• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2004

화학물질의 최소자연발화온도의 정확한 지식은 산업화재를 예방하고 제어하는데 중요하다. 최소자연발화온도(AIT)는 화염이나, 스파크 없이 주위로부터 충분한 에너지를 받아서 스스로 점화할 수 있는 최저온도를 말한다. AIT는 실험 개시온도, 압력, 농도, 용기의 크기, 양론혼합비, 촉매, 증기의 농도, 발화지연시간 등 많은 인자에 영향을 받는다. 본 연구에서는 1994년에 제작된 ASTM E659-78 장치를 이용하여 산류(Acids) 발화지연시간과 AIT관계를 측정하였고, 실험에서 얻은 자료는 본 연구에서 제시한 예측 모델과 적은 오차 범위에서 일치하였다.

• 한국조명전기설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국조명전기설비학회 2007년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.291-294
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• 2007

Countries in the world are setting up policies to implement anti-global warning measures to actively cope with the Agreement on Climate Change. Rising problems related to energy and environment prompted research and development efforts to highly efficient electric instrument and environmentally friendly products to secure resources and save energy Korea's high dependency on imported energy and its lack in natural resources make it urgently necessary to develop energy efficient instrument and equipment that can save energy. Every household now uses a transformer, which is very important instrument among others. A variety of technologies to manufacture transformers are currently used along with efforts to develop new materials. Development nit of high efficient transformers is called for by the time and has direct economic impact on suppliers and consumers. In addition, it is desirable to install a transformer that is trustworthy, secure, low on loss, anti-incident capable, small, anti-flammable, environmentally friendly, cost-efficient high-frequency resistant and easy for maintenance. To do this, it is necessary to look deeper into a highly efficient transformer that can save energy. This paper will discuss the types and characteristics of various transformers and propose ways to save energy and raise efficiency tv analyzing a environmentally friendly amorphous transformer.

• 대한수학교육학회지:수학교육학연구
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.355-369
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• 2009

수학자들은 종종 유추적 사고에 의해 수학적 지식을 구성한다. 유추적 사고는 서로 다른 대상 사이의 유사성을 찾아 연결함으로써, 고립된 것처럼 보였던 대상 사이의 관계성을 확보할 수 있게 한다. 수학적 개념, 절차, 원리, 법칙 등은 관계성의 확보에 의해 낱낱의 지식에서 이론으로 발전한다. 이와 같이 유추적 사고는 수학의 주요한 도구로 활용되고 있으므로, 수학교육에서도 유추적 사고를 활용하는 방안에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 이를 위해서는 수학자들의 유추적 사고 활용의 주요 양상이나 세부 과정, 특징에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 이 연구에서는 수학자들이 유추적 사고를 어떤 맥락에서 어떻게 활용했는지 파악함으로써, 유추적 사고 모델을 개발한다. 이를 토대로 교육적 시사점과 후속연구 주제를 도출한다.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.481-494
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was to develop nursing competencies, sub-competencies and behavior indicators according to the clinical ladder of emergency nurses. Method: index of content validation was used by 21 clinical experts. Results: This study had three phases to develop nursing competencies, sub-competencies and behavior indicators. In first phase: 12 nursing competencies and 33 sub-competencies were developed through the literature review on nursing competency and emergency nurses' job description. The content of 12 competencies and 33 sub-competencies were reviewed by 3 nursing professors. The 12 competencies and 33 sub-competencies were followed: clinical judgement and measures(6 sub-competencies), processing ability of ward works(2 sub-competencies), flexibility(2 sub-competencies), resources management(2 sub-competencies), confidence(3 sub-competencies), cooperation(2 sub-competencies), professional development power(2 sub-competencies), patient service orientation(3 sub-competencies), inclination toward ethical value(5 sub-competencies), influence power(2 sub-competencies), developing others(2 sub-competencies), self control(2 sub-competencies). In second phase, 132 behavior indicators were developed according to nurse clinical ladder: novice, advanced novice, competent, proficient. In Third phase, content validity was examined on 132 behavior indicators by 21 clinical experts. 126 among 132 indicators had over 70% agreement among experts and 6 indicators under 70% were revised. Conclusion: nursing competencies, sub competencies and behavior indicators can be used nurses' clinical performance as well as establishing proper directions for professional growth related to reward system.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제7권
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• pp.101-134
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• 1995

Article 3 Paragraph 1 of the Warsaw Convention regulates the requirements of passenger tickets, Article 4 Paragraph 3, the requirements of baggage tickets, Article 8, the requirements of airway bills. In this article the writer has discussed the legal nature of the documents of air carriage, such as air waybills, passenger tickets and baggage checks. Further, the writer has also discussed several issues relating to the use of the documents of air carriage under the Warsaw Convention. Article 3 Paragraph 2, as well as Article 4 Paragraph 4 and 9 provides that the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of the Convention which evade or limit his liability. In particular, the Montreal Agreement of 1966 provides that the notification on the carrier's liability in passenger ticket should be printed in more than 10 point type size with contrasting ink colors. However, another question is whether the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the liability limit under the Convention in case the type size is below 10 points. The Convention does not specify the type size of certain parts in passenger tickets and only provides that the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of liability limit, when a carrier fails to deliver the ticket to passenger. However, since the delivery of passenger tickets is to provide an opportunity for passengers to recognize the liability limit under the Convention and to map out a subsequent measures, the carrier who fails to give this opportunity shall not be entitled to avail himself of the liability limit under the Convention. But some decisions argue that when the notice on the carrier's liability limit is presented in a fine print in a hardly noticeable place, the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself under the Convention. Meanwhile, most decisions declare that regardless of the type size, the carrier is entitled to avail himself of liability limit of the provisions of the Convention. The reason is that neither the Warsaw Convention nor the Montreal Agreement stipulate that the carrier is deprived from the right to avail himself of liability limit of the provisions of the Convention when violating the notice requirement. In particular, the main objective of the Montreal Agreement is not on the notice of liability limit but on the increase of it. The latest decisons also maintain the same view. This issue seems to have beeen settled on the occasion of Elisa Chan, et al. vs. Korean Airlines Ltd. The U.S. Supreme Court held that the type size of passenger ticket can not be a target of controversy since it is not required by law, after a cautious interpretation of the Warsaw Convention and the Montreal Agreement highlighting the fact that no grounds for that are found both in the Warsaw Convention and the Montreal Agreement. Now the issue of type size can hardly become any grounds for the carrier not to exclude himself from the liability limit. In this regard, any challenge to raise issue on type size seems to be defeated. The same issue can be raised in both airway bills and baggage tickets. But this argument can be raised only to the tranportation where the original Convention is applied. This creates no problem under the Convention revised by the Hague Protocol, because the Hague Protocol does not require any information on weight, bulk, size, and number of cargo or baggage. The problem here is whether the carrier is entitled to avail himself of the liability limit of the provisions of the Convention when no information on number or weight of the consigned packages is available in accordance with Article 4 of the Convention. Currently the majority of decisions show positive stance on this. The carrier is entitled to avail himself of the liability limit of the provisions of the Convention when the requirement of information on number and weight of consigned packages is skipped, because these requirements are too technical and insubstancial. However some decisions declare just the opposite. They hold that the provisions of the Convention Article 4 is clear, and their meaning and effect should be imposed on it literally and that it is neither unjust nor too technical for a carrier to meet the minimum requirement prescribed in the Convention. Up to now, no decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court on this issue is available.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.31-50
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• 2009

The demarcation of Maritime Boundary is directly related to the expansion of jurisdiction and the securing of resources. Resource diplomacies of the three countries Korea, China and Japan represent a major task for the national administrations : to secure resources as well as to stablize and sustain resources for future national economies. At the sea area around Korea as well, countries are fiercely competing to secure resources and to expand jurisdiction. This is evidenced by the fact that various principles and logics which are beneficial to each own country are presented through international precedents, agreement between countries and the theories of the international law scholars. They say that the conclusion of demarcation of maritime boundary for the Yellow Sea would be easy from the point that there is no dispute related to island dominion in the waters of the Korean Peninsula especially the Yellow Sea, but still we need to have a strategic approach to this issue from the point that the factors used for claiming maritime boundaries may expand the waters of a country over much. For example, the continental shelf boundary in consideration of the distribution of sedimentary deposits in the Yellow Sea which is being raised by China began from the hypothesis that the inflow of sedimentary deposits to the Yellow Sea through the rivers of China represents absolute majority, but the results of the latest studies raised questions on the hypothesis. Especially, the studies done by Martin and Yang revealed that the inflow of sedimentary deposits to the Yellow Sea from the Yellow River is approximately less than 1% of total sedimentary deposits in the Yellow Sea, and also the result of analysis on the causes and counter policy measures on the environment of Bohai, China supports the reliability of the results of such studies. From a legal aspect, the sedimentary deposits of rivers which are claimed by China represent extremely weak ground for the claim for the title of the continental shelf. The siltline claimed by China seems to be based on the Article 76-4-(a)(i) of UNCLOS. This is, however, not the definition on the title of the continental shelf but it is only a technical formula to utilize in a case where a country desires to expand the continental shelf to over 200 nautical miles. Scientific and Technical Guidelines of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf also confirm this point through the Article 2.1.2 of the Guideline. The only case in which sedimentary deposits of rivers were referred to as concrete demarcation of maritime boundary was in the which was concluded in 1986 between India and Myanmar at the Andaman Sea. In the said case, India acknowledged the boundary up to the isobath of 200m which Myanmar claimed based on the sedimentary deposits of the Irrawaddy River. It has limits as a case for acknowledging the sedimentary deposits, however, because in fact India's acknowledgment was made in exchange for the condition that Myanmar gave up the dominion of two islands which they had been claiming from India up until that time.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.123-144
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• 2009

Recently, a long strike by hospital labor union emerged as a serious social issue. During the Worldcup Games in June, 2002, labor strikes broke up at 'C', 'K' and other hospitals, and in 2007, 'Y' hospital suffered much from a strike. Such series of extreme labor disputes have awakened people of importance of a more stable labor-management relationship for the medical institutions responsible for people's health than any other business organization. The purpose of this study was to examine the labor-management disputes at 'Y' hospital in 2007 and 'C' and 'K' hospitals in 2002. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; First, requests of the labor union such as pay raise, reemployment of the irregular workers as regular employees and participation of the labor union in personnel affairs are the long-held or core issues suffered by the medical institutions. Such issues are not independent from each other but complicated with each other surrounding the pay raise. Accordingly, it is not easy to determine the genuine bone of issue for labor-management disputes. Second, the model type of disputes between labor and management at medical institutions may be strike. However, it is conceived that the type of disputes would be subject to change as the essential medical service area system began to be operated since 2008. Third, the common characteristic of the labor strike among the 3 sample hospitals was occupation of the hospital lobby for a sit-in strike to maximize the negative effects of strike. Article 42 (Prohibition of Violence) of Labor Union and Labor Relation Coordination Act prohibits occupation of production or other important business facilities. In addition, since Ministry of Labor interprets that the hospital lobby belongs to the important business facilities enumerated by Article 42 of the above act, occupation of the hospital lobby for a sit-in strike may be too controversial to be admitted as a fair act of labor dispute when its legitimacy should be judged. Fourth, the counter-measures taken by the hospitals against the strike were observance of the principle 'no labor no pay,' closure, legal action, accusation, claim for recovery of damage, provisional seizure, disciplinary punishment, etc., but the principle of 'no labor, no pay' was not applied in a fair manner by 'C' and 'K' hospitals. However, 'Y' hospital applied this principle thoroughly to the strike; the hospital conduced to correction of the wrong labor-management relationship by refusing inclusion in the labor collective agreement of a provision about payment of wage during the period of strike or labor union's request to that effect during a strike. In addition, 'Y' hospital took an effective measure to end the strike earlier by notifying the labor union of cancellation of the collective agreement and banning the unionists from entering the hospital.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.921-930
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• 2017

Objectives: The purposes of this study were to analyze the trade newspapers related to 'recognition of the dental hygienist as the healthcare professional' using R program and to identify opinions of groups concerned with dental hygienists. Methods: This study was designed with contents analysis and cross-sectional. The subjects of the study were the articles for the last three years in medical and dental newspapers about the recognition of the dental hygienist as the healthcare professional. The collected articles were categorized and classified for each group's opinions about the issue. The key words were extracted according to the priorities of the opinions of agreement and disagreement. They were visualized after frequency analysis using R, a big data analysis program. Results: A total of 237 newspaper articles were extracted among 270 ones containing opinions. 245 were positive opinions and 25 were negatives. The main key words of the agreement were 'Amendment of Medical Law', 'Medical Practice', and 'Legal Guarantee of the Practice'. Advocates addressed that the issues should be resolved with the amendment of the law, as dental hygienists are not guaranteed to work based on the current law although they are actually doing the medical practices. Main key words of disagreement were 'Legal Guarantee of the Practice', 'Revision of Medical Technician Law', and 'Review of Job Type'. They described that the problem can be resolved by revising medical technicians act, and it needs to consider as job types of all healthcare professional. Conclusions: In the group who showed the positive opinions, it is possible to utilize measures such as promoting the cooperation of dental hygienists and developing public consensus through publicity.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.11-22
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• 2023

For the commercial development of deep-sea mineral resources, the International Seabed Authority is engaged in wide ranging discussions to establish the Regulations on Exploitation. The core issue of the Regulations on Exploitation is how to protect the marine environment along with the royalty system that distributes the profits from such development. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea stipulates the protection of the marine environment in Part 12 (Articles 192-237) for the preservation of the marine environment, and in the 1994 Implementation Agreement, the protection of the marine environment at the stage of application for approval of the plan of work together with the Regulations on Exploration for the protection of the marine environment. For this purpose, certain obligations are imposed on the applicants. In the Regulations on Exploitation, financial systems such as environmental performance guarantee, insurance, and environmental compensation funds, which were not found in the Regulations on Exploration, are added to further specify the measures for marine environment protection generally stipulated in the 1982 Law of the Convention or 1994 Implementation Agreement. Regarding the financial system for marine environment protection, the Marine Environmental Protection and Conservation Informal Working Group meeting is revising the purpose of the environmental compensation fund. Among these financial system elements, it is judged that there is a possibility that the environmental performance guarantee and insurance may overlap considerably, and it is also thought that the establishment of the environmental compensation fund can also provide a substantial sum of money that will meet the purpose of the compensation fund in terms of securing its financial resources. In this paper, the question is posed as to whether or not this can be accomplished. In this respect, this paper examines the environmental performance guarantee, insurance, and environmental compensation fund, which are necessary for the protection of the marine environment of the deep seabed, but which can impose appropriate obligations on contractors for the commercial development of deep seabed mineral resources. At the same time as figuring out how it is operated in relation to relevant domestic laws, I would like to propose a plan to reflect the implications derived from the domestic law operation process in the Regulations on Exploitation.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.576-586
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• 2019

파리협정 및 ICAO CORSIA 시행으로 우리나라의 온실가스 의무감축목표가 강화된 만큼 국내선과 국제선의 항공기에서 배출되는 배출량 감축을 위한 항공사들의 전략적 대응은 절실해 보인다. 본 논문은 국내 항공운송산업에서 항공사들이 온실가스 배출량 감축을 위하여 다양한 노력을 기울임에도 불구하고 어떠한 제도적 문제점을 갖고 있는지 살펴보고, 향후 어떠한 방향으로 나아가야 하는지에 대해 논의하였다. 분석결과 첫째, 국내항공사들은 지난 3년간 배출량은 약 551만 KAU였던 반면 할당량은 약 485만 KAU에 불과하여 실제 할당량 대비 약 116% 온실가스가 배출되었고 이로 인해 국내 항공사들에는 약 107억 원의 추가 비용 부담이 발생하는 결과가 초래되었다. 둘째, 항공사들은 국내선뿐만 아니라 국제선 노선에서도 할당량 과부족에 따라 초과 배출량을 상쇄시키기 위해 초과할당량 유상 구매가 증가하게 되어 항공사의 추가비용 부담이 불가피한 전망이다. 셋째, 항공사들은 배출권거래제에 따른 전략적 대응으로 대규모 투자를 통한 친환경 고효율 항공기의 조기도입을 검토 중이나 천문학적인 비용이 투입되기 때문에 장기투자의 관점에서 점진적으로 추진할 수밖에 없다. 또한 항공사들은 엔진 세척, ULD 및 카트 경량화, 플랩 사용 확대 및 APU 사용 억제 등의 전략적 대응방안들을 적극 시행하고 있지만 단기적으로는 감축 여력이 극히 제한적인 것으로 나타났다.