• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2013

While it is reasonably well known that certain dental procedures increase the temperature of the tooth's surface, of greater interest is their potential damaging effect on the pulp and tooth-supporting tissues. Previous studies have investigated the responses of the pulp, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone to thermal irritation and the temperature at which thermal damage is initiated. There are also many in vitro studies that have measured the temperature increase of the pulp and tooth-supporting tissues during restorative and endodontic procedures. This review article provides an overview of studies measuring temperature increases in tooth structures during several restorative and endodontic procedures, and proposes clinical guidelines for reducing potential thermal hazards to the pulp and supporting tissues.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.150-157
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• 1997

Capsaicin cream has been used to attenuate the pain associated with diabetic neuropathy, rheum-atoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and postherpetic neuralgia. But its common side effect, local irritation, limits the use of it and there is still a need for a new analgesic devoid of this side effect. This study was conducted to compare the local irritant effect of DA-5018, a new capsaicin derivative, with that of capsaicin in various animal models and human beings. Capsaicin, applied topically to the mouse ear, produced dose-dependent increase of ear volume and the frequency of ear scratching behavior in mice. Neither ear volume nor scratching behavior was affected by DA-5018. In eye wiping test of rat, DA-5018 was 10 times less irritant than capsaicin. Capsaicin administered intradermally into the rat paw elicited paw lick/lift response with a potency which was three times that of DA-5018. Zostrix-HP (0.075% capsaicin cream), but not DA-50180.3% cream, increased ear volume of rat and induced thermal hyperalgesia in normal and carrageenan inflamed paws. Six day-treatment of Zostrix-HP failed to develop tolerance against this thermal hyperalgesia. In human beings, Zostrix-HP produced burning sensation and itching in more than 90% of volunteers involved and its maximum irritant effect was significantly higher than that of DA-5018 cream. These results suggest that local irritation and burning sensation produced by DA-5018 is much less than capsaicin.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2021

When shaving, it is easy to suffer shaving burns, that is, facial burn irritation during shaving. The reason is that the razor blade irritates the skin. The current solution is to make the razor sharper and use a razor with a blade heating function. Although these ways can increase the comfort of shaving, they will also greatly increase shaving costs. This paper proposes using a hairdryer to massage the skin before shaving to reduce skin irritation during shaving. This is a simple, practical and low-cost method. The hair dryer's heat, sound, and wind energy have a massage effect, and they can make shaving easier and more comfortable. For analyzing shaving effect, two evaluation methods are used, which are sound spectrum analysis and mos. The sound spectrum analysis is used to analyze the working status of the razor objectively. The MOS test can reflect the subjective feelings of the subject on the shaving's comfort. The results show that the hairdryer thermal vibration massage can make the beard easier to cut, thereby reducing the irritation of the razor to the skin and improving shaving comfort.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.177-183
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• 1998

Low toxicity, reverse thermal gelation and high drug loading capabilities suggest that poloxamer 407 gels have great potential as a topical drug delivery system. Kojic acid (KA) is an antimelanogenic agent which has been widely used in cosmetics to whiten the skin color. However, it has the drawbacks of skin irritancy due to its acidic pH. Poloxamer gels of different polymer contents were formulated to overcome the problem and compared to the cream type formulations of either w/o/w multiple emulsion cream or o/w type emulsion cream. Using Franz diffusion cells mounted with a synthetic cellulose membrane (MWCO 12,000), drug release characteristics of the formulations were evaluated by the HPLC assay of KA concentration in the receptor compartment of pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline solutions. Drug release from w/o/w multiple emulsion cream was controlled by oil membrane, showing the apparent zero order release kinetics. The KA release from the poloxamer gels was also controlled by the gel matrix, showing that drug release increased linearly as KA contents increase, but decreased exponentially as the polymer contents increase. In the skin irritancy test, the primary irritancy index(PII) of poloxamer gel base was lower than those of multiple emulsion cream base and o/w cream. Depending on KA contents or polymer contents in the gel. PH values in poloxamer gels were ranged from 1.3 to 2.0, which are interpreted as low or negligible irritation on skin. There was a good correlation between the log value of flux in drug release and PII value in skin irritation. It was possible to conclude that the poloxamer gels containing KA might be a good candidate for an antimelanogenic topical delivery system by virtue of the controlled release of the drug and the reduced skin irritancy.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.50-54
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• 2006

To evaluate the effect of punctal occlusion on tear preservation after third eyelid resection, 10 eyes were operated in dogs and observed changes in tear preservation using Schirmer tear test (STT). Punctal occlusion was performed on five healthy dogs with no clinical sings of ocular irritation and no history of dry eye syndrome. The STT was performed for 10 days before surgery, and on the day 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, 21, 25, and 30 after third eyelid resection. The mean STT was $17.4{\pm}0.15$ mm/min($mean{\pm}SEM$) for 10 days before surgery. And, it was $11.5{\pm}0.55$mm/min for 30 days after surgery in puntal occlusion(PO) group. The mean STT was $17.3{\pm}0.32$ mm/min for 10 days before surgery. And, it was more decreased to $6.5{\pm}0.60$ mm/min for 30 days after surgery in control group. The paired t-test was performed. Mean STT after the third eyelid resection was higher in PO group than that of control throughout experimental period (p<0.05). In summary, the effect of thermal punctal occlusion significantly increased on the tear preservation by $28.86{\pm}7.96%$. These results suggest that application of thermal punctal occulsion in dry eye syndrome will promote tear preservation.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.120-136
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• 1999

A newly synthesized polyhydroxy aromatic compound(LG 106w) has good skin lightening effect. Inclusion complexation of LG 106w with $\beta$-cyclodextrin and its hydroxypropyl and dimethyl derivatives was studied by the solubility method, scanning electron microscopy and differential thermal analysis. A relationship between host and guest was clearly reflected in the magnitude of the stability constant(DM-$\beta$> HP-$\beta$>$\beta$ -cyclodextrin). Formulation problems, which resulted from its very low solubility in aqueous solution, were resolved by the inclusion formation. LG 106W from inclusions is much more water-soluble than pure one. The improvement of pH and temperature stability correlated with the increased solubility was also observed. Inclusion complex of LG 106w had similar activity to pure LG 106w on the inhibition of melanin synthesis in B-16 melanoma cell but showed lower irritation on cultured cell test in vitro. According to the results, cyclodextrins might be one of the reliable candidates for improving the availability of LG 106w.

• 폴리머
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.111-117
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• 2009

본 연구를 통해 역이온 영동(reverse iontophoresis)을 이용한 무채혈 혈당 측정시스템의 patch sensor에 사용되는 효소 고정형 수화젤의 생체적합성 여부를 확인하고자 하였다. 아크릴레이트 계열의 단량체를 사용하여 일정한 unit의 효소가 고정된 수화젤을 합성하였다. 합성된 수화젤의 물성분석을 위해 FT-IR spectrometer를 이용하여 구조분석을 하고 DSC를 이용하여 열적 안정성을 확인하였다. 또한, UV-Vis spoctrophotometer를 이용하여 표준품 대비 50% 이상의 효소 활성도를 확인하였다. 표면의 효소 고정화 확인을 위해 SEM을 이용하여 확인한 결과 효소가 고정화되어 있음을 확인하였다. 수화젤은 환자의 피부에 직접적으로 접촉됨으로써 접촉 시 무해성을 평가하기 위하여, ISO-10993에 의하여 세포독성(cytotoxicity), 피내반응(intracutaneous reactivity), 피부자극(skin irritation) 및 감작성(maximization sensitization) 시험을 실시하였고 이를 통해 생체적합성이 우수하다는 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.297-304
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• 2018

황련은 한의학에서 진정, 소염, 항균 및 해열에 쓰이고 있으며, 주성분인 berberine은 강력한 항균작용을 가지는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 황련에 대한 피부상재균 및 주거환경의 실내 낙하균에 대한 항균효과와 주거 환경에서 검출빈도가 높은 곰팡이에 대한 항진균 효과 및 인체에 대한 안전성을 조사하였다. 황련 열수 추출물(CW)은 Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis에 대해 항균 효과를 보였으며, 각기 다른 4곳에서 포집된 실내 낙하균에 대해서도 항균효과를 보였다. 100 mg/mL의 농도에서 42일까지 항균의 지속력과 열처리 후에도 항균력의 변화가 없는 열 안정성을 보여주었다. CW의 MIC와 MBC는 S. aureus는 0.03, 0.05 mg/mL, S. epidermidis는 0.50, 0.75 mg/mL, P. acne는 0.10, 0.15 mg/mL 였다. 주변 환경에서 검출빈도가 높은 5종의 곰팡이 중 4종에 대해 항진균 활성을 보였으며, 균사 생장의 100%를 억제할 수 있는 최저 농도로 결정하여 MIC를 측정한 결과 Gliocladium virens는 65 mg/mL이었다. Aureobasidium pullulans에 대한 MIC는 90 mg/mL, Penicilium pinophilum 및 Chaetomium globosum에 대한 MIC는 100 mg/mL로 측정되었다. 피부자극 테스트인 패치테스트와 안자극 테스트인 ocular mucous membrane irritation evaluation test에서도 CW는 자극을 보이지 않는 안전한 추출물로 간주되었다. 따라서, 이러한 결과는, 황련(Coptis chinensis)은 항균, 항진균 활성 및 인체 안전성을 가지는 화장품 및 주거 환경 산업의 소재 개발에 응용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.715-723
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• 1999

Bee venom (BV) has been traditionally applied to relieve pain and to cure inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and neuritis. While several investigators have evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of BV treatment, the anti-nociceptive effect of BV treatment on inflammatory pain is not reported. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the analgesic effect of BV treatment using Freund's adjuvant induced chronic arthritis model. Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis has been used as an experimental animal model for RA in humans to assess the efficacy of the anti-inflammatory/analgesic drugs. In this study, subcutaneous BV treatment (1mg/kg/day) produced significantly reductions of symptoms related to arthritic pain (i.e. mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal hyperalgesia). The anti-nociceptive effect of BV was observed from at least 12 days after BV treatment. Furthermore, BV treatment significantly suppressed adjuvant induced Fos expression in lumbar spinal cord. We also found that local injection of BV into near the inflammatory site (especially Zusanli-acupoint) showed more potent analgesic effect on arthritic pain rather than distant injection of BV from inflammatory site (arbitrary side of back). The present study demonstrates that BV treatment has anti-nociceptive effect on arthritis induced inflammatory pain. The analgesic effect of BV on RA is probably mediated by the effect of BV itself or possible other mechanism such as counter-irritation. Furthermore, it is possible that BV acupuncture is one of the promising candidates for long-term therapy of RA.

• 대한치과마취과학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.108-115
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• 2009

Trauma to any nerve may lead to persistent paresthesia. Trauma to the nerve sheath can be produced by the needle. The patient frequently reports the sensation of an electric shock throughout the distribution of the nerve involved. It is difficult for the type of needle used in dental practice to actually sever a nerve trunk or even its fibers. Trauma to the nerve produced by contact with the needle is all that is needed to produce paresthesia. Hemorrhage into or around the neural sheath is another cause. Bleeding increases pressure on the nerve, leading to paresthesia. Injection of local anesthetic solutions contaminated by alcohol or sterilizing solution near a nerve produces irritation; the resulting edema increases pressure in the region of the nerve, leading to paresthesia. Persistent paresthesia can lead to injury to adjacent tissues. Biting or thermal or chemical insult can occur without a patient's awareness, until the process has progressed to a serious degree. Most paresthesias resolve in approximately 8 weeks without treatment. In most situations paresthesia is only minimal, with the patient retaining most sensory function to the affected area. In these cases there is only a very slight possibility of self injury. But, the patient complaints the discomfort symptoms of paresthesia, such as causalgia, neuralgiaform pain and anesthesia dolorosa. Most paresthesias involve the lingual nerve, with the inferior alveolar nerve a close second. This is the report of a case, that had the persistent paresthesia care on left lingual & buccal shelf regions after the lingual and long buccal nerve block anesthesia.