• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.179-190
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• 2022

Data missing in optical satellite images caused by natural variations have been a crucial barrier in observing the status of marine surfaces. Although there have been many attempts to fill the gaps of non-observation, there is little research to analyze the ratio of missing grids to overall sea grids and their seasonal patterns. This report introduces the method of quantifying the distribution of missing points and then shows how the missing points have spatial correlation and seasonal trends. Both temporal and spatial integration methods are compared to assess the effectiveness of reducing missing data. The temporal integration shows more outstanding performance than the spatial integration. Moran's I and K-function with statistical hypothesis testing show that missing grids are clustered and there is a non-random distribution from daily integration. The result of the seasonality test for Moran's I through a periodogram shows dependency on full-year, half-year, and quarter-year periods respectively. These analysis results can be used to deduce appropriate integration periods with permissible estimation errors.

• 천문학회지
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.41-57
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• 2023

We measured temporal and emission properties of quiescent magnetars using archival Chandra and XMM-Newton data, produced a list of the properties for 17 magnetars, and revisited previously suggested correlations between the properties. Our studies carried out with a larger sample, better spectral characterizations, and more thorough analyses not only confirmed previously-suggested correlations but also found new ones. The observed correlations differ from those seen in other neutron-star populations but generally accord with magnetar models. Specifically, the trends of the intriguing correlations of blackbody luminosity (L_BB) with the spin-inferred dipole magnetic field strength (B_S) and characteristic age (τ_c) were measured to be L_BB ∝ B^1.5_S and L_BB ∝ τ^-0.6_c, supporting the twisted magnetosphere and magnetothermal evolution models for magnetars. We report the analysis results and discuss our findings in the context of magnetar models.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.303-320
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• 2019

Water quality is characterized by various complex factors. Therefore, a systematic understanding of water quality trends is required to carry out a proper evaluation. In this study, we analyzed the spatio-temporal water quality characteristics of the Nakdong River using five-year data from 2012 to 2016. Data was collected on the pH, DO, BOD, COD, SS, TN, TP, TOC, WT, EC, $NH_3-N$, $NO_3-N$, $PO_4-P$, Chl-a, rainfall, and total and fecal coliforms. A total of 38 water quality measurement stations, from Andong1 to Gupo, were considered. Statistical analyses including trend, cluster, and factor analyses were conducted to identify the dominant water quality components affecting the Nakdong River. The Nakdong River was spatially classified into three groups for up-stream (Andong1 to Sangju1), mid/up-stream (Donam to Dalseong), and mid/down-stream (Hwawonnaru to Gupo) data collection, and temporally into two groups for summer/fall (7~10), and the rest of the season (11~6) data. The water quality of the entire Nakdong River showed trends similar to the mid/down-stream section, which indicates the importance of water quality management in this section. Suspended solids, phosphorus, and coliform groups were established as important factors to be considered in the summer/fall season across the river, especially in the mid/down-stream section. Nitrogen and organic matter were identified as important factors to be considered in the rest of the season, especially in the mid/up-stream section. This study could help determine the water quality components that should be intensively monitored in the Nakdong River.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.143-156
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 문헌조사를 중점으로 1984년부터 2013년까지의 TSP, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$와 $PM_{2.5}$의 이온성분 그리고 원소상탄소의 농도변화 추이에 대해 살펴보았다. TSP와 $PM_{10}$은 비슷한 추이를 보이고 있으며 1998년부터 2003년까지를 제외하고는 지속적으로 감소하고 있다. $PM_{2.5}$는 정부 자료와 학술대회나 학술지에서 파악한 자료의 질량농도는 다르지만 두 자료 모두 지속적으로 감소하고 있다. 2010년 이후에는 2015년부터 적용될 연평균 기준농도보다 낮은 값을 보이고 있다. 그러나 2013년에는 다시 증가했고 안정적으로 기준을 만족시키지 못하기 때문에 $PM_{2.5}$에 대한 보다 적절한 대책이 필요할 것으로 보인다. $PM_{2.5}$의 이온성분의 경우 $NH{_4}^+$와 $NO{_3}^-$의 농도는 증가하고 $SO{_4}^{2-}$농도는 감소하는 경향을 보이고 있다. $SO{_4}^{2-}$ 농도의 감소는 중국에서의 장거리 이동 영향과 정책의 적용이 원인으로 보인다. 또한 이온성분들 간의 반응도 이온성분의 농도에 영향을 미친 것으로 보인다. $NO{_3}^-$의 경우 $SO{_4}^{2-}$와는 다르게 $NO_x$의 농도는 감소하고 있지만 저감 대책에 따른 $NO_2$의 뚜렷한 농도변화를 보이지 않고 $NO{_3}^-$의 농도가 증가하고 있기 때문에 적절한 대책이 필요할 것으로 보인다. $PM_{2.5}$의 원소상 탄소의 추이를 통해 1차 오염과 2차 오염의 영향을 볼 수 있다. OC는 2000년대 초반까지는 감소하였으나 2000년대 후반에는 뚜렷한 경향이 없으며, EC는 감소하는 추이를 보이고 있다. OC와 EC의 추이뿐만 아니라 두 성분의 비를 통해 1차 오염보다는 2차 오염에 의한 영향이 크다는 것을 파악할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 문헌조사를 통해 1986년부터 2013년까지 장기간의 $PM_{2.5}$와 그 화학성분들의 연평균 농도 추이를 파악하였다. $PM_{2.5}$와 그 성분의 농도 변화 추이를 통해 대기오염원의 기여도에 대해 파악할 수 있다. 따라서 $PM_{2.5}$와 그 화학조성은 대기질 개선을 위한 대책 수립에 중요한 기초자료가 된다. 이 연구가 정확성을 갖기 위해서는 더 많은 연평균 농도파악을 통해 구체적인 추이를 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 지속적인 측정과 분석이 필요하며 이를 통해 적절한 대책을 수립할 수 있을 것이다.

• 전자통신동향분석
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2021

Online action detection (OAD) in a streaming video is an attractive research area that has aroused interest lately. Although most studies for action understanding have considered action recognition in well-trimmed videos and offline temporal action detection in untrimmed videos, online action detection methods are required to monitor action occurrences in streaming videos. OAD predicts action probabilities for a current frame or frame sequence using a fixed-sized video segment, including past and current frames. In this article, we discuss deep learning-based OAD models. In addition, we investigated OAD evaluation methodologies, including benchmark datasets and performance measures, and compared the performances of the presented OAD models.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한예방의학회 1995년도 제47차 추계 학술대회 연제집
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• pp.341-342
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• 1995

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.164-172
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• 2022

Objectives: We aimed to estimate the space-time distribution of the risk of suicide mortality in Iran from 2006 to 2016. Methods: In this repeated cross-sectional study, the age-standardized risk of suicide mortality from 2006 to 2016 was determined. To estimate the cumulative and temporal risk, the Besag, York, and Mollié and Bernardinelli models were used. Results: The relative risk of suicide mortality was greater than 1 in 43.0% of Iran's provinces (posterior probability >0.8; range, 0.46 to 3.93). The spatio-temporal model indicated a high risk of suicide in 36.7% of Iran's provinces. In addition, significant upward temporal trends in suicide risk were observed in the provinces of Tehran, Fars, Kermanshah, and Gilan. A significantly decreasing pattern of risk was observed for men (β, -0.013; 95% credible interval [CrI], -0.010 to -0.007), and a stable pattern of risk was observed for women (β, -0.001; 95% CrI, -0.010 to 0.007). A decreasing pattern of suicide risk was observed for those aged 15-29 years (β, -0.006; 95% CrI, -0.010 to -0.0001) and 30-49 years (β, -0.001; 95% CrI, -0.018 to -0.002). The risk was stable for those aged >50 years. Conclusions: The highest risk of suicide mortality was observed in Iran's northwestern provinces and among Kurdish women. Although a low risk of suicide mortality was observed in the provinces of Tehran, Fars, and Gilan, the risk in these provinces is increasing rapidly compared to other regions.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2023

본 논문은 시간 지역성과 인기 편향성을 가진 데이터 참조를 나타낼 수 있는 새로운 참조 모델을 제안한다. 기존의 참조 모델 중 대표적인 LRU 스택 모델은 시간 지역성, 즉 최근에 참조된 데이터가 다시 참조될 가능성이 높은 성질을 나타낼 수 있으나, 데이터의 서로 다른 인기도를 고려할 수 없는 약점이 있다. 이와 반대로 데이터의 서로 다른 인기도를 반영할 수 있는 모델로 독립 참조 모델이 있으나, 시간에 따른 데이터 참조 성향의 변화를 모델링할 수 없는 한계가 있다. 본 논문이 제시하는 참조 모델은 이 두 모델의 한계를 극복하여 서로 다른 데이터의 인기도와 시간에 따른 참조 성향의 변화를 모두 반영할 수 있는 특징이 있다. 또한, 본 논문에서는 캐쉬 교체 알고리즘과 참조 모델의 연관성에 대해 살펴보고 제안한 모델의 최적성에 대해 보인다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.65-76
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• 2015

Estimating water requirements for upland crops are characterized by standing soil moisture condition during the entire crop growth period. However, scarce rainfall and intermittent dry spells often cause soil moisture depletion resulting in unsaturated condition in the fields. Changes in rainfall patterns due to climate change have significant influence on the increasing the occurrence of extreme soil moisture depletion. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate agricultural drought for upland crop water planning and management in the context of climate change. The objective of this study is to predict the impacts of climate change on agricultural drought for upland crops and changes in the temporal trends of drought characteristics. First, the changes in crop evapotranspiration and soil moisture in the six upland crops, such as Soybeans, Maize, Potatoes, Red Peppers, Chinese Cabbage (spring and fall) were analyzed by applying the soil moisture model from commonly available crop and soil characteristics and climate data, and were analyzed for the past 30 years (1981-2010), and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) climate change scenarios (2011-2100). Second, the changes on the temporal trends of drought characteristics were performed using run theory, which was used to compare drought duration, severity, and magnitude to allow for quantitative evaluations under past and future climate conditions.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.214-223
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• 2020

Objectives: The aim of this study is to identify temporal trends in urinary cotinine levels and exposure factors among Non-smokers in Korean adults. Methods: Biological samples and questionnaire data were collected from representative Korean adults recruited in the Korean National Environmental Health Survey from 2009 to 2017. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the factors affecting urinary cotinine concentrations of non-smokers. Results: The urinary cotinine levels of Korean non-smokers decreased in Cycle 2 (1.04 ㎍/L, 2012-2014) compared to Cycle 1 (1.93 ㎍/L, 2009-2011) but increased slightly in Cycle 3 (1.37 ㎍/L, 2015-2017). Among the diverse variables, the main factors of cotinine exposure were secondhand smoke exposure and the presence of smokers in the family. Conclusions: The results of this study identified temporal trends in cotinine exposure among non-smokers in the Korean adult population. These findings will be used to develop further assessment and environmental health policies on secondhand smoke exposure.