• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 1985

$(Na^++K^+)-ATPase$은 ${\alpha}$ 와 ${\beta}$의 두 subunits로 구성되어 있으며, 분자량이 약 300,000 daltons 정도되는 것으로 보아 ${\alpha}_2{\beta}_2$의 형태로 존재할 것으로 알려져 왔다 한편, 사람 적혈구막에 있는 $Na^+,\;K^+\;Pump$는 glycolytic enzymes과 complex를 이루고 있으리라는 보고도 있다. 우리는 이 실험에서 in situ상태의 사람 적혈구막$(Na^++K^+)-ATPase$의 분자량을 측정하기 위하여, 소위 말하는 ‘Target theory’를 radiation에 의한 ouabain sensitive한 $\Na^+$이동과, intact한 cells과 ghosts에서의 ATP가수분해능력의 inactivation data에 적용하였다. Intact한 cells은 cryoprotective agent의 존재하에서, ghosts는 직접적으로 액화질소의 용기속에 담고 온도를 $-45^{\circ}C$에서 $-50^{\circ}C$로 유지시키면서 1.5 MeV의 electron beam으로 조사한 후에 Pump의 기능내지 효소의 활성도를 측정하여 radiation에 따르는 inactivation의 정도를 측정하였다. 이득 활성도는 radiation의 양에 따라 simple exponential function으로 inactivation되었으며, 이로부터 radiation sensitive volume(target size)를 계산하였다. Target size는 intact한 cells을 사용하였을 경 우$(Na^++K^+)-ATPase$나 $Na^+,\;K^+\;Pump$ 모두 600,000 daltons으로 계산되었으며, 이 값은 만약 cells을 strophanthidin으로 먼저 처치하고 측정하면 약 325,000 daltons으로 감소하였다. Ghosts를 사용했을 경우에도$(Na^++K^+)-ATPase$의 target size는 역시 약 325,000 daltons이었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 보아 intact한 cells에서는 $(Na^++K^+)-ATPase/Na^+,\;K^+\;Pump$가 $(\alpha\beta)_2$의 dimer 상태로 존재하거나 혹은 $(\alpha\beta)_2$의 monomer에 glycolytic enzymes과 같은 다른 enzymes이 붙어 functional한 구조를 이루고 있는 것이 아닌가 사료된다. 또한 실헐성적은 이러한 dimeric association 혹은 heterocomplex association은 ghost를 만드는 과정에서나 strophanthidin의 처치로 부서질 수 있음을 암시하고 있다.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.5-22
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• 2012

Objective : The concept of Eum-Fire(陰火), which was brought up by Li Dong-yuan(李東垣), is such a very ambiguous thing that many medical scholars had tried to understand its real meaning. Trying to understand the real concept of Eum-Fire, this study goes on based on the view that the concept of Eum-Fire in the medical books of Li Dong-yuan was used as being the same thing with the concept of Xim-Fire(心火) and Premier-Fire (相火), and the substance of this kind of fire is the fire in Ximpo(心包) and Myungmun (命門) which works in the system of Ximgye(心系). To verify this view is the main objective of this study. Method : Inquiring into Li Dong-yuan's medical books, this study investigated examples of the uses of the terms of Eum-Fire, Xim-Fire and Premier-Fire, and analyzed the relation between the meanings of these terms. And as a collateral evidence to the main view of this study, this study notes Wang An-dao(王安道)'s reference about Eum-Fire and inquires into the concept of Premier-Fire that was formed by Liu He-jian(劉河間), who had been referred to in Wang An-dao's argument about Eum-Fire. And this study also presents the Chen Shi-duo(陳士鐸)'s view about Eum-Fire that is expected to show a more concrete concept of Eum-Fire than now and seems to deserve to be compared with that of Li Dong-yuan. Result and Conclusion : It could be understood that the concept of Eum-Fire in Li Dong-yuan's books was used as a thing that owns the same substance as a kind of fire with Xim-Fire and Premier-Fire. In this viewpoint it could also be understood that Li Dong-yuan had attached the concepts like Xim-Fire and Eum-Fire to the concept of Premier-Fire, so terms like these could be understood as such concepts that represented the diverse figures of Premier-Fire. And this study also found that the substance of Xim-Fire as a kind of Premier-Fire means the fire of Ximpo and Myungmun that works in the system of Ximgye, which seems to be formerly introduced as a frame of Premier-Fire by Liu He-jian. This study also found the indirect basis of this viewpoint in the books of Chen Shi-duo, and could get a conclusion that Chen Shi-duo's view about Eum-Fire can be regarded as a thing that could show us more concrete matter of Eum-Fire than now.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.1-33
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• 1983

The role and function of nursing care nowadays, tend to acquire sophisicated technology because specialization has expended due to increase of the medical population and the improvement of national health standards. To implement nursing care independently as a professional nurse, the apprehension of specific knowledge and skill should be acquired during basic nursing education. So it is important for nursing education not only to include theory and actual techniques, but also to strengthen the practical training in the actual clinical setting. This study was carried out with the following objectives; 1. To survey the detailed content and frequency of actual nursing students display during their clinical training. 2. To investigate the detailed content and frequency of actual nursing behavior which students display in each clinical a area. 3. To identify the motive for selection of nursing as their major and to determine the degree of self confidence, extent of knowledge and recognition of nursing responsibility. 4. To observe the relationship between actual nursing behavior and each of the following; 1) Motive for selecting nursing as a major 2) Self confidence 3) Knowledge of nursing care 4) Recognition of nursing responsibility The conclusions of this study were as follows; 1. Among the detailed nursing behavior which junior nursing college students carry out in clinical training; taking respiration's showed the highest frequency, and taking body temperatures, blood pressures, and pulses and making beds were next in frequency in this order. 2. In detailed nursing behaviors according to clinical area; taking vital signs showed the highest frequency in the emergency room, pediatric ward, orthopedic ward, general surgical ward and internal medicine ward. However, in the operating room, assisting with endotracheal tube insertion and sterile techniques were showen to have the highest frequencies. In nursery, umbilical cord care and the measurement of body weight were the highest in frequency In neurosurgical ward, the measurement of vital signs, changing position and tracheostomy care were the highest in frequency. In obstetric and gynecological ward and in the delivery room, checking duration, intensity and frequency of contractions was the highest in frequency. 3. In regard to the motive for majoring in nursing, the aptitude and interest of the student had the highest percentage(32.86%), and self-confidence in nursing activities (M=3.36), knowledge in nursing activities.(M=3. 09), and the recognition of the nursing activity (M= 3.76) wire in the middle range. 4. When the detailed nursing behaviors were compared with motive, self confidence, knowledge and recognition, it was found that when the nursing behavior was difficult and regarding much endeavor although the motive was high, the frequency of the nursing behavior was rather low. But in the cases in which there was much self confidence and a high level of skill was required, nursing behavior was carried more frequently. When there was muck self confidence and skill was not required, the frequency of nursing behavior was rather low. In the cases of a high level of knowledge, the frequency of nursing behavior was low and when recognition for nursing behavior was given the frequency of nursing behavior was low.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.268-278
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• 2001

Many women in the world have suffered from anemia produced by menstruation, pregnancy and delivery. In the theory of oriental medicine, a sour taste is believed to have a tonic effect on the blood. Thus this paper is to investigate the effect of sour tastes on the improvement in anemia-induced female mice, using citric acid and Fructus schizandrae(五味子). The method used in this experiment was the change of RBC, WBC, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Fe, and TIBC in the blood of female mice who were fed citric acid and Fructus schizandrae(五味子). The results obtained were as follows ; 1. Compared with the control group (anemia- induced group without treatment), the mean number of RBC in the blood of mice was significantly increased only in evaluating the change of sample group fed Fructus schizandrae (五味子) 500mg/kg. 2. Compared with the control group (anemia- induced group without treatment), the mean number of WBC in the blood of mice was not significantly larger in both sample groups fed citric acid and Fructus schizandrae(五味子). 3. Compared with the control group (anemia- induced group without treatment), the mean number of Hemoglobin in the blood of mice was significantly larger only in evaluating the change of the sample group fed Fructus schizandrae(五味子). 4. Compared with the control group (anemia- induced group without treatment), the mean percentage of Hematocrit in blood of mice was significantly increased only in evaluating the change of sample group fed Fructus schizandrae(五味子) 500mg/kg and sample group fed Fructus schizandrae(五味子) 250mg/kg for 3days. 5. Compared with control group (anemia- induced group without treatment), the mean volume of Fe in serum of mice was significantly increased only in evaluating the change of sample group fed Fructus schizandrae(五味子) 500mg/kg. 6. Compared with control group (anemia- induced group without treatment), the mean TIBC in serum of mice was significantly increased only in evaluating the change of sample group fed Fructus schizandrae(五味子) 500mg/kg and sample group fed Fructus schizandrae(五味子) 250mg/kg for 7days. According to these results, a sour taste is presumed to have a general tonic effect on anemia, but more study must be taken on the effects of citric acid in improving female anemia.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2018

Objectives: This research is part of a study to be conducted over five years starting from 2017 by the Ministry of Environment on the development of technologies to evaluate the impact of chemical accidents on the human body. Methods: For this research, a five-stage specific study method was developed. Results: In brief, the developed health risk assessment method can be summarized as follows. First, a health risk assessment system was built based on the guidelines set forth by the USA NRC/NAS. Second, based on the disease manifestation theory, the health risk assessment method was divided into 1) a carcinogenic health risk assessment method focused on all carcinogens except non-genotoxic carcinogens and 2) a non-carcinogenic health risk assessment method focused on noncarcinogens including non-genotoxic carcinogens. Third, the detailed contents of the health risk assessment method were developed in four stages(hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk determination) through theoretical consideration of the assessment of the level of health risk related to chemical exposure. Finally, a health risk assessment methodology, classified into stages to address acute, subacute/subchronic, and chronic conditions was developed after considering the physicochemical behavior of hazardous chemicals upon implementation of countermeasures after a chemical accident. Conclusions: A method to evaluate the health risks related to toxic chemicals generated by chemical accidents was developed. This study was performed with the purpose of developing a mathematical health risk assessment method to evaluate the health effects of exposure to hazardous chemicals upon implementation of emergency countermeasures after chemical accidents.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.130-146
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• 1994

Our medical care system is trying to diversify in order to meet the client's needs, and to adjust to a medical environment which is changing very rapidly. Because current nursing theory and practice focus on holistic care, health care management, education, and research, contrary to the traditional emphasis on only assisting a physician, more autonomy and specialization for the implementation of nursing are required. Considering these trends and actual needs, the category of clinical nurse specialist should be established as soon as possible. In order to develop strategies for implementing this new professional specialty, the authors conducted a field survey and literature review of the current system in Korea. As a result, various obstacles and constraints were discovered as follows : 1) There are few accredited educational programs for the training of CNS's. 2) Several hospitals already have staff designated as clinical nurse specialist (CNS) even though the term CNS is not yet standardized or adopted in nationwide. 3) The role of the CNS is not clearly understood by the medical societies, or even nursing societies. A nurse who works in specific nursing areas such as central supply, kidney dialysis, intensive care, coronary care, etc. for a long time, considers herself /himself a CNS. Based upon the above findings, the following alternatives are recommended. 1) The role of the CNS should be defined according to specified functions and authority : professional autonomy ; counselling and educating patients and their familes, nurses, and even other medical personnel ; research on improvement of nursing ; and management of the nursing environment including medical resources, information, and cases. 2) the qualification of CNS should be attained only by a nurse who has an RN license and clinical experience of more than 3 years in a specific nursing field: passes a qualifying examination; and contributes to the professional development of peers, colleagues, and others. A master's degree should only be optional, because of the insufficient of graduate programs which are well designed for the CNS. 3) The CNS should initially be a head nurse rather than line staff in order to deal with as wide an experience base as possible. 4) The nursing specialty could be divided into two areas such as a clinical field and a community field. The clinical field could then be categorized by the Styles' classification such as diseases and pathogenics, systems, ages, acuity, skills/techniques, and function/role ; the community field could be classified according to work site.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2014

목적 본 연구는 함께 치료를 받았던 암 환우의 죽음이라는 간헐적이나 지속적으로 발생하는 사건에 노출된 청소년 소아암 생존자의 슬픔을 탐색하기 위해 시도되었다. 방법 자료는 만 13-18세의 소아암 청소년 생존자 12명과 반구조화된 면접(일대일면접, 전화면접, 인터넷 채팅), 자조 집단의 참여관찰, 그리고 인터넷 개인 홈페이지나 블로그에 올려 있는 참여자들의 글을 수집하였다. 근거이론방법론 분석의 일환인 Clarke (2005)의 상황분석을 이용하여 자료를 분석하였다. 결과 상황분석에 의거하여 세 가지 수준의 지도를 도식화하였다. 암 환우를 잃은 슬픔에 빠진 청소년 소아암 생존자와 관련된 모든 상황적 구성요소들이 첫 번째 상황적 지도의 두 가지 버전에 의해 마련되었고, 두 번째로 슬픔에 처한 청소년 소아암 생존자를 중심으로 주변 인물들의 관계 및 슬픔이 일어나는 주요 장소에 대한 사회적 세계 지도가 그려졌다. 마지막으로 타인과의 관계 수준에 따른 슬픔의 표출 정도를 위치 지도에 도식화하였다. 청소년 소아암 생존자의 슬픔은 어두운 잔존 기억에 대처하기 위해 내면의 자아와 의사소통하는 동시에 친구 및 가족과의 상호작용 속에서 끊임없이 자신의 생각, 감정, 행동을 협상하였다. 슬픔은 특히 어머니에게 표출하지 않고자 노력하였으며, 슬픔으로 초래되는 정신적 힘듦을 피하기 위해 아무렇지 않은 듯 혼자 시간 보내거나 의식적으로 암을 앓고 있지 않은 건강한 친구와의 관계맺음을 선호하였다. 결론 청소년 소아암 생존자의 슬픔은 다양한 상황적 맥락에 연루된 사회 환경적 요소들에 따라 숨겨지거나 표출되었다. 상황분석은 이러한 요소들 간의 관계를 시각적으로 정렬하며 비교, 분석하는 데 있어서 유용하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.28-35
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• 1994

성인기 우울증의 생물학적인 연구는 25년 이상의 역사를 가지고 있으나, 소아 또는 청소년기 우울증에 있어서의 생물학적인 연구는 아직 초보 단계이다. 그러나 현재까지 연구된 바에 의하면, 결론을 내리기는 시기 상조이나, 소아 또는 청소년기의 우울증에 있어서도 생물학적인 이상소견이 원인의 일부로 작용할 가능성은 크다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 생물학적 소견은 연령이나 사춘기의 변화가 소아 또는 청년기의 우울증의 생물학적인 이상 소견과 관계가 있을 가능성이 크다. 성인기내에서도 나이에 따라서 생물학적인 이상 소견이 다르게 나타날 수 있기 때문에 성인의 연령도 구분하여야 할 필요성이 강조된다. 따라서 성인기에서의 연구가 소아 또는 청소년기의 생물학적인 소견을 이해하는데 있어서 도움이 되기는 하지만, 소아 또는 청소년기의 생물학적인 소견을 해석할 때에는 반드시 성장, 발달, 연령 및 사춘기의 변화를 고려하여야 한다. 이러한 소견을 이해하는데 있어서는 정상 아동에 있어서의 신경전달물질계 및 수용체의 개체발생적인 과정이 반드시 밝혀져야 한다. 발달학적인 측면에서의 신경생물학적인 연구, 이와 행동상의 특징과의 상호관계가 규명되어야 하며, 이에는 동물실험 모델의 개발이 필수적이다. 왜냐 하면, 윤리적인 문제로 아동들을 연구하는데 있어서 많은 제한점이 있기 때문이다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.132-142
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate whether exercise therapy applied in an efficacy expectation promoting program based on the self-efficacy theory of Bandura(1977) would increase self-efficacy and metabolism in NIDDM patients. The study design was a nonequivalent control group pre-test post-test quasi-experimental desist The exercise therapy applied in the efficacy expectation promoting program was composed of a staged exercise program, a small booklet relating personal experience with diabetes mellitus and a telephone coaching program on performance accomplishment. vicarious experience and verbal persuasion, which are all induction modes of efficacy expectation. The subjects of the study were twenty eight NIDDM patients who received follow-up care regularly through the out-patient department of endocrine medicine in one general hospital which had a diabetic clinic. Fourteen were assigned to the experimental group and fourteen to the control group. The experimental group participated in the exercise therapy applied in the efficacy expectation promoting program from three to five times per week for four weeks and the control group did not have the program. The collected data were analyzed using the X²-test, t-test, paired t-test, and Cronbach's Alpha using SPSS /PC/sup +/. The results are summarized as follows 1. Experimental group had higher efficacy score than control group(t=5.98, p=.00). And. There was a significant different in the efficacy score before exercise therapy applied in the efficacy expectation promoting program and after in experimental group(t=-6.42, p=.00). 2. Experimental group did not have lower level of glucose metabolism than control group(FBS : t=.32, p=.75, HbAlC : t=.60, p=.55, pc 2hrs. glucose : t=-.29, p=.78). But, There was a significant different in the aunt of glucose metabolism before exercise therapy applied in the efficacy expectation promoting program and after in experimental group(FBS : t=3.63, p=.003, HbAlC t=4.20, p=.00, pc 2hrs. glucose : t=1.93, p=.001). 3. Levels of lipid metabolism were partly a significant different between Experimental group and control group(triglyceride t=-1.87, p=.07, HDL cholesterol : t=-.29, p=.77. body weight : t=1.78, p=.09, Total cholesterol : t=-2.17, p=.04). And, There was partly a significant different in the amount of lipid metabolism before exercise therapy applied in the efficacy expectation promoting program and after in experimental group(triglyceride : t=2.50, p=.03, HDL cholesterol : t=-.43, p=.67, body weight : t=5.34. p=.00, Total cholesterol : t=2.26, p=.04). In conclusion, it was found that exercise therapy applied in an efficacy expectation promoting program was an effective nursing intervention for increasing self-efficacy and metabolism.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.118-128
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• 2011

Purpose: This research is based on experiments practiced with 6th grade students in primary school as subjects. They were trained in basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation theory and received actual training in CPR. Methods: The subjects were randomly sorted into two classes of the 6th grade students. The experimental group was composed of 35 students. The control group was composed of 32. The experimental group received basic CPR theoretical and practical education once and received a practical evaluation three times, with 4 weeks in between evaluations. The control group received CPR theoretical education before the study. The data was analyzed by ${\chi}^2$-test and t-test using the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. Results: Hypothesis 1 was that the basic CPR knowledge score would begin to decrease right after the education and continue to decrease as time passed. The experimental group's knowledge score continued to increase 12 weeks after education, but there was no decrease in the control group's knowledge score (F=5.870, p=.000). Hypothesis 2 was that the basic CPR attitude score would decrease right after the education and continue as time passed. There was no significant difference in the experimental group's score after education, nor was there any change in the control group's score on this measure (F=3.986, p=.004). Hypothesis 3 was that the subjects' confidence in practicing CPR would decrease right after education and continue as time passed. There was a significant decrease in the experimental group's score, but no significant change in the control group's score on this measure (F=75.574, p=.000). Hypothesis 4 was that the practical accomplishment evaluation score of CPR would decrease as time passed. There was a significant decrease in the experimental group's score on this measure right after education (F=38.368, p=000). Conclusion: Retraining for basic CPR education will be needed in all aspects of the education/training at least every 4 weeks, to preserve the students' retention of learned material/training. This is because students' scores fell significantly four weeks after education/training.