• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.22 no.4 s.179
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• pp.313-322
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• 1984

This study was designed to observe the marginal leakage of three permanent cements affected by three temporary cements. The temporary cements used in this study were Zinc oxide-eugenol, Non-eugenol, and Calcium hydroxide cements and the permanent cements were Zinc phosphate, Polycarboxylate and Alumina reinforced EBA cements. To measure the dye penetration into permanently cemented zone, the experimental specimens were treated with the temporary cements for a week. An analysis of the data obtained from 120 specimens resulted in the following conclusions: 1. Regardless of the types of the permanent cements used, using Calcium hydroxide cement as temporary cement showed higher marginal leakage than other temporary cements. 2. Using Polycarboxylate cement as permanent cement showed less marginal leakage than other permanent cements. 3. The marginal leakage in zinc phosphate cement was similar to Alumina reinforced EBA cement regardless of the types of the temporary cements.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2015

PURPOSE. To evaluate the cytotoxicity of temporary luting cements on bovine dental pulp-derived cells (bDPCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS. Four different temporary cements were tested: Rely X Temp E (3M ESPE), Ultratemp (Ultradent), GC Fuji Temp (GC), and Rely X Temp NE (3M ESPE). The materials were prepared as discs and incubated in Dulbecco's modified eagle's culture medium (DMEM) for 72 hours according to ISO 10993-5. A real-time cell analyzer was used to determine cell vitality. After seeding $200{\mu}L$ of the cell suspensions into the wells of a 96-well plate, the bDPCs were cured with bioactive components released by the test materials and observed every 15 minutes for 98 hours. One-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer tests were used to analyze the results of the proliferation experiments. RESULTS. All tested temporary cements showed significant decreases in the bDPCs index. Rely X Temp E, GC Fuji Temp, and Rely X Temp NE were severely toxic at both time points (24 and 72 hours) (P<.001). When the cells were exposed to media by Ultratemp, the cell viability was similar to that of the control at 24 hours (P>.05); however, the cell viability was significantly reduced at 72 hours (P<.001). Light and scanning electron microscopy examination confirmed these results. CONCLUSION. The cytotoxic effects of temporary cements on pulpal tissue should be evaluated when choosing cement for luting provisional restorations.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.22 no.9 s.184
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• pp.803-811
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• 1984

The purpose of this study was to research how temporary cementation effected on the bond strength of permanent cementation. Zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate and EBA ZOE cements were used as permanent cements, and as temporary cements Nogenol, Tempak and Dycal were used. The ninety six (96) specimens were prepared to measure the bond strength of permanent cements after treated with temporary cements for one week. The tensile stregths were measured with an Instron Universal Test Machine. The results of this study were obtained as follows: 1. With zinc phosphate cement, there was a tendency that the bond strengths of the group of temporarily cemented with Nogenol were increased, meanwhile they were decreased a little in the groups of Dycal and Tempak than those of the control group. 2. With polycarboxylate cement, there was a tendency that the bond strengths of the Control group were higher than those of experimental groups and they were decreased in order of Tempak, Noginol, and Dycal. 3. With EBA ZOE cement, there was a tendency that the bond strengths of the group of temporarily cemented with Tempak were increased a little, meanwhile they were decreased a little in the groups of Nogenol and Dycal than those of the Control group. 4. Among the permanent cements, the bond strengths of polycarbosylate cement were the highest and were followed in order of zinc phosphate cement and EBA ZOE cement.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.144-149
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• 2016

PURPOSE. The use of temporary or permanent cements in fixed implant-supported prostheses is under discussion. The objective was to compare the retentiveness of one temporary and two permanent cements after cyclic compressive loading. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The working model was five solid abutments screwed to five implant analogs. Thirty Cr-Ni alloy copings were randomized and cemented to the abutments with one temporary (resin urethane-based) or two permanent (resin-modified glass ionomer, resin-composite) cements. The retention strength was measured twice: once after the copings were cemented and again after a compressive cyclic loading of 100 N at 0.72 Hz (100,000 cycles). RESULTS. Before loading, the retention strength of resin composite was 75% higher than the resin-modified glass ionomer and 2.5 times higher than resin urethane-based cement. After loading, the retentiveness of the three cements decreased in a non-uniform manner. The greatest percentage of retention loss was shown by the temporary cement and the lowest by the permanent resin composite. However, the two permanent cements consistently show high retention values. CONCLUSION. The higher the initial retention of each cement, the lower the percentage of retention loss after compressive cyclic loading. After loading, the resin urethane-based cement was the most favourable cement for retrieving the crowns and resin composite was the most favourable cement to keep them in place.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 1977

The purpose of this study was to determine human pulp reactions to temporary cements such as zinc oxide-eugenol cement, modified zinc oxide-eugenol cement (Cavitec) and calcium hydroxide cement (Dycal). Deep class V cavities were prepared in the human teeth with ultrahigh-speed handpiece operating at a free running speed of 300,000 r.p.m., using # 701 bur and water spray coolant. The cavities were flushed with water, dried with cotton pellets and filled with zinc oxide-eugenol cement, modified zinc oxide-eugenol cement and calcium hydroxide cement respectively. The teeth were divided into two groups, which one group was extracted after One day and the other was extracted after seven days. The samples were examined with microscope and the findings were as follows; 1. The pulp reactions to temporary cements were generally mild. Among them the reactions were moderate in zinc oxide-eugenol cement and, slight in calcium hydroxide cement. 2. Calcium hydroxide cement may be used properly as temporary cement for the purpose of pulp protection.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.340-346
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• 2018

PURPOSE. In this study, the shear bond strengths (SBS) of luting cements to fixed superstructure metal surfaces under various seating forces were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Seven different cements [Polycarboxylate (PCC), Glass-Ionomer (GIC), Zinc phospahate (ZPC), Self-adhesive resin (RXU), Resin (C&B), and Temporary cements ((RXT) and (TCS))] were bonded to a total number of 224 square blocks ($5{\times}5{\times}3mm$) made of one pure metal [Titanium (CP Ti) and two metal alloys [Gold-Platinum (Au-Pt) and Cobalt-Chrome (Co-Cr)] under 10 N and 50 N seating forces. SBS values were determined and data were analyzed with 3-way ANOVA. Pairwise comparisons and interactions among groups were analyzed with Tukey's simultaneous confidence intervals. RESULTS. Overall mean scores indicated that Co-Cr showed the highest SBS values ($1.96{\pm}0.4$) (P<.00), while Au-Pt showed the lowest among all metals tested ($1.57{\pm}0.4$) (P<.00). Except for PCC/CP Ti, RXU/CP Ti, and GIC/Au-Pt factor level combinations (P<.00), the cements tested under 10 N seating force showed no significantly higher SBS values when compared to the values of those tested under 50 N seating force (P>.05). The PCC cement showed the highest mean SBS score ($3.59{\pm}0.07$) among all cements tested (P<.00), while the resin-based temporary luting cement RXT showed the lowest ($0.39{\pm}0.07$) (P<.00). CONCLUSION. Polycarboxylate cement provides reliable bonding performance to metal surfaces. Resin-based temporary luting cements can be used when retrievability is needed. GIC is not suitable for permanent cementation of fixed dental prostheses consisting of CP Ti or Au-Pt substructures.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to measure and compare the removal torques of different cements applied in attachments of zirconia restorations on titanium (Ti) abutments fitted with retrievable cement-type slot (RCS) on the lingual side for the better retrievablity by use of a slot driver. Materials and Methods: Three types of cements were used in the experiment: two permanent cements in $RelyX^{TM}$ U200 (RU) (3M ESPE) which is a resin cement and $FujiCem^{TM}$ (FC) (GC) which is a resin-modified glass ionomer cement, and a temporary cement in $Freegenol^{TM}$ temporary cement (TC) (GC). Measurements of removal torques were conducted as follows; an attached sample was fixed on the equipment customized for the experiment; a slot driver was connected to a MGT12 (Mark-10 Corp.), a torque measurement instrument; the sample had the driver fitted to its RCS and then was rotated until the it was removed; and finally, the maximum torque value was recorded. Result: As for the removal torque measurement results, the average values were $47.9{\pm}2.6Ncm$ for RU, $43.4{\pm}1.5Ncm$ for FC, and $20.9{\pm}1.0Ncm$ for TC. The statistical analysis using Kruskal-Wallis test yielded the significance probability of P<0.05 (P=0.002), which confirmed the presence of significant differences between the three groups. Conclusion: All three cements exhibit clinically acceptable levels of removal torque when applied to an upper zirconia implant restoration fitted with a lingual slot, with RU and FC, the two permanent cements, having the significantly higher values than that of TC, the temporary cement.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.335-343
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• 2002

This study investigated the effect of temporary cement and desensitizer on the bond strength of luting cements. Total 96 dentin specimens were divided into two groups with and without temporary cementation. For temporary cement-tread group, specimens were cemented with $Temp-bond^{(R)}$ and all specimens were stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. Each cup was further divided into 3 subgroups with $Gluma^{(R)},\;One-step^{(R)}$ application and without desensitizer After desensitizer application, Ni-Cr specimens were luted to dentin surface with $Panavia-F^{(R)}$ and $Vitremer^{(R)}$ Specimens were placed in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours and shear bond strength between metal and dentin was measured by a universal testing machine. The results were as follows : 1. In $Panavia-F^{(R)}$ cemented groups, the combination of $One-step^{(R)}$ without temporary cement showed the greatest strength. Among the desensitizer types, $One-step^{(R)}$ showed the highest bond strength, followed by No-desensitizer, $Gluma^{(R)}$. 2. In $Vitremer^{(R)}$ cemented groups, the combination of no temporary cement and without desensitizer showed the greatest bond strength. Among the desensitizer types, No-desensitizer group showed the highest bond strength. 3. The use of $Gluma^{(R)}$ significantly reduced the shear bond strength in $Panavia-F^{(R)}$ and $Vitremer^{(R)}$ groups. 4. All temporary cement-treated groups showed a significant lower shear bond strength than without temporary cement groups. 5. Desensitizer application significantly influenced the bond strength of the resin cement and resin modified glass ionomer cement.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.280-289
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• 2008

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Recent data regarding the effects the cement type and abutment heights on the retentive force of a prosthetic crown are inconsistent and unable to suggest clinical guidelines. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: This study evaluated the effects of different types of temporary cements and abutment heights on the retentive strength of cement-retained implant-supported prostheses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prefabricated implant abutments, 4 mm in diameter, $8^{\circ}$taper per side, and light chamfer margins, were used. The abutment heights of the implants were 4 mm, 5.5 mm and 7 mm. Seven specimens of a single crown similar to a first premolar were fabricated. Six commercially available temporary cements, TempBond, TempBond NE, Cavitec, Procem, Dycal, and IRM, were used in this study. Twenty-four hours after cementation, the retentive strengths were measured using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The cementation procedures were repeated 3 times. The data was analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and a Tukey test (${\alpha}$=0.05). RESULTS: The tensile bond strength ranged from 1.76 kg to 19.98 kg. The lowest tensile strengths were similar in the TempBond and Cavitec agents. Dycal showed the highest tensile bond strength (P<0.01). More force was required to remove the crowns cemented to the long abutments (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: TempBond and Cavitec agents showed the lowest mean tensile bond strength. The Dycal agent showed more than double the tensile bond strength of the TempBond agent.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2020

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to investigate the shear bond strength of luting cements used with implant retained restorations on to titanium specimens after different surface treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS. One hundred twenty disc shaped specimens were used. They were divided into three groups considering the surface treatments (no treatment, sandblasting, and oxygen plasma treatment). Water contact angle of specimens were determined. The specimens were further divided into four subgroups (n=10) according to applied cement types: polycarboxylate cement (Adhesor Carbofine-AC), temporary zinc oxide free cement (Temporary CementZOC), non eugenol provisional cement for implant retained prosthesis (Premier Implant Cement-PI), and non eugenol acrylic-urethane polymer based provisional cement for implant luting (Cem Implant Cement-CI). Shear bond strength values were evaluated. Two-way ANOVA test and Regression analysis were used to statistical analyze the results. RESULTS. Overall shear bond strength values of luting cements defined in sandblasting groups were considerably higher than other surfaces (P<.05). The cements can be ranked as AC > CI > PI > ZOC according to shear bond strength values for all surface treatment groups (P<.05). Water contact angles of surface treatments (control, sandblasting, and plasma treatment group) were 76.17° ± 3.99, 110.45° ± 1.41, and 73.80° ± 4.79, respectively. Regression analysis revealed that correlation between the contact angle of different surfaces and shear bond strength was not strong (P>.05). CONCLUSION. The retentive strength findings of all luting cements were higher in sandblasting and oxygen plasma groups than in control groups. Oxygen plasma treatment can improve the adhesion ability of titanium surfaces without any mechanical damage to titanium structure.