• 무역상무연구
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• 제50권
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• pp.89-108
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• 2011

This work intends to study some issues in relation to the cancellation and amendment of letter of credit. Those issues in relation to the cancellation are the significance and formation time of cancellation of letter of credit and some points for practical attention of UCP 600 in the case of cancellation of letter of credit. Those issues in relation to the amendment are the significance and formation requirements of amendment of letter of credit and some points for practical attention of UCP 600 in the case of amendment of letter of credit. If exporters receive letters of credit from foreign countries, they must confirm the indication of irrevocable letter of credit. When they find revocable letters of credit, they should amend the credits to be irrevocable credits. If issuing banks amend letters of credit against beneficiaries, the banks should receive the beneficiaries' consent. If amendments devalue applicants' expectations in the underlying transaction, the applicants for whom the credit issues are not liable to reimburse. Beneficiaries and issuing banks may amend a credit, but the issuing bank acts at its own peril if it does not obtain the applicant's consent.

• 한국정보시스템학회지:정보시스템연구
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.1-20
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• 2007

Most researches on the corporate credit rating are generally classified into the area of bankruptcy prediction and bond rating. The studies on bankruptcy prediction have focused on improving the performance in binary classification problem, since the criterion variable is categorical, bankrupt or non-bankrupt. The other studies on bond rating have predicted the credit ratings, which was already evaluated by bond rating experts. The financial institute, however, should perform effective loan evaluation and risk management by employing the corporate credit rating model, which is able to determine the credit of corporations. Therefore, this study presents a corporate credit rating method using business failure probability map(BFPM) and AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process). The BFPM enables us to rate the credit of corporations according to business failure probability and data distribution or frequency on each credit rating level. Also, we developed AHP model for credit rating using non-financial information. For the purpose of completed credit rating model, we integrated the BFPM and the AHP model using both financial and non-financial information. Finally, the credit ratings of each firm are assigned by our proposed method. This method will be helpful for the loan evaluators of financial institutes to decide more objective and effective credit ratings.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2021

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of credit rationing on the amount of trade credit used by farmers in Vietnam. This study employs a survey data collected through direct interviews with heads of 1,065 rice households randomly selected out of provinces and city in the Mekong River Delta (MRD). In each province or city, the village with the largest area of land devoted to rice production from the district with the largest area of land devoted to rice production was picked up for survey. In each village, 200 rice farmers were randomly chosen for interview. Based on a probit model and a semi-parametric propensity score matching (PSM) estimator while controlling socio-demographic traits of rice farmers, the estimated results show that non-credit rationed farmers use less trade credit to finance production compared to their credit rationed counterparts. Moreover, the amount of trade credit used by farmers decreases as the degree of credit rationing drops. This paper provides evidence of the substitutive relationship between bank credit and trade credit. It also implicitly suggests that banks can drive trade creditors out of the market if they manage to solve the problem of information asymmetry and transaction cost.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.15-26
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting credit card attitudes, financial management practices, and sound credit card use among college students, and to conceptualize a theoretical model. Earlier studies identified a number of antecedent variables (such as gender, year in college, job experience, amount of allowance, family income, living with parents, having taken a personal financial management course) and intervening variables (such as attitudes towards credit cards and financial management practices) as useful predictors of sound credit card practices. Four hundred and thirty four undergraduate students in Daejeon participated in this study. Stepwise multiple regression and path analysis were conducted. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Students' attitudes towards credit cards were affected by their you in college, whether they were living with their parents, and the amount of their allowance. Similarly, students' financial management practices were affected by their year in college, whether they were living with their parents, the amount of their allowance, and whether and not they had taken a personal financial management course. 2. Sound credit card practices were influenced by students' gender, their year in college, the amount of their allowance, attitudes towards credit cards, and financial management practices. 3. The path-analysis model demonstrates the relationships among the antecedent variables, intervening variables (credit card attitude, financial management practices), and sound credit card use.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.17-59
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• 2009

Purpose : This study is to provide the basic data for developing the curriculum standardization of emergency medical technology by analyzing the three-year and four-year period curriculum and high-advanced major course to bring up highly qualified paramedics. Method : This study was analyzed, divided in 3 sections, majors, teaching profession subjects and liberal arts of 18 three-year curriculum universities and 7 four-year curriculum universities. Majors were analyzed, departmentalized in the national examination for license, the clinical and on-the-job training(OJT) and other major-related subjects. It is descriptive study, analyzed by dividing high-advanced major course into majors and liberal arts. Result : 1) The average number of subjects established in three-year-course college were 58.1. The completion credit was 130.1 in average. Also, the average number of established subjects at four-year-course were 61.1. The average completion credit was 141. 2) Three-year-course college professors give lecture in theory for 95.4 hours on average, which account for 59.9% of overall lecture, and 63.8 hours for practical training that takes 40.1% of the hours lectures are given. Meanwhile, four-year-course give lecture in theory for 111 hours on average, taking a part of 59.5%, and 76.5 hours for practical training, 40.5%. 3) In regard to liberal arts, at three-year-course college, the average credit was 16 but the proportion that liberal arts charge among the completion credit was 11.6. Meanwhile, at four-year-course universities, the average credit was 28.4 and the percentage that the liberal arts took part in the completion credit was 20.1. 4) Looking over national examination subjects among majors at three-year-course college, basic medicine's average credit was 17.2, introduction to advanced emergency care's average credit was 15.5, Special advanced emergency care's average credit was 28, emergency patient management's average credit was 9.2 and emergency medicine statute's average credit was 3.6. Meanwhile, in case of four-year-course universities, basic medicine's average credit was 14.3, introduction to advanced emergency care's average credit was 12.7, special advanced emergency care's average credit was 31, emergency patient management's average credit was 8.3 and emergency medicine statute's average credit was 2.9. 5) Among national examination subjects, in case of three-year-course, the range of basic medicine credits was 6 to 23, the average credit showed 17.2. The range of introduction to advanced emergency care credits was 9 to 21, the average credit showed 15.5. The range of special advanced emergency care credits was 19 to 36, the average credit showed 28. The range of emergency patient management credits was 5 to 12, the average credit was 9.2. The range of legal medicine credits was 3 to 6, the average was 3.6 credit. In case of four-year-course the range of basic medicine was 12 to 17, the average of the credit was 14.3. The range of introduction to advanced emergency care was 9 to 19, and the average of the credit was 12.7. The range of special advanced emergency care was 18 to 41, and the average of the credit was 31. The range of emergency patient management was 7 to 12, and the average of the credit was 8.3. The range of legal medicine was 3 to 4, and the average of the credit was 2.9. So except special advanced emergency care, all the other subjects had higher score in three-year-course than four-year-course. 6) About the other major-related subjects, the completion credit was 23 on average at three-year-course and 13.5 at four-year-course. 7) The clinical and on-the-job training(OJT), In the case of three-year-course, the average completion credit was 13.5 and 13.5 at four-year-course. 8) The teaching profession subject, In the case of three-year-course, the average credit was 3 and the percentage that the teaching profession subject took part in the completion credit was 2.3% on average. Four-year-course established the subject only at one university. 9) In high-advanced major process, the entire established subjects on average were 12.8 and the average completion credit was 36.3. In liberal arts, the average established subjects were 6.5 and the completion credit was 19.5. The number of majors were 9.5 on average and the credit was 26.5 Conclusion : According to the aforemention results, the curriculum for emergency medical technology needs to be developed and standardized.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.99-107
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• 1996

This study has been peformed on the consumption tendency, and knowledge and cognition of credit cards among college students. A total of 327 subjects from the college students was surveyed in Pusan area. The major findings of this study were summerized as follows; First, the rate of credit card possession of the students was 19.6%. The card possession showed significantly different in age, personal expense, income. Second, the level of knowledge of the credit card was low(23.1 points). Also, the level of knowledge was significantly different in sex, age, major, personal expense, income and credit card ownership. Third, the cognition of credit cards was medium(51.3 points). The cognition of the credit cards was significantly different only in the card possession. Fourth, the behavior of credit card was not significantly different in the group. Fifth, there were significant relationships between the knowlege and cognition. This result implied that the group with higer levels of knowlege tended to show more favor of credit cards. For the rational consumption of the college students, the students need to be educated about advantage and disadvantages of the credit cards.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.71-83
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• 2008

Most researches on the corporate credit rating are generally classified into the area of bankruptcy prediction and bond rating. The studies on bankruptcy prediction have focused on improving the performance in binary classification problem, since the criterion variable is categorical, bankrupt or non-bankrupt. The other studies on bond rating have predicted the credit ratings, which was already evaluated by bond rating experts. The financial institute, however, should perform effective loan evaluation and risk management by employing the corporate credit rating model, which is able to determine the credit of corporations. Therefore, in this study we present a medium sized corporate credit rating system by using Artificial Neural Network(ANN) and Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP). Also, we developed AHP model for credit rating using non-financial information. For the purpose of completed credit rating model, we integrated the ANN and AHP model using both financial information and non-financial information. Finally, the credit ratings of each firm are assigned by the proposed method.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.77-91
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• 1991

The use of credit cards has been increasing form last decade, although there are many kinds of difficulties for using credit cards. the aims of this study is exploring the problems of arising form the use of the credit card. Four types of the problem are proposed; 1) The problem of managing the credit card. 2) The problem of the time of using credit card 3) The problem of ' credit 'between issuer and user of credit card, 4) the problem of cosigner. The cases which concerned with each types of problem are discussed. Guidelines of using credit card are proposed that can be useful for consumer education and helpful for users and dealers of credit card.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제4권5호
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• pp.51-63
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• 1981

The credit card system has been introduced as a new sales method in the marketing field in Daegu city since 1978. In order to increase its efficiency of distribution channel. we should like to find the better ways in the credit card system. For this study, we choice randomly 420 persons credit card holders of a department store in Daegu city. Since the credit card holders purchase products and obtain the utility and satisfactions. salesmen should establish the improvement strategis to meet needs and desires of credit card holders. we conclude that the establishment of the management systems should be based on the management concepts of modern marketing for consumer profit. Than the advantages of credit card sale should not only be recognized but also to translated into material gains by its successful utilization. When credit card sale would come to this, I believe that credit card sale will be helpful for business men activity and consumer's life.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.31-56
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• 2020

Does financial development contribute to economic growth? The literature finds that an expansion in financial resources is useful for economic growth if the degree of financial development is under a certain threshold; otherwise, the expansion is detrimental to growth. Almost every published study, however, considers country-panel data. Accordingly, the results are not directly applicable to the Korean economy. By examining Korean time-series data, this paper finds that there is an inverse U-shaped relationship between the per capita real GDP growth rate and private credit (as a percentage of nominal GDP)-a well-known measure of quantitative financial development, where the threshold is 171.5%. This paper also finds that private credit is positively associated with economic growth if the share of household credit out of private credit is less than 46.9%; otherwise, private credit is negatively associated with economic growth. As of 2016, the ratio of private credit to GDP and the ratio of household credit to private credit are both higher than the corresponding thresholds, which implies that policymakers should place more emphasis on qualitative financial development than on a quantitative expansion of financial resources.