• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.263-266
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• 2012

To compare the effects of two external forcing on track of typhoon, TWRF(Typhoon WRF) based ensemble experiments are carried out in the case of Typhoon Morako which is the 8th typhoon at Northwest Pacific region in 2009. The two forcing are tropical SST and topography induced thermal and mechanical forcing, respectively. According to the result of numerical experiment for five-day forecast, the effect of mechanical forcing is about two times stronger than thermal forcing on the track error of the typhoon. More case study for other typhoon will be done as a next paper.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2000.11b
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• pp.556-561
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• 2000

Comprehensive numerical computations are made of side-heated squire cavity which is exposed to time dependent external mechanical forcing. Numerical solutions are acquires to the governing two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations for a Boussinesq fluid. Time dependent heat transfer characteristics of interior fluid are analyzed to illustrate resonance phenomenon. When system is exposed to pure sinusoidal mechanical forcing, the numerical results disclose that the basic mechanism of resonance of mechanical forcing is same as that of thermal forcing of Ref. [3, 9]. In comparatively small amplitude of mechanical forcing, thermal characteristics of the system are similar to basic system(${\varepsilon}=0$).

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.34 no.15
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• pp.6335-6353
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• 2021

This study examines the temporal evolution of the extratropically forced tropical response in an idealized aquaplanet model under equinox condition. We apply a surface thermal forcing in the northern extratropics that oscillates periodically in time. It is shown that tropical precipitation is unaltered by sufficiently high-frequency extratropical forcing. This sensitivity to the extratropical forcing periodicity arises from the critical time required for sea surface temperature (SST) adjustment. Low-frequency extratropical forcing grants sufficient time for atmospheric transient eddies to diffuse moist static energy to perturb the midlatitude SSTs outside the forcing region, as demonstrated by a one-dimensional energy balance model with a fixed diffusivity. As the transient eddies weaken in the subtropics, a further equatorward advection is accomplished by the Hadley circulation. The essential role of Hadley cell advection in connecting the subtropical signal to the equatorial region is supported by an idealized thermodynamical-advective model. Associated with the SST changes in the tropics is a meridional shift of the intertropical convergence zone. Since the time needed for SST adjustment increases with increasing mixed layer depth, the critical forcing period at which the extratropical forcing can affect the tropics scales linearly with the mixed layer depth. Our results highlight the important role of decadal-and-longer extratropical climate variability in shaping the tropical climate system. We also raise the possibility that the transient behavior of a tropical response forced by extratropical variability may be strongly dependent on cloud radiative effects.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.632-643
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• 2012

Analysis of wind resources in Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) using long term observation of tall tower located near coast line of the Korean Peninsula were carried out. The data observed at Pohang, Gunsan and Jinhae are wind, temperature and relative humidity with 10 minute interval for one year from 1 October 2010. Vertical turbulence intensity and its deviation at Pohang site is smaller than those of other sites, and momentum flux estimated at 6 vertical layers tend to show small difference in Pohang site in comparison with other sites. The change of friction velocity with atmospheric stability in Pohang is also not so great. These analysis indicate the mechanical forcing due to geographical element of upwind side is more predominant than thermal forcing. On the other hand, wind resources at Gunsan and Jinhae are mainly controlled by thermal forcing.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 1989

It has been believed that the circulation in the Japan Sea involves separation of current from the Korean coast and formation of a cold cyclonic gyre in the north. To explain this, a simple quasi-geostrophic linear model is considered. The model is basically of an inflow-outflow system. The local forcings, wind and air-sea heat exchange together with damping (both mechanical and thermal), are imposed upon. The results show that only the buoyancy damping due to perturbations from local thermal adjustment can cause the separation and the gyre. Various types of circulation patterns are possible depending on the intensity of the thermal forcing.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1026-1035
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• 2004

An immersed boundary method for solving the Navier-Stokes and thermal energy equations is developed to compute the heat transfer over or inside the complex geometries in the Cartesian or cylindrical coordinates by introducing the momentum forcing, mass source/sink, and heat source/sink. The present method is based on the finite volume approach on a staggered mesh together with a fractional step method. The method of applying the momentum forcing and mass source/sink to satisfy the no-slip condition on the body surface is explained in detail in Kim, Kim and Choi (2001, Journal of Computational Physics). In this paper, the heat source/sink is introduced on the body surface or inside the body to satisfy the iso-thermal or iso-heat-flux condition on the immersed boundary. The present method is applied to three different problems : forced convection around a circular cylinder, mixed convection around a pair of circular cylinders, and forced convection around a main cylinder with a secondary small cylinder. The results show good agreements with those obtained by previous experiments and numerical simulations, verifying the accuracy of the present method.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.76 no.5
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• pp.613-618
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• 2020

Exhausting oil resources and increasing pollution around the world are forcing researchers to look for new, renewable, biodegradable materials to lead sustainable development. The use of fiber reinforced composites based on natural fibres has increasingly begun as prospective materials for various engineering applications in the automotive, rail, construction and aerospace industries. The natural fiber chosen to make the composite material is plant-based fibre, e.g. jute fibre, and hemp fibre. Thermosetting polymer based Epoxy (LY556) was utilized as matrix material and The composites were produced using hand lay-up technique. The fabricated composites were tested for acoustic testing, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and flammability testing to asses sound absorption, thermal decomposition and fire resistivity of the structures. Hemp fibre composites have shown improved thermal stability over Jute fibre composites. However, the fire resistance characteristics of jute fibre composites are better as compared to hemp fibre composites. The sound absorption coefficient of composites was found to enhance with the increase of frequency.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.28-39
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• 1985

The driving mechanisms for low level jets(LLJ) and coastal surface maximum winds are studied with observed wind data from June, 1976 through August, 1980 at Port Aransas and Victoria, Texas, in connection with a baroclinic model. This model is developed considering the forcing functions such as the synoptic and meso-scale pressure gradient, the frictional force, and the atmospheric stability. The results show that a LLJis observed on over 95% of the occasions when a nighttime coastal wind maximum occurred. Baroclinicity generated by sloping terrain during the summertime causes the diurnal variation in the thermal field. This thermal wind component would then decrease the prevailing synoptic-scale southerly wind by day and allow it to increase at night. Nighttime atmospheric stability leads to frictional decoupling which enhances the nocturnal LLJ. At the coastal site neutral stability prevails, thus all owing downward transfer of momentum from the nocturnal LLJ and results in the nocturnal coastal surface wind maximum. The height of LLJis not uniquely related to the inversion layer, and the results of the computations using this model show a good agreement with the observations.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.803-807
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• 2008

A making process of DSC(dye sensitized solar cell) was presented. In general, Photo electrodes of DSC was made by using colloid paste of nano $TiO_2$ and processing of Doctor-blade printing and high temperature sintering for porous structure. These methods lead to cracks on $TiO_2$ surface and ununiform of $TiO_2$ thickness. This phenomenon is one factor that makes low efficiency to cells. After $TiO_2$ printing on TCO glass, a physical vibration was adapted for reducing ununiform of $TiO_2$ thickness. And a thermal treatment at low temperature(under $75^{\circ}C$) was adapted for reducing cracks on $TiO_2$ surface. In this paper, we have designed and manufactured an ultrasonic circuit (100W, frequency and duty variable) and a thermal equipment. Then, we have optimized forcing time, frequency and duty of ultrasonic irradiation and thermal heating for surface treatment of photo-electrode of DSC. In I-V characteristic test of DSC, ultrasonic and thermal treated DSC shows 19% improved its efficiency against monolithic DSC. And it shows stability of light-harvesting from drastically change of light irradiation test.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.329-343
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• 2013

According to previous studies, the increased air temperature can lead to change of thermal stratification structure of lakes and reservoirs. The changed thermal stratification may result in alteration of materials and energy flow. The objective of this study was to predict the effect of climate change on the water temperature and stratification structure of Daecheong Reservoir, located in Geum River basin of Korea, using a three-dimensional(3D) hydrodynamic model(ELCOM). A long-term(100 years) weather data set provided by the National Institute of Meteorological Research(NIMR) was used for forcing the 3D model. The model was applied to two different hydrological conditions, dry year(2001) and normal year(2004). It means that the effect of air temperature increase was only considered. Simulation results showed that the surface water temperature of the reservoir tend to increase in the future, and the establishment of thermal stratification can occur earlier and prolonged longer. As a result of heat flux analysis, the evaporative heat loss can increase in the future than now and before. However, the convective heat loss and net long wave radiation from water surface decreased due to increased air temperature.