은 섬유 강화재와 마그네슘 복합기지 사이의 시효 열처리된 변형된 계면이다. 인장실험 결과로부터 시효 처리된 시편의 극한 인장강도는 주조상태의 시편보다 시효 처리시 화학반응에 의한 섬유 강화재-기지간의 접합강도 약화로 감소하였다. 피로균열 거동실험은 균열거동 방향이 섬유 강화재 방향과 수직인 시편과 균열거동 방향이 섬유 강화재 방향과 평행한 시편을 실험하였다. 피로균열 거동해석을 비교해보면 섬유 강화재와 하중방향이 수직인 시효처리된 시편의 경우가 주조상태의 시편보다 피로균열 거동에 더 크게 저항하였다. 반대로 섬유 강화재 방향에 평행한 주조상태의 시편은 섬유 강화재 방향에 평행한 시효처리된 시편보다 피로 균열거동에 더 크게 저항함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제49권9호
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• pp.759-769
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• 2021

발사체 추진 시스템에서 Titanium Hydride Potassium Perchlorate (THPP)는 에너지를 인가받으면 gas를 발생시키는 pyrotechnic initiator로써 혹은 NASA Standard Initiator (NSI)의 supplement charge로써 흔히 사용되는 물질이다. 하지만 금속으로 이루어진 복합 화약이 오랫동안 보관이 되면 노화라는 문제에 직면하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 열분석 및 표면분석을 통하여 다양한 습도환경에서 노화된 THPP에 대하여 열역학적 특성의 변화를 확인하였고, 이를 바탕으로 THPP에 대한 전반적인 노화 메커니즘을 구축해내었다. 우선, THPP가 노화됨에 따라 산화제 표면의 균열빈도가 증가하고 길이가 길어졌는데, 이는 열·수분 노화가 공통적으로 산화제의 분해를 초래함을 보여준다. 이때 열 노화된 경우 Viton의 열화 현상이, 수분 노화된 경우 연료의 산화가 더욱 두드러졌다. 또한 실험을 통해 계산된 반응률에 대한 THPP의 화학반응인자의 경우 습도에 따라 크게 달라졌는데, 이는 수분이 THPP의 연소에 상당한 변화를 미쳐 결국에는 수명의 감소로 이어지게 될 것을 시사한다.