• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2002년도 국제심포지움
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• pp.106.2-132
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• 2002

형질전환 (유전자 결핍; Knockout) Min 마우스를 이용하여 대장암 발생에서 배추, 양배추 주성분인 indole-3-carbinol (I3C)의 대장암 예방효과를 규명하고자 하였다. 실험동물로는 C57BL/6J-Apc$^{min/+}$(Min 마우스)계의 5내지 6주령의 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스 70마리와 C57BL/6J계의 동일 산자, 동일 주령의 수컷 wildtype 비형질전환 마우스 10kfl를 The Jackson Laboratory 사 (Bar harber, ME, USA)로부터 직접 구입하였다. C57BL/6J-Apc$^{min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 (Min)마우스 70마리를 각 군 20내지 25마리씩 세군으로 나누었다. Group 1에는 20마리, Group 2에는 25마리, Group 3에는 25마리를 배치하고, I3C 투여 실험군 (Group 1과 2)에는 실험시작시에 AIN-76A 분말사료에 I3C가 각각 100 및 300ppm이 함유되도록 조제하여 공급하였다. 그리고 실험군(Group 3)에는 실험시작부터 종료시까지 AIN-76A 정제고형사료(Teklad사, WI, USA)를 자유로이 급이하였다. 각군간의 체중, 사료 및 음수소비량을 매 2주마다 측정하였고, 10주간 (16주령)의 실험종료시에는 최종체중과 간장, 신장, 비장 등의 장기무게를 측정하여 상대장기 무게비를 산출하였다. 대조군으로서 C57BL/6J계의 동일 산자, 동일 주령의 수컷 wildtype 비형질전환 마우스 10마리는 같은 조건의 사육실에서 AIN-76A 정제고형사료를 33주간 자유로이 급이하였다. 실험동물은 부검전에 하룻밤 동안 절식하고 이산화탄소 흡입 마취하에서 흉대동맥을 절단하여 방혈하고 각 장기(심장, 폐, 위)를 적출하여 생리심염수에 넣어 장기무게를 측정하고 포르말린에 고정하였다. 소장과 대장의 검사를 위하여 위의 식도부위와 직장을 실로 결찰하여 적출하고 생리심염수를 주입하여 팽창시켜, 십이지장, 공장, 및 회장, 그리고 대장으로 나누어 여과지에 펼친 후 포르말린에 고정하였다. 소장과 대장은 육안 및 자동 영상분석길ㄹ 이용한 분석이 끝난 후에 각 부위별로 4-6개의 절편을 작제하여 포르말린에 재고정하고, 통상적인 조직처리과정, 파리핀 포매 및 3-4$\mu$m 두께의 조직절편을 제작하여 H&E 염색을 실시하여 현미경으로 검경하였다. 약 1주일간의 포르말린 고정이 끝난 소장 및 대장을 부위별, 별 종양개수 및 분포를 자동영상분석기(Kontron Co. Ltd., Germany)로 분석하였다. 체의 변화, 장기무게, 사료소비량 및 마리당 종양의 개수에 대한 통계학적 유의성 검증을 위하여 Duncan's t-test로 통계처리 하였고, 종양 발생빈도에 대하여는 Likelihood ration Chi-square test로 유의성을 검증하였다. C57BL/6J-Apc$^{min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스에 AIN-76A 정제사료만을 투여한 대조군의 대장선종의 발생률은 84%(Group 3; 21/25례)로써 I3C 100ppm 및 300ppm을 투여한 경우에 있어서는 각군 모두 60%(Group 1; 12/20 례, Group 2; 15/25 례)로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 대장선종의 마리당 발생개수에 있어서는 C57BL/6J-Apc$^{min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스에 AIN-76A 정제사료만을 투여한 대조군은 1.40$\pm$0.24(100%)에 비하여 I3C 저농도 투여 실험군(Group 1; 0.85$\pm$0.23; 61%, P<0.01), 그리고 I3C 고농도 투여 실험군(Group 2 ; 1.32$\pm$0.29 ; 94%)의 순으로 감소하였다. 선종의 크기별 종양의 발생개수의 분포에 있어서 I3C 저농도 투여 실험군에 있어서는 선종의 크기가 3mm이하의 수가 현저하게 감소하였다. C57BL/6J-Apc$^{min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스에 AIN-76A 정제사료만을 투여한 대조군의 부위별 소장선종의 발생수는 십이지장부위를 제외하고 각 군에서 유의한 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 십이지장 종양의 발생개수에서만 I3C 저농도 투여 실험군(Group 1 ; 3.11$\pm$0.85)이 대조군 (Group 3: 1.48$\pm$0.35) 및 I3C 고농도 투여 실험군(Group 2: 1.56$\pm$0.47)에 비하여 유의성 있게 증가하였다. (P<0.05). 따라서 I3C은 소장에서는 암예방 효과가 뚜렷하지 않으나, 대장에 대한 암에방 효과가 있을 것으로 생각된다. 소장 및 대장을 제외한 간장, 신장, 비장, 심장, 폐 그리고 위 등의 기타 장기에서의 조직병리학적 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 소장 및 대장의 종양은 선종(polyps)으로 관찰되었다. 지난 10여년간 형질전환 및 유전자 결핍 실험동물의 종류가 기하 급수적으로 증가하여 이용되고 있다. 가족성 대장 선종성 용종증(FAP)의 대표적인 모델로 이용되고 있는 C57BL/6J-Apc$^{min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스를 사용하여 배추나 양배추의 주요성분인 Indole-3-carbinol(I3C)의 대장암 예방효과가 있는지를 검색하여 본 결과 AIN-76A정제사료만을 투여한 대조군의 대장선종의 발생률 84%에 비하여 I3C 100 및 300ppm을 투여한 실험군에 있어서 각군 모두 60%로서 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 대장선종의 마리당 발생개수에 있어서는 대조군의 1.40$\pm$1.041를 100%로 환산하였을 경우 I3C 저농도 및 고농도 투여 실험군에서는 각각 약 61%와 94%를 나타내여 감소하였다. 특히 대장선종의 크기별 분포에 있어서 선종의 크기가 3mm이하의 수가 현저하게 감소하였다. 따라서 저농도 I3C의 투여는 실험적 유전성 가족성 대장 선종성 용종증 모델에 있어서 어느정도 암 예방효과가 있는 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 소장 선종의 발생에는 별 영향이 없는 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 본 실험에 사용된 C57BL/6J-Apc$^{min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스는 실험개시 시점이 7내지 8주령이 경과하여 이미 태생기부터 소장 및 대장의 선종 발생이 진행되어 온 것을 감안하고 특히 비스테로이드계 항염증 소염제(NSAIDS)와 같은 강력한 COX-2억제제가 아님을 고려하면, 상당한 선종의 발생을 억제할 수 있는 가능성이 매우 높다고 생각한다. 또한 이제까지 배추나 양배추 성분의 복합성분들에 대한 실험적 대장암 모델에서의 촉진효과 등에 대한 보고들이 있어 온 점을 고려할 때 위암(Kim 등, 1994) 간암(Kim 등, 1994), 유방암(Grubbs, 등, 1995; Bradlow 등, 1995)에 대한 예방효과가 있을 것으로 생각된다. 앞으로 이러한 종양조직내에서의 COX-2 및 iNOS mRNA와 단백질의 발현정도를 분자병리학적으로 연구중에 있으며, 향후 십자화과식물 성분인 indole-3-carbinol이 마우스뿐 만 아니라 랫드의 화학발암물질에 의한 대장종양에 대한 억제효과 있는지 연구 필요가 있다. Min 마우스와 같은 형질 전환(유전자결핍;knockout) 실험동물을 이용한 새로운 중기 발암성 시험범의 확립을 통한 각종 환경 유해물질의 발암성 유무 및 COX-2 억제작용이 있는 식품인자의 암예방 후보물질을 체계적으로 검색하는데 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.577-598
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• 1996

This study was conducted to identify the effects of caffeine or combinations of caffeine and iron or vitamin E on the lipid and protein components or blood chemistry levels of the serum as well as the total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of the rat(Sprague-Dawley, female) liver. Chronic test were conducted to determine those effects. The chronic test was conducted by dividing rats into 5 groups according to the type of drugs and dosages administrated as follows; the control(group A), and group B was given 25mg/kg caffeine orally once daily for 30 days, group C was given 50mg/kg caffeine orally once daily for 30 days, group D was given 25mg/kg caffeine and orally ferric chloride once daily for 30 days and group E was given 25mg/kg caffeine and 25mg/kg vitamin E once daily for 30 days. The concentrations of glucose, urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin, A/G ratio, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, free fatty acid, phospholipid as well as the activities of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) were measured in the serum of each experimental groups. The concentrations of the carbonyl group and malondiaidehyde(MDA) and the patterns of the SDS-PAGE(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate - Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) and fatty acid compositions in free fatty acids and phospholipids were analyzed to determine the oxidative damages and metabolic changes on the lipid and protein components in the serum, and total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of the rat liver. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows; 1. Body weights of groups B, C, D and E were significantly decreased(p < 0.01) in comparison with that of the control in the chronic test. 2. The concentrations of serum glucose in groups B(124.5mg/dl), C(130.1mg/dl), D(122.1mg/dl), E(119.3mg/dl) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to that of the control(101.5mg/dl). But, there were no significant differences in the concentrations of urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin and A/G ratio in comparison to that of the control. 3. The concentrations of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in serum of groups B(69.6, 53.4mg/dl), C(73.0, 56.3mg/dl), D(68.9, 51.1mg/dl) and E(68.2, 51.3mg/dl) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to that of the control(52.6, 38.8mg/dl). On the other hand, the concentrations of triglyceride in serum of groups B(45.0mg/dl), C(40.4mg/dl), D(33.8mg/dl) and E(47.2mg/dl) were significantly lower(p < 0.01) in comparison to that of the control(66.2mg/dl). There were no significant differences in the activities of ALT, AST and ALP in comparison to that of the control. 4. The concentrations of free fatty acid and phospholipid in serum of groups B(45.7, 154.4mg/dl), C(50.0, 167.2mg/dl), D(52.5, 148.4mg/dl) and E(41.1, 159.2mg/dl) were higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to that of the control(35.2, 125.3mg/dl). And the concentrations of the carbonyl group and malondialdehyde in serum of group D(1.82, 0.52nM/mg protein) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(1.53nM/mg protein). 5. The concentrations of carbonyl group in total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of group D(1.45, 0.94, 1.67nM/mg protein) were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(1.16, 0.66, 1.27nM/mg protein). And the concentrations of malondialdehyde in the total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of group D(6.70, 6.10, 1.36nM/mg protein) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(5.17, 3.64, 0.68nM/mg protein). 6. As the analytical results of the fatty acid compositions of free fatty acid in serum, the proportions of stearic acid and arachidonic acid of groups B(16.52, 12.62%), C(17.52, 15.18%), D(19.73, 13.47%) and E(17.62, 13.28%) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(14.75, 7.88%), but the proportions of oleic acid and linoleic acid of groups B(12.97, 32.59%), C(10.88, 31.23%), D(12.37, 30.66%) and E(11.95, 32.41%) were significantly lower(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(16.44, 35.12%). Otherwise, as the results of the fatty acid compositions of phospholipid in serum, the proportions of stearic acid and arachidonic acid of groups B(39.37, 16.39%), C(40.63, 17.83%), D(42.73, 15.39%) and E(39.16, 15.70%) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(37.74, 14.24%), but the proportions of oleic acid and linoleic acid of groups B(4.03, 14.38%), C(3.54, 12.38%), D(4.52, 11.68%) and E(4.29, 13.64%) were significantly lower(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(5.53, 16.14%). 7. As the analytical results of the fatty acid compositions of free fatty acid in total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of liver, the proportions of oleic acid of groups B(7.8**, 8.73**, 6.88%) and C(6.89**, 7.75**, 6.58%) were lower(**:p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(8.67, 10.08, 7.81%), but the proportions of arachidonic acid of group C(22.62, 19.79, 23.71%) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(20.93, 18.47, 22.24%). And the proportions of palmitic acid of group D(25.95**, 26.16, 26.34**%) were significantly higher(**:p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(24.43, 25.42, 23.34%). In addition, the proportions of linoleic acid of group D(23.43, 25.02, 23.95%) were also significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(22.17, 23.75, 21.26%). The proportions of stearic acid of group D(19.87, 19.76**%) in mitochondrial and microsomal fraction were lower(**:p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(21.01, 24.18%), and the proportions of stearic acid of group E(16.71*, 19.65**%) in mitochondrial and microsomal fraction were significantly lower(**:p < 0.01, *:p < 0.05) in comparison to the control(21.01, 24.18%), and the proportions of linoleic acid of group E(25.04, 29.20, 26.48%) in total homogenate, mitochondria and microsome were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(22.17, 23.75, 21.26%). 8. As the results of the fatty acid compositions of phospholipid in total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of liver, the proportions of palmitic acid of group D(17.58**, 18.78*, 18.23%**) were significantly higher(**:p < 0.01, *:p < 0.05) in comparison to the control(16.28, 17.22, 16.38%), and the proportions of stearic acid of group D(36.41, 37.23, 39.53%) were also significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(34.18, 34.16, 36.04%). But the proportions of oleic acid(3.41*, 3.11**, 3.12**%) and linoleic acid (18.03**, 15.79**, 14.74**%) of group D were significantly lower(**:p < 0.01, *:p < 0.05) in comparison to the control(oleic : 3.63, 3.72, 3.79%, linoleic : 20.03, 18.71, 18.48%). 9. In order to determine the oxidative damages to the protein in serum, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of the rat liver, the patterns of the SDS-PAGE were identified, but the results of SDS-PAGE were not significantly different between the control and experimental groups.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-28
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• 1974

The writers have conducted the investigation to assess the nutritional status of young rural Korean children aged from 0 to 4 years old in August 1971. The survey areas were Kaejong-myon. Daeya-myon, Okku-gun, Jeonra-bukdo, Korea. These survey areas were typical agricultural plain areas. The total numbers of children examined were 2,706 comprising 1,394 male and 1,312 female. The weight, height, and chest circumference of children were measured and means and standard deviations. were calculated for each measurement. In addition, the nutritional status of each child was classified by the four levels of malnutrition and the Gomez classification, The examination of red blood cell count, haematocrit value, and intestinal parasite infection were carried out at the same time. In general, recent work tend to suggest that environmental influences, especially nutrition, are of great importance than genetic background or other biological factors for physical growth and development. Certainly the physical dimensions of the body are much influenced by nutrition, particularly in the rapidly growing period of early childhood. Selected body measurements can therefore give valuable information concerning protein-calory malnutrition. Growth can also be affected by bacterial, viral, and parasitic infection. For the field workers in a developing country, therefore, nutritional anthropometry appears to be of greatest value in the assessment of growth failure and undernutrition, principally from lack of protein and calories. In order to compare and evaluate the data obtained, the optimal data of growth from the off-spring of the true well-fed, medically and socially protected are needed. So-called 'Standards' that have been compiled for preschool children in Korea, however, are based on measurement of children from middle or lower socio-economic groups, who are, in fact, usually undernourished from six months of age onwards and continuously exposed to a succession of infective and parasitic diseases. So that, the Harvard Standards which is one of the international reference standards was used as the reference standards in this study. Findings of the survey were as follows: A. Anthropometric data: 1) Comparing the mean values for body weight obtained with the Korean standard weight of the same age, the rural Korean children were slightly haevier than the Korean standard values in both sexes. Comparing with the Japanese children values, the rural Korean children were slightly haevier in male and in the infant period of female but lighter in female of the period of 1 to 4 years old than Japanese children. 2) Comparing the mean values for height obtained with the Korean standard height of the same age, the rural Korean children were taller than the Korean standard values except the second half of infatn period in both sexes. Comparing with the Japanese children, the rural Korean children were slightly smaller than Japanese children except the first half of infant peroid in both sexes. 3) Mear values of chest circumference of rural Korean children obtained were less than the Korean standard values of the same ages in both sexes. B. Prevalence of Protein-Calory Malnutrition: Children examined were devided into two groups, i. e., infant(up to the first birthday) and toddler (1 to 4 fears old). 1) Percentages of four levels of malnutrition: a) When the nutrtional status of each child was classified (1) by body weight value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 52.8%(infant 83.3%, toddler 44.4%) and 39.7% (infant 74.5%. toddler 30.5%), the first level of malnutrition were 31.9%(infant 13.7%, toddler 36.9%) and 31.7%(infant 15.3%, toddler 36,0%), the second level of malnutrition were 12.3%(infant 1.7%, toddler 15.3%) and 23.3% (infant 7.7%, fodder 27.5%), the third level of malnutrition were 2.7%(infant 0.7%, toddler 3.2%) and 4.6%(infant 1.8%, toddler 5.3%) the fourth level of malnutrition were 0.3% (infant 0.7%, toddler 0.2%) and 0.7% (0.7% for infant and toddler) respectively. (2) by height value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 80.3% (infant 97.3%, toddler 75.6%) and 75.1% (infant 96.4%, toddler 69.5), the first level of malnutrition were 17.9% (infant 2.0%, toddler 22.3%) and 23.6% (infants 3.6%, toddler 28.8%), the second level of malnutrition were 1.2% (infant 0.3%, toddler 1.5%) and 1.1% (infant 0%, toddler 1.4%), the third level of malnutrition were 0.4%(infant 0.3%, toddler 0.5%) and 0.2%(infant 0%, toddler 0.3%), the fourth level of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%) and 0% respectively. (3) by body weight in relation to height, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 87.9% (infant 77.6%, toddler 87.9%) and 78.2% (infant 77.4%, toddler 78.2%), the first level of malnutrition were 12.2% (infant 18.4%, toddler 10.6%) and 18.2% (infant 17.9%, toddler 18.3%), the second level of malnutrition were 1.9%(infant 3.3%, toddler 1.5%) and 3.0%(infant 3.3%, toddler 2.9%), the third level of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0%. toddler 0.1%) and 0.5% (infant 0%, toddler 0.6%), the fourth level of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0.7%, toddler 0%) and 0.3% (infant 1.5%, toddler 0%) respectively. b) When the nutritional status of each child according to the mother's age at perturition, i. e., young aged mother (up to 30 years old), middle aged mother (31 to 40 years old) and old aged mother (41 years or above) was classified (1) by body weight, among infants and toddlers, at each year of age, with increasing the mother's age, there was an increase in percentage of subjects underweight. This tendency of increasing percentage of underweight was more significant in the infant period than the toddler period. (2) by height value, no significant differences between each mother's age group were found. c) When the nutritional status of each child according to the birth rank, i. e., lower birth rank (first to third) and higher birth rank (fourth or above) was classified (1) by weight value, children of higher birth rank were slightly more often underweight than those of lower birth rank, but not significant. (2) by height value, no differences were found between children of lower and higher birth rank. 2) Gomez Classification: When the nutritional status of each child was classified a) by body weight value, the percentages for male and female of children. attained standard growth were 53.1% (infant 82.6%, toddler 44.9%) and 39.2% (infant 73.4%, toddler 30.1%), the first degree of malnutrition were 39.4% (infant 14.7%, toddler 46.2%) and 47.1% (infant 21.9%, toddler 53.8%), the second degree of malnutrition were 7.3%(infant 2.3%, toddler 8.6%) and 12.9% (infant 4.0%, toddler 15.2%). and the third degree of malnutrition were 0.2%. (infant 0.3%, toddler 0.2%) and 0.8% (infant 0.7%, toddler 0.9%) respectively. b) by height value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 80.8% (infant 97.0%, toddler 76.3%) and 73.8%(infant 95.6%, toddler 68.0%), the first degree of malnutrition were 18.5% (infant 2.7%, toddler 22.9%) and 24.6% (infant 4.4%, toddler 30.0%), the second degree of malnutrition were 0.6%(infant 0.3%, toddler 0.7%) and 0.5% (infant 0.1%, toddler 0.7%), and the third degree of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%) and 1.1% (infant 0%, toddler 1.3%) respectively. C. Results of clinical laboratory examination: 1) Red blood cells: The ranges of mean red blood cell counts for male and female were $3,538,000/mm^3\;to\;4,403,000/mm^3\;and\;3,576,000/mm^3\;to\;4,483,000/mm^3$ respectively. The lowest red cell counts were seen at the age of 0-3 months for male and 1-2 months for female. 2) Haematocrit value : The ranges of haematocrit value of male and female were 35.1% to 38.8% and 34.7% to 38.8% respectively. The lowest haematocrit values were seen at the age of 2-3 months for male and 1-2, months for female. 3) The prevalence rates of intestinal parasites for male and female children with Ascaris lumbricoides were 34.1% (infant 18.8%, toddler 38.1%) and 36.0%(infant 18.4%, toddler 40.7%), with Trichocephalus trichiuris were 6.8% (infant 2.9%, toddler 7.9%) and 9.0% (infant 3.0%, toddler 10.6%), with Hookworm were 0.3% (infant 0.5%, toddler 0.2%) and 0.3% (infant 0.5%, toddler 0.3%), with Clonorchis sinensis were 0.4%(infant 0%, toddler 0.5%) and 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%) respectively.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.29-67
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• 1992

담수산 새우 Macrobrachium nipponense의 생활사와 종묘 생산에 관한 연구를 수행한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었기에 보고하는 바이다. 1. 발생 과정 : 부화된 zoea 유생의 크기는 2.06 mm였고 $15{\~}20$일에 걸쳐 9단계의 zoea 유생기를 거쳐 후기 치하로 변태하였으며 이때의 체장은 5.68 mm였다. 각 zoea 유생 단계는 제 1, 2 안테나의 형태, 제 1, 2 보각의 내${\cdot}$외지의 형태 및 미절과 소악의 형태에 따라 분류할 수 있었다. 2. Zoea 유생기의 환경 : Zoea 유생은Artemia의 유생을 먹고 건강하게 성장하였으며, 수온 $26{\~}28^{\circ}$, 염분도 $7.85{\~}8.28{\%_{\circ}}Cl.$에서 변태율이 $65\~72{\%}$를 보였다. 수온 $26{\~}32^{\circ}C$에서 생존율이 높았으며 (최적 수온 $28^{\circ}C$), 염분 범위 $4.12\~14.08\%_{\circ}Cl.$에서 생존율이 높았고(최적 염분 $7.6\~11.6\%_{\circ}\;Cl.$) 염분도가 적정 범위에서 멀어질수록 특히 높아질수록 zoea 유생기가 길어지는 경향을 보였다. 담수에서 zoea 유생은 모두 폐사하였다. zoea 유생 발생단계(Y)와 수온(X)와의 관계는 Y=46.09-0.9673X로 나타났다. 3. 후기 유생 및 치하기의 환경 : 후기 유생기의 적정 성장 수온은 $24\~32^{\circ}C$(최적 $26\~28^{\circ}C$)였으며, 치하기까지의 생존율은 $41{\~}63{\%}$를 나타내었다. 수온 $17^{\circ}C$이하에서는 후기 유생의 성장은 중지되었으며 적정 수온 범위내에서는 공식 현상이 더 많이 나타나는 경향이 보였다. 후기 유생기와 치하기의 정상 성장 염분 범위는 $0{\~}11.24{\%_{\circ}Cl.$이었으며 이때의 생존율은 $32{\~}35{\%}$를 나타내었다. 후기 유생기의 최적 염분 농도는 $0\~2.21\%_{\circ}Cl.$였으며 담수에서는 성장이 양호하였으나 순 해수에서는 폐사하였다. 4. Zoea 유생의 먹이 공급 효과 : Zoea 유생기에 먹이로 알테미아의 노플리우스 유생, 노플리우스 유생의 클로렐라에 혼합하여 공급한 것, 윤충류, 인공 플랑크톤을 수조 내에서 먹인 경우 생존과 후기 유생기로의 변태가 진행되었으나 가장 좋은 것은 Artemia nauplius 유생을 Chlorella sp.와 혼합한 물에서 사육하였을 경우였고 이 때의 변태율은 $68{\~}75{\%}$를 보였다. 소 간의 분말, 계란 분말, Chlorella sp.만을 먹인 것은 폐사하였다. 5. 후기 유생과 치하 및 성체의 먹이 : 후기 유생기의 먹이는 Artemia nauplius 유생이나 물벼룩 등 수중갑각류를 공급할 수 있고, 치하기나 성체에는 이들 외에 조개 살이나 어육, 다모환충류, 곡류, 펠렛 사료 등과 사람이 이용할 수 없는 가축의 내장이나 과일 등을 먹는다. 6. 후기 유생과 치하 및 성체의 성장 : 최적 조건 하에서 후기 유생은 매 $5\~6$일마다 변태하였고 치하기까지 2개월이 소요되었으며, 이때의 체장은 1.78 m, 체중은 0.17 g을 나타내었다. 치하의 성장은 4개월 정도에 체장 3.52 cm, 체중 1.07 g으로 성장하였으며 이때 암수의 구별이 수컷의 2차 성징을 나타내는 rudimental processes에 의해 가능하였다. 수컷은 성적 성숙이 후기 유생기로부터 7개월 후에 이루어지며, 이때의 크기는 체장 5.65 m, 체중 3.41 g이었고, 암컷도 $6{\~}7$개월 후에 성적 성숙이 되며 이때 체장은 4.93 m, 체중은 2.43 g이었다. 부화후 $9{\~}10$개월 후에 수컷은 체장 $6.62\~7.14$ m, 체중 $6.68{\~}8.36$ g으로 성장하였고, 암컷은 체장 $5.58{\~}6.08$ m, 체중 $4.04{\~}5.54$ g으로 성장하였다. 7. 방양 밀도 : 수조에서 30일간 사육한 결과 성장과 생존이 양호한 zoea 유생의 최대 밀도는 수량 1l 당 $60\~100$개체였고, 이때의 후기 유생으로의 변태율은 $73{\~}80{\%}$였다. 체장 0.57 m의 후기 유생을 120일간 사육한 결과 적정 밀도는 $1\;m^2$당 $100{\~}300$개체였고 이때의 생존율은 $78{\~}85{\%}$였으며, 체장 2.72 m의 치하기에 120일간 사육한 결과 적정 밀도는 $1m^2$ 당 $40{\~}60$개체였고 생존율은 $63{\~}90{\%}$였다. 체장 5.2 m의 어린 새우의 120일간사육시의 적정 밀도는 $1\;m^2$당 $20{\~}40$ 개체였으며 생존율은 $62{\~}90{\%}$를 나타내었고, 체장 6.1 m의 경우 60일간 사육한 결과 적정 밀도는 $1\;m^2$당 $10{\~}$30개체로 나타났고 이때 생존율은 $73{\~}100{\%}$였다. 유생기와 어린 새우의 사육에서 숨을 수 있는 은폐물을 넣어 준다면 위의 밀도를 약 2배 가량 증가시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.51-63
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• 1973

고도난청아(高度難聽兒)에 대(對)한 잔존청력(殘存聽力)을 조사(調査)하기 위(爲)하여 1973년(年) 3월(月) 10일(日)부터 동년(同年) 11월(月) 28일(日)까지 한사대(韓社大) 부속(附屬) 농학교(聾學校) 재학생(在學生) 207명(名)(초등(初等) 138명(名), 중등(中等) 47명(名), 고등(高等) 22명(名)), 즉(卽) 남(男) 135명(名), 여(女) 72명(名)을 대상(對象)으로 문진(問診)을 통(通)한 사회의학적(社會醫學的) 배경조사(背景調査)와 특수교육연구소(特殊敎育硏究所) 방음실(防音室)에서 AS-105형(型) 진단용(診斷用) TRIO 청력측정기(聽力測定器)에 의(依)한 청력검사결과(聽力檢査結果), 다음과 같은 성적(成績)을 얻었으므로 이에 보고(報告)하는 바이다. (1) 의무교육(義務敎育)은 초등교육(初等敎育)의 취학률(就學率)도 정상아(正常兒)에 있어서와 달리 난청출현율(難聽出現率)에 비례(比例)하여 고도난청아(高度難聽兒)에 있어서는 여자(女子)쪽이 현저(顯著)히 낮은 경향(傾向)이었고, 상분학교(上粉學校)(중(中),고(高))에 진학(進學)할수록 더욱 심(甚)한 격차(隔差)를 보였다. (2) 적령기(適齡期)(초등(初等) 만(滿) 6세(歲), 중등(中等) 12세(歲), 고등(高等) 15세(歲))에 입학(入學)한 학생(學生)은 11.3%, 학령기(學齡期)(초(初) 6세(歲)${\sim}11$세(歲), 중(中)12(세)歲${\sim}14$(세)歲, 고(高)15세(歲)${\sim}17$세(歲))에 재학(在學)하고 있는 학생(學生)은 45.9% (남(男) 43.7%, 여(女) 50%)이였다. 이러한 현상(現象)은 현장교육(現場敎育)이 기대(期待)에 부응(副應)치 못하며 장해아동(障害兒童)을 기피(忌避)하고 임상적(臨床的)으로만 청력(聽力)을 개선(改善)할려는 부모(父母)의 학력(學歷), 직업(職業)(농업(農業)과 판매업(販賣業)이 50.8%)및 심리적(心理的)인 현상(現象)과 대부분(大部分)의 이비과병원(耳鼻科病院)에 잔존청력(殘存聽力)을 정확(正確)히 판단(判斷)할 수 있는 유아청력검사(幼兒聽力檢査) 시설(施設)이 없으므로 조기발견(早期發見)과 대책(對策)을 강구(講究)치 않는데 기인(基因)된다고 사료(思料)된다. (3) 실청(失聽)이 될수 있었던 원인(原因)은 대개(大槪) 선천성(先天性) 23.6%(유전성(遺傳性) 13.5%, 임신시이상(姙娠時異常) 10.1%), 후천성(後天性)47.9%(경련(痙攣) 11.6%, 홍역(紅疫) 7.7%, 열병(熱病) 7.7%) 약물중독(藥物中毒) 3.4%, 뇌막염(腦膜炎) 2.4%, 뇌염(腦炎) 1.5%, 기타(其他) 31.3%), 불명(不明) 28.5%인 경향(傾向)이었다. (4) 실청시기(失聽時期)는 6개월(個月) 이내(以內)가 31.4%(선천성(先天性) 24.2%), 생후(生後) $2{\sim}3$년(年) 14.0%, $6{\sim}12$개월(個月) 11.6%, $1{\sim}2$년(年) 9.7% 순(順)으로 생후(生後) 3년내(年內) 실청(失聽)된 학생(學生)이 약(約) 90%(138명(명))로 대부분(大部分)이었다. (5) 난청원인(難聽原因)에 따른 청력손실도(聽力損失度)와 실청시기(失聽時期)와는 일정관계(一定關係)를 발견(發見)할수 없었으며 난청종류별(難聽種類別)로는 전음성(傳音性)이 2명(名), 혼합성(混合性)이 8명(名)이고 감음성(感音性)이 97.5%(197명(名))로서 대부분(大部分)이었다. (6) 500 Hz. 중심(中心)$(B=\frac{a+2b+c}{4})$의 평균(平均) 청력손실도(聽力損失度)에 따른 잔청실태(殘聽實態)는 정상청력자(正常聽力者) 2명(名)(자폐증(自閉症) 1명(名), 고도(高度)의 언어장해아(言語障害兒) 1명(名)), $41{\sim}55\;dB$의 잔청(殘聽)을 가진 학생(學生)이 4.8%(10명). $56{\sim}70\;dB$가 19.3%(40명(名)), $71{\sim}90\;dB$가 18.4%(38명(名)), scale out(91 dB 이상)가 단지 23.3%(48명(名))였고, 검사불능(檢査不能)이 33.3%(69명(名))였는데 대부분(大部分)이 초등(初等) $1{\sim}2$년생(年生)과의 정신박약(精神薄弱)을 겸한 중복장해아(重複障害兒)도 다소(多小)있다. 따라서 75 dB 이상(以上)의 많은 잔청(殘聽)을 가진 학생(學生)이 약(約) 30%(62명(名))나 되므로, 조기발견(早期發見)과 보청기착용(補聽器着用)에 의(依)한 적당(適當)한 훈련(訓練)을 실시(實施)하였다면 정상아(正常兒)와 유사(類似)하게 일반학교(一般學校)에서 재학(在學)이 가능(可能)한 상당수(相當數)의 학생(學生)이 학교(學校), 사회(社會), 부모(父母)의 잘못으로 인하여 농(聾)이 아닌 상당수(相當數)의 학생(學生)을 청능(聽能)의 개발(開發)과 개선(改善)을 시켜주지 못하여 수화(手話)에 의존(依存)하는 농학생(壟學生)으로 만들었다고 생각하지 않을 수 없다. (7) 보청기장용자(補聽器裝用者)는 12%(207명중(名中) 26명(名))에 불과(不過)했으며 이를 잔청별(殘聽別)로 보면 $41{\sim}55\;dB$의 잔청(殘聽)을 가진 학생(學生)은 60%(10명중(名中) 9명(名)), $56{\sim}70\;dB$ 학생(學生)은 20%(40명중(名中) 8명(名)), $71{\sim}90\;dB$ 학생(學生)은 13%(38명중(名中) 5명(名)). scale out는10%(48명중(名中) 5명(名)), 검사불능자(檢査不能者)는 3%(69명중(名中) 2명(名))로 보청효과(補聽　果)를 즉시(卽時) 인식(認識)할수 있는 잔청(殘聽)을 가진 자(者)는 비교적(比較的)으로 많은 학생(學生)이 장용(裝用)하고 있으나, 단시일(短時日)에 보청효과(補聽效果)를 기대(期待)키 어려운 잔청(殘聽)이 적은 학생(學生)은 장용(裝用)치 않고 있는 경향(傾向)이었다. 이 현상(現象)은 대부분(大部分)의 학생(學生)이 음(音)에 대(對)한 경청태도(傾聽態度)마저되어 있지 않아 교사(敎師)와 가정(家庭)의 보청기(補聽器)에 대(對)한 이해(理解)와 Acoustic mettled에 의(依)한 청능훈련(聽能訓練)에 대(對)한 충분(充分)한 지식(知識)이 결여(缺如)된데 기인(基因)된다고 추정(推定)된다.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
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• pp.17-17
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• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.54-101
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• 1976

우리나라 요사방지(要砂防地)에서의 토양침식(土壤侵蝕)의 경과(經過)와 기구(機構)를 토양침식(土壤侵蝕)에 작용(作用)하는 몇가지 주(主) 요인(要因), 즉(即) 토성(土性)(조토(粗土), 세토(細土)), 사면경사도(斜面傾斜度)($10^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $40^{\circ}$), 강우강도(降雨强度)((50, 75, 100mm/hr), 사면피복방법(斜面被覆方法)(무피복(無被覆), 거적덮기, 새풀덮기, 토양침식방지액제피복(土壤侵蝕防止液濟被覆), 그리고 식생밀도(植生密度)(소(疎), 중(中), 밀(密))등(等)에 관련(關聯)시켜 실험분석(實驗分析)하여 침수(侵蝕)의 내용(內容)을 수량적(數量的)으로 밝히고 각(各) 요인간(要因間)의 상호작용(相互作用)과 영향도(影響度)를 구명(究明)하는 동시(同時)에, 또한 토양침식(土壤侵蝕)과 표면유출(表面流出)에 대(對)한 피복처리(被覆處理)의 효과(効果)를 분석(分析)하여 산지사방공법개발(山地砂防工法開發)에 필요(必要)한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 제공(提供)하고저 인공강우장치(人工降雨裝置)를 이용(利用)한 4개조(個組)의 실내실험(室內實驗)과 자연강우하(自然降雨下)에서 1개조(個組)의 야외실험(野外實驗)을 수행(遂行)하여 연구(硏究)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같이 요약(要約)될 수 있다. 1. 실험요인(實驗要因)과 표면유출율(表面流出率) 표면유출량(表面流出量)은 토성(土性), 사면경사도(斜面傾斜度), 강우강도(降雨强度), 사면피복처리(斜面被覆處理)에 따라서 그 차이(差異)가 많았다. 자연강우하(自然降雨下)의 야외실험무피복사면(野外實驗無被覆斜面)에서는 경사도(傾斜度)에 따라서 다르지만 대체(大體)로 조토(粗土)에서 약(約) 24.7~27.3%, 세토(細土)에서 약(約) 26.0~28.7%이었으며, 피복사면(被覆斜面)에서는 거적덮기 조토(粗土)에서 약(約) 14.0~15.7%,세토(細土)에서 약(約) 15.0~16.4%이었으며, 토양침식방지액제피복(土壤侵蝕防止液濟被覆) 조토(粗土)에서 약(約) 7.9~8.7%, 세토(細土)에서 약(約) 8.6~9.1%이었고, 새풀덮기 조토(粗土)에서 약(約) 5.6~6.9%, 세토(細土)에서 약(約) 6.0~7.2%로서, 일반적(一般的)으로 조토(粗土)에 비(比)하여 세토(細土)에서 약(約) 1~2%가 많았다. 그리고 인공강우(人工降雨)때에는 특(特)히 강우강도(降雨强度)에 따라서 각(各) 처리별(處理別)로 그 차이(差異)가 크게 나타났다. 2. 표면유출(表面流出)에 작용(作用)하는 주요인(主要因)의 상호작용(相互作用)과 영향도(影響度) 표면유출율(表面流出率)에 작용(作用)하는 주(主) 요인(要因), 즉(即) 토성(土性), 경사(傾斜), 강우(降雨), 피복(被覆), 식생요인(植生要因)에 관련(關聯)한 전(全) 실험(實驗)을 통(通)하여 각(各) 처리(處理)에서 발생(發生)된 표면유출율(表面流出率)의 평균치(平均値)의 차간(差間)에는 토성간(土性間), 경사도간(傾斜度間), 강우강도간(降雨强度間), 피복방법간(被覆方法間), 그리고 식생밀도간(植生密度間)에 각각(各各) 5%의 수준(水準)에서 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되었다. 각(各) 요인간(要因間)의 상호작용(相互作用)은 토성(土性)과 경사(傾斜), 경사(傾斜)와 식생(植生), 토성(土性)과 경사(傾斜)와 강우(降雨), 토성(土性)과 경사(傾斜)와 피복요인(被覆要因)의 상호작용(相互作用)을 제외(除外)한 다른 요인간(要因間)의 상호작용(相互作用)은 각각(各各) 1%의 수준(水準)에서 표면유출율(表面流出率)에 영향(影響)을 미치었다. 인공강우(人工降雨)때에 나지사면(裸地斜面)에서 토성(土性), 경사(傾斜) 및 강우(降雨)의 3요인(要因)이 표면유출율(表面流出率)에 작용(作用)하는 영향도(影響度)는 강우강도(降雨江度)의 영향(影響)이 가장 크고 다음이 토성(土性), 경사(傾斜)의 순(順)이었다. 그리고 피복사면(被覆斜面)에서 토성(土性), 강우(降雨) 및 피복요인(被覆要因)의 영향도(影響度)에서는 피복(被覆), 강우(降雨), 토성(土性)의 순(順)이었으며, 토성(土性), 경사(傾斜), 피복요인(被覆要因)에서는 피복(被覆), 토성(土性), 경사(傾斜)의 순(順)이었다. 식생사면(植生斜面)에서 토성(土性), 경사(傾斜) 및 식생요인(植生要因)의 영향도(影響度)에서는 식생(植生), 토성(土性), 경사(傾斜)의 순(順)으로 작용(作用)하였다. 자연강우(自然降雨)때에 야외실험(野外實驗)에서는 사면피복(斜面被覆)의 영향(影響)이 가장 크고 다음이 토성(土性), 경사요인(傾斜要因)의 순(順)이었다. 3. 실험요인(實驗要因)과 토양유실량(土壤流失量) 토양유실량(土壤流失量)은 토성(土性), 강우강도(降雨强度), 사면경사도(斜面傾斜度), 피복처리(被覆處理)에 따라서 그 차이(差異)가 많았다. 자연강우하(自然降雨下)의 야외실험사면(野外實驗斜面)에서는 조토(粗土)에서 보다도 세토(細土)에서 약(約) 1.1~1.3배(倍)가 더 많았으며, 인공강우하(人工降雨下)의 실내실험(室內實驗)에서는 조토(粗土)에서 보다도 세토(細土)에서 약(約) 1.2~3.3배(倍)가 많았다. 인공강우하(人工降雨下)에서 사면경사도(斜面傾斜度)(log S)와 토양유실량(土壤流失量)(log E)간(間)에는 대체(大體)로 $E=aS^b$ (a, b는 상수(常數))의 관계(關係)가 있으며, b값은 강우강도(降雨强度)가 커짐에 따라서 작어지는 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 그리고 강우강도(降雨强度) (log I)와 토양유실량(土壤流失量) (E)간(間)에서는 대체(大體)로 $E=aI^b$의 관계(關係)가 있으며 b값은 경사도(傾斜度)가 커짐에 따라서 작어지는 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 자연강우하(自然降雨下)에서 토양유실량(土壤流失量)은 나지사면(裸地斜面)에서의 토양유실량(土壤流失量)에 비(比)하여 거적덮기에서 약(約) 38~41%, 토양침식방지액제피복(土壤侵蝕防止液濟被覆)에서 약(約) 20~22%, 그리고 새풀덮기에서 약(約) 14~15% 정도(程度)이었다. 식생사면(植生斜面)에서는 나지사면(裸地斜面)에 비(比)하여 식생밀도(植生密度) 소(疎) 때에 약(約) 7.1~16.4배(倍), 중(中) 때에 약(約) 10.0~17.9배(倍), 밀(密) 때에 약(約) 11.1~28.1배(倍)의 침식방지효과(浸蝕防止効果)가 있었다. 4. 토양침식(土壤侵蝕)에 작용(作用)하는 주요인(主要因)의 상호작용(相互作用)과 영향도(影響度) 토양침식(土壤侵蝕)에 작용(作用)하는 주(主) 요인(要因), 즉(即) 토성(土性), 경사(傾斜), 강우(降雨), 피복(被覆), 식생요인(植生要因)에 관련(關聯)한 전(全) 실험(實驗)을 통(通)하여 각(各) 처리(處理)에서 발생(發生)된 토양유실량(土壤流失量)의 평균치(平均値)의 차간(差間)에는 토성간(土性間), 경사도간(傾斜度間), 강우강도간(降雨强度間), 피복방법간(被覆方法間), 그리고 식생밀도간(植生密度間)에 각각(各各) 고도(高度)의 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되었으며, 각요인간(各要因間)의 상호작용(相互作用)이 있어서도 대체(大體)로 큰 영향(影響)을 미치었다. 인공강우(人工降雨)때에 나지사면(裸地斜面)에서 토성(土性), 경사(傾斜) 및 강우(降雨)의 3개요인(個要因)이 토양침식(土壤浸蝕)에 작용(作用)하는 영향도(影響度)는 강우강도(降雨强度)의 영향(影響)이 가장 크고 다음이 토성(土性), 경사(傾斜)의 순(順)이었다. 그리고 피복사면(被覆斜面)에서 토성(土性), 강우(降雨) 및 피복요인(被覆要因)의 영향도(影響度)에서는 피복(被覆), 강우(降雨), 토성(土性)의 순(順)이었으며, 또 토성(土性), 경사(傾斜), 피복요인(被覆要因)의 영향도(影響度)에서는 피복(被覆), 토성(土性), 경사(傾斜)의 순(順)이었다. 식생사면(植生斜面)에서 토성(土性), 경사(傾斜) 및 식생요인(植生要因)의 영향도(影響度)는 경사(傾斜), 식생(植生), 토성(土性)의 순(順)으로 작용(作用)하였다. 자연강우(自然降雨)때에 야외실험(野外實驗)에서는 사면피복(斜面被覆)의 영향(影響)이 가장 크고 다음이 경사(傾斜), 토성(土性)의 순(順)이었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.36-63
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• 1976

1974년(年) 천연(天然)소나무집단(集團)에 대한 유전적변이(遺傳的變異)를 분석(分析)하고져 먼저 경북(慶北) 청송군(靑松郡) 소재(所在) 주왕산(周王山)소나무림(林), 충남(忠南) 서산군(瑞山郡) 소재(所在) 안면도(安眠島) 소나무림(林), 그리고 강원도(江原道) 평창군(平昌郡) 소재(所在) 소나무림(林)을 대상(對象)으로하여 각(各) 집단(集團)에서 되도록 소면적(小面積)의 범위내(範圍內)에 서있는 소나무 개체(個體)를 각(各) 20주(株)씩 총 60주(株)를 택(擇)하여 그 모수(母樹)에 대한 형태학적(形態學的) 특성(特性)등을 조사측정(調査測定)하고 집단간(集團間)에 보이는 차이(差異) 그리고 한 집단내(集團內)에 있는 각개체수목(各個體樹木)의 형질(形質)을 조사보고(調査報告)한바 있다(제일보고문(第一報論文). 1974년(年) 가을에 가계별(家系別)로 종자(種字)을 채취(採取)하여서 가계별(家系別) 및 산지별(産地別)의 차이(差異)를 분석(分析)하고 동시(同時)에 그 종자(種字)를 파종하여서 1-0묘(苗) 및 1-1묘(苗)를 대상(對象)으로 생장인자(生長因子)에 대한 측정(測定)을 하고 그 유전력(遺傳力)을 계산(計算)해 보았다. 그밖에 엽록소함량(葉綠素含量) 또는 monoterpene등의 함량(含量)의 차이(差異)를 분석(分析)해 보았다. 종자(種字)의 형태학적(形態學的) 특성(特性)에 있어서는 집단간(集團間) 또 가계간(家系間)에 유의차(有意差)를 보이지 않는 것도 있었으나 대체(大體)로 유의차(有意差)가 인정(認定)되었다. 그리고 각형질간(各形質間)의 상관(相關)을 보았는데 구과폭(毬果幅)과 종자익(種字翼)의 폭(幅), 구과장(毬果長)과 종자익(種字翼)의 길이간(間), 그리고 구과(毬果) 생중량(生重量)과 종자중량간(種字重量間)에는 정(正)의 상관(相關)이 보였다. 묘고(苗高)와 근원경(根元徑)의 성장(成長)에 있어서는 가계간(家系間) 그리고 집단간(集團間)에 차이(差異)가 인정되었다. 묘고(苗高)의 유전력(遺傳力)은 집단(集團)의 평균치(平均値)를 가지고 분석(分析)하였다. 즉 집단(集團)에 관계(關係)되는 분산(分散)을 유전분산(遺傳分散)으로 보고서 유전력(遺傳力)을 계산(計算)해 보았는데 1-0묘(苗)의 묘고(苗高)에서는 0.29, 1-1묘(苗)에서는 0.14가 그리고 근원경(根元徑)에 있어서는 1-0묘(苗)는 0.15, 1-1묘(苗)에서는 0.06이였다. 기공열수(氣孔列數)에 있어서는 집단간차이(集團間差異)가 있었으나 거치밀도(鋸齒密度)에는 차이(差異)가 없었다. 침엽(針葉)의 특성(特性)에 관(關)해서는 모수(母樹)와 차대간(次代間)에 상관(相關)이 없었다. 엽록소함량(葉綠素含量)은 집단간차이(集團間差異)는 보였으나 가계간차이(家系間差異)는 없었다. monoterpene의 성분(成分)에 있어서는 myrcene과 ${\beta}$-phellandrene의 함량(含量)으로 집단차(集團差)를 볼 수 있었다.