• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.59-69
• /
• 2016

Background: The subcutaneous formulation of biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) was preferred due to favored self-administration and would be an economical treatment option for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This study was to compare the economic impact of biologic DMARDs administered by subcutaneous injection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had inadequate response to conventional DMARDs. Methods: The cost-minimization analysis was conducted to estimate the lifetime health care costs of treatment sequences with subcutaneous biologic DMARDs as first-line therapy from a health care system perspective. The Markov model was developed to represent the transitions through treatment sequences based on American College of Rheumatology response rate and discontinuation rate. The health care costs comprised the cost of medications, administration, dispensing, outpatient visits, test/diagnostic examination, palliative therapy and treatment of serious infection. All costs were expressed in 2016 Korean Won (KRW) and discounted at 5%. Results: The mean lifetime health care cost per patient was lowest in the etanercept sequence, which was estimated at KRW 63,441,679. The incremental costs of the treatment sequence started with adalimumab, golimumab, abatacept, and tocilizumab were KRW 7,985,730, KRW 4,064,669, KRW 2,869,947, and KRW 4,282,833, respectively, relative to etanercept sequence. These differences in costs mainly were attributable to medication costs. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses confirmed that etanercept represented the option with the lowest cost compared with comparators. Conclusion: This study found that etanercept is likely a cost-saving treatment option among subcutaneous biologic DMARDs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.460-466
• /
• 2018

With the development of information technology, the scale of computer software system is constantly expanding. Reliability and cost of software development have a great impact on software quality. In this study, based on the software failure interval time data, a comparative analysis was performed on the characteristics of the software development cost model based on the lifetime distribution following the Type-2 Gumbel and Erlang distribution in the NHPP model. As a result, the trends of the cost curves for the Go-Okumoto model and the proposed Erlang model and the Type-2 Gumble model both decreased in the initial stage and gradually increased in the latter half of the failure time. Also, Comparing the Erlang model with the Type-2 Gumble model, we found that the Erlang model is faster and more cost-effective at launch. Through this study, Software operators should remove possible defects from the testing phase rather than the operational phase to reduce defects after the software release date, it is expected to be able to study the prior information needed to understand the characteristic of software development cost.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.129-136
• /
• 2017

Among the information technology and automation that have rapidly developed in the manufacturing industries recently, tens of thousands of quality variables are estimated and categorized in database every day. The former existing statistical methods, or variable selection and interpretation by experts, place limits on proper judgment. Accordingly, various data mining methods, including decision tree analysis, have been developed in recent years. Cart and C5.0 are representative algorithms for decision tree analysis, but these algorithms have limits in defining the tolerance of continuous explanatory variables. Also, target variables are restricted by the information that indicates only the quality of the products like the rate of defective products. Therefore it is essential to develop an algorithm that improves upon Cart and C5.0 and allows access to new quality information such as loss cost. In this study, a new algorithm was developed not only to find the major variables which minimize the target variable, loss cost, but also to overcome the limits of Cart and C5.0. The new algorithm is one that defines tolerance of variables systematically by adopting 3 categories of the continuous explanatory variables. The characteristics of larger-the-better was presumed in the environment of programming R to compare the performance among the new algorithm and existing ones, and 10 simulations were performed with 1,000 data sets for each variable. The performance of the new algorithm was verified through a mean test of loss cost. As a result of the verification show, the new algorithm found that the tolerance of continuous explanatory variables lowered loss cost more than existing ones in the larger is better characteristics. In a conclusion, the new algorithm could be used to find the tolerance of continuous explanatory variables to minimize the loss in the process taking into account the loss cost of the products.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.211-217
• /
• 2019

In this study, we compare and analyze the attributes of the software development cost model according to the shape parameters change of the Type-2 Gumbel lifetime distribution using the NHPP model. In order to analyze the software failure phenomena, the parametric estimation is applied to the maximum likelihood estimation method, and the nonlinear equations are calculated using the bisection method. As a result, when the attributes of the cost curves according to the change of shape parameters are compared, it is found that the larger the number of shape parameters, the lower the software development cost and the faster the release time. Through this study, it is expected that it will be helpful for the software developers to search for the development cost according to the software shape parameters change, and also to provide the necessary information for the attributes of the software development cost.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.25-42
• /
• 2020

This study aims to examine the difference in the level of housing cost burden and the factors affecting housing cost burden between permanent rental housing and purchased rental housing residents in Seoul. We used the 2017 SH Public Housing Resident Survey and employed t-test and multiple regression analyses. The empirical analysis shows that the level of housing cost burden is greater for permanent rental housing residents than purchased rental housing residents. Also, income level, age, and whether receiving housing benefits are the factors affecting housing cost burden among permanent rental housing residents while income level and housing size are the factors affecting housing cost burden among purchased rental housing residents. The findings suggest that there should be a more systematic review regarding housing affordability among those living in different types of public housing toward housing welfare. In addition, there should be differential approach to enhance housing affordability between permanent and purchased rental housing residents.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
• /
• 2022.06a
• /
• pp.823-830
• /
• 2022

The risk of project execution increases due to the enlargement and complexity of Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) plant projects. In the fourth industrial revolution era, there is an increasing need to utilize a large amount of data generated during project execution. The design is a key element for the success of the EPC plant project. Although the design cost is about 5% of the total EPC project cost, it is a critical process that affects the entire subsequent process, such as construction, installation, and operation & maintenance (O&M). This study aims to develop a system using machine-learning (ML) techniques to predict risks and support decision-making based on big data generated in an EPC project's design and construction stages. As a result, three main modules were developed: (M1) the design cost estimation module, (M2) the design error check module, and (M3) the change order forecasting module. M1 estimated design cost based on project data such as contract amount, construction period, total design cost, and man-hour (M/H). M2 and M3 are applications for predicting the severity of schedule delay and cost over-run due to design errors and change orders through unstructured text data extracted from engineering documents. A validation test was performed through a case study to verify the model applied to each module. It is expected to improve the risk response capability of EPC contractors in the design and construction stage through this study.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.63-69
• /
• 2013

The purposes of this study are to survey stereotypes of control-display relationships for seven principal controls in passenger cars using the paper-pencil and hardware tests, and to examine stereotype strength of the paper-pencil test through comparing the stereotypes for the controls derived by the two methods. Ninety two and 60 college-aged students participated in the paper-pencil test and the real car simulation of the hardware test, respectively. There are dominant motion-directions for all controls in the paper-pencil test, while in the hardware test, there are dominant motion-directions for six controls including head light, high beam, door window, ignition key, door key and door lock controls. The stereotypes of motion-directions for six controls obtained by the paper-pencil test were the same as or similar to those by the hardware test. It was inferred from this that the congruence of the stereotypes by the two methods might be attributed to two simple motion-direction principles of 'clockwise for increase' and 'upward for increase.' Although it is known that the hardware test would be best for obtaining accurate stereotypes between controls and displays, this study implies that if the paper-pencil test is well designed, the paper-pencil test can produce the same results as the hardware test at low cost and without consuming time.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.57-63
• /
• 2013

PURPOSES: This study is to investigate the Hot In-Place recycling asphalt mixture in Korea using field produced materials. METHODS: Hot In-Place reclaimed asphalt mixture was investigated to evaluate the mixture properties based on various test results such as Marshall Test, Indirect Tensile Test, TSR, and Wheel Tracking Test. These test values were compared with domestic standard specification. RESULTS: The result of the laboratory experiment indicates that the Hot In-Place Reclaimed(HIR) asphalt mixture produced at the field constrution site was satisfied all of the test criteria such as Indirect tensile test, Marshall and TSR test, and wheel tracking test. During the test, the research team found that current HIR system is required an extention of mixing time to improve quality and to reduce variation of sample to sample. Although the current HIR mixture was passed the test criteria, there is a potential capability to enhance the mixture properties as extend mixting time. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these laboratory test results, It would be concluded that domestic HIR mixture's properties were satisfied all standard specification related with evaluation of recycling asphalt mixtures. Based on this case study result, there is a chance to save construction cost and increase the usage of reclaimed asphalt concrete in the future.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.35-48
• /
• 2018

The space qualification has to be conducted by a high level of screening to ensure the design margin of devices, materials, manufacturing processes, units, modules, and subsystem or system. The space qualification according to traditional test standards proposed by US military, NASA and ESA involve high cost and tight schedule due to their conservative requirements. It is necessary to develop a space qualification guideline that is cost-efficient and schedule-optimized for the development of domestic satellites. In this study, as a basic research to develop the space qualification guideline, the articles related to space qualification in test standards document released from military and space agency have been investigated. We are planning to utilize the results as a basic database for establishing the independent tailored space qualification guideline.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.29-36
• /
• 2009

In this paper, a case of a high-rise building supported by a large-diameter drilled shaft socketed in a weathered ground has been studied. The design case of pile foundation presented in this paper could be a representative example of execution of pile design through three(3) design stages of "preliminary design-proof test-supplementary design". As proof test, two(2) BDH PLT (Bi-directional High Pressure Pile Load Test) were performed at the early construction stage. By following the design process of this way, the economic pile design could be carried out and a large amount of construction cost saving could be realized.