• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.105-112
• /
• 2013

While it is reasonably well known that certain dental procedures increase the temperature of the tooth's surface, of greater interest is their potential damaging effect on the pulp and tooth-supporting tissues. Previous studies have investigated the responses of the pulp, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone to thermal irritation and the temperature at which thermal damage is initiated. There are also many in vitro studies that have measured the temperature increase of the pulp and tooth-supporting tissues during restorative and endodontic procedures. This review article provides an overview of studies measuring temperature increases in tooth structures during several restorative and endodontic procedures, and proposes clinical guidelines for reducing potential thermal hazards to the pulp and supporting tissues.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.150-157
• /
• 1997

Capsaicin cream has been used to attenuate the pain associated with diabetic neuropathy, rheum-atoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and postherpetic neuralgia. But its common side effect, local irritation, limits the use of it and there is still a need for a new analgesic devoid of this side effect. This study was conducted to compare the local irritant effect of DA-5018, a new capsaicin derivative, with that of capsaicin in various animal models and human beings. Capsaicin, applied topically to the mouse ear, produced dose-dependent increase of ear volume and the frequency of ear scratching behavior in mice. Neither ear volume nor scratching behavior was affected by DA-5018. In eye wiping test of rat, DA-5018 was 10 times less irritant than capsaicin. Capsaicin administered intradermally into the rat paw elicited paw lick/lift response with a potency which was three times that of DA-5018. Zostrix-HP (0.075% capsaicin cream), but not DA-50180.3% cream, increased ear volume of rat and induced thermal hyperalgesia in normal and carrageenan inflamed paws. Six day-treatment of Zostrix-HP failed to develop tolerance against this thermal hyperalgesia. In human beings, Zostrix-HP produced burning sensation and itching in more than 90% of volunteers involved and its maximum irritant effect was significantly higher than that of DA-5018 cream. These results suggest that local irritation and burning sensation produced by DA-5018 is much less than capsaicin.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.123-129
• /
• 2021

When shaving, it is easy to suffer shaving burns, that is, facial burn irritation during shaving. The reason is that the razor blade irritates the skin. The current solution is to make the razor sharper and use a razor with a blade heating function. Although these ways can increase the comfort of shaving, they will also greatly increase shaving costs. This paper proposes using a hairdryer to massage the skin before shaving to reduce skin irritation during shaving. This is a simple, practical and low-cost method. The hair dryer's heat, sound, and wind energy have a massage effect, and they can make shaving easier and more comfortable. For analyzing shaving effect, two evaluation methods are used, which are sound spectrum analysis and mos. The sound spectrum analysis is used to analyze the working status of the razor objectively. The MOS test can reflect the subjective feelings of the subject on the shaving's comfort. The results show that the hairdryer thermal vibration massage can make the beard easier to cut, thereby reducing the irritation of the razor to the skin and improving shaving comfort.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.177-183
• /
• 1998

Low toxicity, reverse thermal gelation and high drug loading capabilities suggest that poloxamer 407 gels have great potential as a topical drug delivery system. Kojic acid (KA) is an antimelanogenic agent which has been widely used in cosmetics to whiten the skin color. However, it has the drawbacks of skin irritancy due to its acidic pH. Poloxamer gels of different polymer contents were formulated to overcome the problem and compared to the cream type formulations of either w/o/w multiple emulsion cream or o/w type emulsion cream. Using Franz diffusion cells mounted with a synthetic cellulose membrane (MWCO 12,000), drug release characteristics of the formulations were evaluated by the HPLC assay of KA concentration in the receptor compartment of pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline solutions. Drug release from w/o/w multiple emulsion cream was controlled by oil membrane, showing the apparent zero order release kinetics. The KA release from the poloxamer gels was also controlled by the gel matrix, showing that drug release increased linearly as KA contents increase, but decreased exponentially as the polymer contents increase. In the skin irritancy test, the primary irritancy index(PII) of poloxamer gel base was lower than those of multiple emulsion cream base and o/w cream. Depending on KA contents or polymer contents in the gel. PH values in poloxamer gels were ranged from 1.3 to 2.0, which are interpreted as low or negligible irritation on skin. There was a good correlation between the log value of flux in drug release and PII value in skin irritation. It was possible to conclude that the poloxamer gels containing KA might be a good candidate for an antimelanogenic topical delivery system by virtue of the controlled release of the drug and the reduced skin irritancy.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.50-54
• /
• 2006

To evaluate the effect of punctal occlusion on tear preservation after third eyelid resection, 10 eyes were operated in dogs and observed changes in tear preservation using Schirmer tear test (STT). Punctal occlusion was performed on five healthy dogs with no clinical sings of ocular irritation and no history of dry eye syndrome. The STT was performed for 10 days before surgery, and on the day 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, 21, 25, and 30 after third eyelid resection. The mean STT was $17.4{\pm}0.15$ mm/min($mean{\pm}SEM$) for 10 days before surgery. And, it was $11.5{\pm}0.55$mm/min for 30 days after surgery in puntal occlusion(PO) group. The mean STT was $17.3{\pm}0.32$ mm/min for 10 days before surgery. And, it was more decreased to $6.5{\pm}0.60$ mm/min for 30 days after surgery in control group. The paired t-test was performed. Mean STT after the third eyelid resection was higher in PO group than that of control throughout experimental period (p<0.05). In summary, the effect of thermal punctal occlusion significantly increased on the tear preservation by $28.86{\pm}7.96%$. These results suggest that application of thermal punctal occulsion in dry eye syndrome will promote tear preservation.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.120-136
• /
• 1999

A newly synthesized polyhydroxy aromatic compound(LG 106w) has good skin lightening effect. Inclusion complexation of LG 106w with $\beta$-cyclodextrin and its hydroxypropyl and dimethyl derivatives was studied by the solubility method, scanning electron microscopy and differential thermal analysis. A relationship between host and guest was clearly reflected in the magnitude of the stability constant(DM-$\beta$> HP-$\beta$>$\beta$ -cyclodextrin). Formulation problems, which resulted from its very low solubility in aqueous solution, were resolved by the inclusion formation. LG 106W from inclusions is much more water-soluble than pure one. The improvement of pH and temperature stability correlated with the increased solubility was also observed. Inclusion complex of LG 106w had similar activity to pure LG 106w on the inhibition of melanin synthesis in B-16 melanoma cell but showed lower irritation on cultured cell test in vitro. According to the results, cyclodextrins might be one of the reliable candidates for improving the availability of LG 106w.

• Polymer(Korea)
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.111-117
• /
• 2009

This study aims to verify for humans the suitability of the enzyme-fixed hydrogel used for the patch sensor of the blood sugar testing system without blood sampling, which utilizes reverse iontophoresis. Using acrylate monomers, hydrogel was synthesized to which a certain unit of enzyme is fixed. In order to analyze the material property of the synthesized hydrogel, a structural analysis was performed using FT-IR spectroscopy, while the DSC was used to verify the thermal stability. In addition, with the UV-Vis spectrophotometer, it was verified that the degree of active enzyme is at least 50% greater than the standard product. The SEM was used to verify secure fixation of the enzyme onto the surface. As a result, it was observed that the enzyme is successfully fixed to the surface. Since the hydrogel makes direct contact with a patient's skin, it is essential to evaluate the toxicity when making direct contact with the skin. For that purpose, various sets of tests were undertaken according to the ISO 10993-cytotoxicity, intracutaneous reactivity, skin irritation test and maximization sensitization. Consequently, it was successfully verified that the enzyme-fixed hydrogel have bioavailability.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.61 no.3
• /
• pp.297-304
• /
• 2018

Coptis chinensis is used in oriental medicine for soothing, anti-inflammation, antimicrobial and antipyretic properties, and its main ingredient berberine is known to have strong antibacterial activity. In this study, we investigated the anti-microbial effect of hot water extract of Coptis chinensis (CW) on skin related microorganism and the airborne microbe, the antifungal effects of fungi, which are frequently detected in residential environments. CW showed antibacterial effect against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, against the airborne microbe, which was collected in four different places. At the concentration of 100 mg/mL, the antimicrobial activity continued for 42 days, showed heat stability without change in the antimicrobial activity even after heat treatment. The MIC and MBC of CW against S. aureus was 0.03, 0.05 mg/mL, against S. epidermidis was 0.50, 0.75 mg/mL and against P. acne was 0.10, 0.15 mg/mL. As a result of measuring the MIC of four kinds of fungi with high detection frequency in the surrounding environment, Gliocladium virens was 65 mg/mL by determined as MIC which can inhibit one hundred percent of mycelial growth. The concentration 90 mg/mL was determined as MIC against Aureobasidium pullulans and 100 mg/mL against Penicilium pinophilum and Chaetomium globosum. CW was considered a safe extract that showed no irritation even in the ocular mucous membrane irritation evaluation test, a patch test. Therefore, these results suggest that Coptis chinensis has antimicrobial, antifungal and safety on human body and can be applied to the development of materials for cosmetic and residential environment industries.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.715-723
• /
• 1999

Bee venom (BV) has been traditionally applied to relieve pain and to cure inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and neuritis. While several investigators have evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of BV treatment, the anti-nociceptive effect of BV treatment on inflammatory pain is not reported. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the analgesic effect of BV treatment using Freund's adjuvant induced chronic arthritis model. Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis has been used as an experimental animal model for RA in humans to assess the efficacy of the anti-inflammatory/analgesic drugs. In this study, subcutaneous BV treatment (1mg/kg/day) produced significantly reductions of symptoms related to arthritic pain (i.e. mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal hyperalgesia). The anti-nociceptive effect of BV was observed from at least 12 days after BV treatment. Furthermore, BV treatment significantly suppressed adjuvant induced Fos expression in lumbar spinal cord. We also found that local injection of BV into near the inflammatory site (especially Zusanli-acupoint) showed more potent analgesic effect on arthritic pain rather than distant injection of BV from inflammatory site (arbitrary side of back). The present study demonstrates that BV treatment has anti-nociceptive effect on arthritis induced inflammatory pain. The analgesic effect of BV on RA is probably mediated by the effect of BV itself or possible other mechanism such as counter-irritation. Furthermore, it is possible that BV acupuncture is one of the promising candidates for long-term therapy of RA.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.108-115
• /
• 2009

Trauma to any nerve may lead to persistent paresthesia. Trauma to the nerve sheath can be produced by the needle. The patient frequently reports the sensation of an electric shock throughout the distribution of the nerve involved. It is difficult for the type of needle used in dental practice to actually sever a nerve trunk or even its fibers. Trauma to the nerve produced by contact with the needle is all that is needed to produce paresthesia. Hemorrhage into or around the neural sheath is another cause. Bleeding increases pressure on the nerve, leading to paresthesia. Injection of local anesthetic solutions contaminated by alcohol or sterilizing solution near a nerve produces irritation; the resulting edema increases pressure in the region of the nerve, leading to paresthesia. Persistent paresthesia can lead to injury to adjacent tissues. Biting or thermal or chemical insult can occur without a patient's awareness, until the process has progressed to a serious degree. Most paresthesias resolve in approximately 8 weeks without treatment. In most situations paresthesia is only minimal, with the patient retaining most sensory function to the affected area. In these cases there is only a very slight possibility of self injury. But, the patient complaints the discomfort symptoms of paresthesia, such as causalgia, neuralgiaform pain and anesthesia dolorosa. Most paresthesias involve the lingual nerve, with the inferior alveolar nerve a close second. This is the report of a case, that had the persistent paresthesia care on left lingual & buccal shelf regions after the lingual and long buccal nerve block anesthesia.