• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.145-153
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• 2015

$Cr_2O_3/AP$ (ammonium perchlorate) energetic composites were prepared by a method of solvent/anti-solvent. XRD analysis revealed that the crystalline structure of AP in $Cr_2O_3/AP$ composites is the same as that of pure AP. SEM photomicrograph shows that an average size of cuboid $Cr_2O_3/AP$ composites is approximately $2.5{\mu}m$. TGA analysis shows that the addition of submicron $Cr_2O_3$ particles into AP lowers the HTD (high-temperature decomposition) compared to that of neat AP and the activation energy of the $Cr_2O_3/AP$ composites was calculated by the isoconversional Starlink method. Considering changes in the activation energy, the decomposition reaction mechanism of AP was suggested as follows; the decomposition with the formation of nucleation sites renders formation of porous structure in the composites up to conversion of about 0.25 and after further conversion of over 0.3, it seems that decomposition reaction vigorously takes place rather than sublimation of AP.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1809-1816
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• 2000

The catalytic combustion of methanol as a model volatile organic compound(VOC) was been investigated over metal-phthalocyanine(PC) in a fixed bed flow reactor system. The catalytic activity of Co-PC pretreated with air and methanol mixture at $450^{\circ}C$ and 60 cc/min for 1 hr was very excellent. The order of catalytic activity on methanol combustion was summarized as follows: metal free-PC < Zn-PC < Fe-PC < Cu($\alpha$)-PC < Co-PC. By TG/DTA analysis, the tendency of thermal decomposition was increased as follows: metal free-PC < Zn-PC < Cu($\alpha$)-PC < Co-PC < Fe-PC. Under this pretreatment condition, the basic structures of Co-PC, Cu($\alpha$)-PC and Fe-PC were destroyed, and the new metal oxide such as $Co_3O_4$ from Co-PC was confirmed by EA and XRD analysis. But Zn-PC and metal free-PC were retained its basic structure under this pretreatment condition. On the combustion of methanol over Co-PC, HCHO and $HCOOCH_3$ were observed as an intermediate products in the high concentration of reactant or the short contact time(W/F).

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.574-580
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• 2020

An inorganic binder is eco-friendly because it can be cured at low temperatures and does not emit harmful gases. In addition, related research is progressing rapidly owing to the small defects in the core. On the other hand, inorganic binders based on silicates (SiO₂-Na₂O) have unique absorbent properties. This results in the absorption of moisture from the air and the weakening of the bonding force. In particular, the castings used in cast steel require high-strength properties because of the higher temperatures than aluminum castings. In this study, waxes containing ester groups were selected to improve the absorption of moisture of inorganic binders. The inorganic binder was characterized by X-ray fluorescence and thermogravimetric analysis-differential thermal analysis. The inorganic binder core strength was then evaluated. In the case of an inorganic binder containing wax, the water resistance increased to 216 N/㎠, confirming the up to 55% improvement in strength. Excellent casting characteristics were confirmed through steel castings.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1237-1243
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• 2003

As a newly emerging pasteurization method for improving the shelf-life of powdered ginseng, the corona discharge generated at high voltage conditions was examined for its effects on microbial pasteurization, physicochemical characterization, and sensory evaluation. The pasteurizing effects of corona discharge on total bacteria, yeast, molds, and coliforms increased with increasing voltage. However, corona discharge treatment of 5 kv/cm did not show significant effects of pasteurization on the yeast, molds, and coliforms. Treatment with 20 kv/cm reduced about 95% of the total bacteria $(6.14{\pm}0.04{\rightarrow}\;4.59{\pm}0.04$) and coliforms ($2.43{\pm}0.05{\rightarrow}\;1.00{\pm}0.05$) and 99% of the yeast and molds ($4.65{\pm}0.06{\rightarrow}\;2.73{\pm}0.06$). The proximate analysis, minerals, free sugars, crude saponin, and colors of the control ginseng and the ginseng treated with 20 kv/cm were not significantly different at p<0.05. Corona discharge of up to 20 kv/cm did not affect the proximate analysis, minerals, free sugars, crude saponin, and colors of the powdered ginseng. Sensory evaluation scores on color, flavor, taste and overall acceptability between the control ginseng and ginseng treated with 20 kv/cm corona discharge were not significantly different at p<0.05 level. Consequently, corona discharge treatment is thought to be a good alternative pasteurization method for improving the shelf-life of powdered ginseng due to its effective pasteurization, maintenance of nutrients and good sensory characteristics.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.104-109
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• 2016

Candle fires do not occur frequently, but can easily result in death. In this study, the thermal characteristics of candles and conditions and debris of candle fires were investigated to determine the causes of candle fires. The rates of decrease in weight of 10 candles were measured and found to be between 2.6 g/h and 6.7 g/h. Most candle fires are caused by the ignitiong of combustible materials close to them. The temperature near a candle ranges from about $200^{\circ}C$ to $400^{\circ}C$ at a distance of 1 cm and low ignition temperature materials such as papers can easily catch fire. The melting temperature of candles ranges between $50^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$ and their major chemical components are fatty acids and normal hydrocarbons (over C20). Using pretreatment conditions involving the use of activated charcoal strips at $150^{\circ}C$ for 16 hours, the fire debris including candle residues were analyzed using a Gas-chromatograph/Mass-spectrometer (GC/MS).

• Clean Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.355-369
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• 2013

Economic feasibility is one of the most important factors in energy production from regenerative biomass. From the aspect, biogas from anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludge is regarded as the most economical because of its cheap substrate and additional income from the disposal of waste sludge. Sludge hydrolysis has been regarded as the rate limiting step of anaerobic digestion and many sludge pre-treatment technologies have been developed to accelerate anaerobic sludge digestion for enhanced biogas production. Various sludge pre-treatment technologies including biological, thermo hydrolysis, ultrasonic, and mechanical methods have been applied to full-scale systems. Sludge pre-treatment increased the efficiency of anaerobic digestion by enhancing hydrolysis, reducing residual soilds, and increasing biogas production. This paper introduces the characteristics of various sludge pre-treatment technologies and the energy balance and economic feasibility of each technology were compared to prepare a guideline for the selection of feasible pre-treatment technology. It was estimated that thermophilic digestion and thermal hydrolysis were most economical technology followed by Cell rupture$^{TM}$, OpenCEL$^{TM}$, MicroSludge$^{TM}$, and ultrasound. The cost for waste sludge disposal shares the biggest portion in the economic analysis, therefore, water content of the waste sludge was the most important factor to be controlled.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.418-424
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• 2016

This study is an experimental study on the recycling of bottom ash in coal ash discharged from a thermal power plant. Bottom ash has limited research on recycling because it has more porous and higher water absorption ratio than fly ash. In this paper, the bottom ash was pulverized to a specific surface area of $4,000cm^2/g$ in order to use as a binder, and the flow, compressive strength test and microstructure analysis of the bottom ash based geopolymer mortar were performed. The flow measurement results of the geopolymer mortar showed that the flow rate was improved by increasing mixing water as the molar concentration of activator was increased. Compressive strength increased with increasing curing temperature and molar concentration. Through the microstructure analysis, we could confirm the geopolymer gel produced by the reaction of the condensation polymerization. It is considered that it is possible to make the bottom ash based geopolymer concrete through proper molar concentration of activator and high temperature curing.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.7-15
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• 2012

Semiconductor packages are increasingly moving toward miniaturization, lighter and multi-functions for mobile application, which requires highly integrated multi-stack package. To meet the industrial demand, the package and silicon chip become thinner, and ultra-thin packages will show serious reliability problems such as warpage, crack and other failures. These problems are mainly caused by the mismatch of various package materials and geometric dimensions. In this study we perform the numerical analysis of the warpage deformation and thermal stress of 4-layer stacked FBGA package after EMC molding and reflow process, respectively. After EMC molding and reflow process, the package exhibits the different warpage characteristics due to the temperature-dependent material properties. Key material properties which affect the warpage of package are investigated such as the elastic moduli and CTEs of EMC and PCB. It is found that CTE of EMC material is the dominant factor which controls the warpage. The results of RSM optimization of the material properties demonstrate that warpage can be reduced by $28{\mu}m$. As the silicon die becomes thinner, the maximum stress of each die is increased. In particular, the stress of the top die is substantially increased at the outer edge of the die. This stress concentration will lead to the failure of the package. Therefore, proper selection of package material and structural design are essential for the ultra-thin die packages.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.538-545
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• 2020

The outdoor coal storage sheds of thermal power plants are being converted to indoor coal storage sheds worldwide because of the environmental pollution problems in the surrounding areas. On the other hand, indoor coal storage sheds are causing problems, such as indoor coal scattering and harmful gas generation. In this study, the ventilation method of indoor coal storage sheds was analyzed in terms of the internal flow characteristics and ventilation according to the outside wind velocity and direction. CFD analysis was performed based on the actual flow measurement information inside the indoor coal storage sheds. A comparison of the wind speed of 6 m/s and 2 m/s when the outside wind direction was easterly showed that the stream velocity to the monitor louver was faster and the recirculation area was clearer at 6 m/s than at 2 m/s. In addition, the trend of a westerly wind was similar to that of the easterly wind. The ventilation rate according to the wind speed was 13.1 times and 4.4 times for a wind speed of 6 m/s and 2 m/s, respectively. If the wind speed is 2 m/s, the situation does not meet the required number of ventilations per hour in a general plant, and needs to be improved.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.491-505
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• 2018

As an alternative to deep geological disposal technology, which is considered as a reference concept, the domestic applicability of deep borehole disposal technology for high level radioactive waste, including spent fuel, has been preliminarily evaluated. Usually, the environment of deep borehole disposal, at a depth of 3 to 5 km, has more stable geological and geo-hydrological conditions. For this purpose, the characteristics of rock distribution in the domestic area were analyzed and drilling and investigation technologies for deep boreholes with large diameter were evaluated. Based on the results of these analyses, design criteria and requirements for the deep borehole disposal system were reviewed, and preliminary reference concept for a deep borehole disposal system, including disposal container and sealing system meeting the criteria and requirements, was developed. Subsequently, various performance assessments, including thermal stability analysis of the system and simulation of the disposal process, were performed in a 3D graphic disposal environment. With these analysis results, the preliminary evaluation of the domestic applicability of the deep borehole disposal system was performed from various points of view. In summary, due to disposal depth and simplicity, the deep borehole disposal system should bring many safety and economic benefits. However, to reduce uncertainty and to obtain the assent of the regulatory authority, an in-situ demonstration of this technology should be carried out. The current results can be used as input to establish a national high-level radioactive waste management policy. In addition, they may be provided as basic information necessary for stakeholders interested in deep borehole disposal technology.