• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 1982

Biodistribution studies has been carried out to elucidate the cause of poor bone imagings often encountered in using $methylenediphosphonate(MDP)-^{99m}Tc$ and to establish effective conditions in using the popular bone imaging agent. After 150 minutes from the I.V. injection of $MDP-^{99m}Tc$ to mice, the radioactivities accumulated at bone(B), liver(L), and stomach(S) were counted. The radiochemical purity (RCP), the volume, the radioactivity concentration and the amount of radioactivity of $MDP-^{99m}Tc$ were controlled. Data were expressed either in %cpm/g organ or % cpm/organ. The organ distribution ratios(B/L and B/S) were correlated with the RCP, the volume of injection, the radioactivity concentration etc. Results indicated that the RCP plays a major role in biodistributions. High radioactivity concentration and injection of a small amount is recommended. Negligible effect was observed with the amount of radioactivity. It has been confirmed that the up-to-date methods of RCP determinations cannot sensitively detect the sharply affecting trace impurities. A particular biodistribution pattern of crossed B/L and B/S lines was observed in case of using $MDP-^{99m}Tc$ of low RCP. In such a case, rather a higher dosage would be effective for improving the contrast between bone and liver.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.541-547
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• 1996

The previous monoclonal antibody labeling method for bone marrow immunoscintigrapy was complicated and laborious for clinical application. Also it showed a relatively low labeling efficiency. To improve this procedure, we compared several direct labeling methods of $^{99m}Tc$. 1) The labeling efficiency in the method using gluconate as a transchelator was low (40-70%), but immunoscintigraphy using this radiotracer produced a clear image. 2) To improve labeling efficiency, ${\beta}$-mercaptoethanol was removed after reduction. The labeling efficiency was improved up to 70-80%, but the radioactivity of the blood pool was high. 3) The higest labeling efficiency (>90%) and best quality images could be obtained by using MDP as a transchelating agent. It did not require additional procedures for separation of labeled antibodies. The immunoreactivity of this antibody was 60%. Residual MDP which can be taken up by the bone could be removed by PD-10 column. The reduced antibodies were stable with a high labeling efficiency (>90%) for up to 47 days by deep freezing. We concluded that the improved procedure for $^{99m}Tc$ labeling of anti-NCA-95 monoclonal antibody using MDP as a transchelating agent will be a simple and useful method for clinical application.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.108-118
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• 1990

It is well known that the glucocorticoid suppresses the osteoblast and the calcitonin suppresses the osteoclast. If the calcitonin prevents the osteoporosis with increased Tc-99m MDP uptake in the long-term use of glucocorticoid, then the calcitonin has some activating effect on the bone formation. The immobilization operation was done on the left hind-leg of 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 300 g each. For 12 weeks after operation,8 rats were injected 0.5 mg/kg dexamethasone, and the other 8 rats were injected 0.5 mg/kg dexamethasone and $1\;\bar{u}/kg$ eel calcitonin. The bone mineral content was measured by the single photon absorptiometry and the Tc-99m MDP uptake was used as an index of the osteoblastic activity. 1) The Tc-99m MDP uptakes in the dexamethasone treated group were lower than those in the dexamethasone and calcitonin treated group, and there was no significant difference in Tc-99m MDP uptakes between the immobilized and normal femurs. 2) The bone mineral contents in the dexamethasone treated group were significantly lower than in the dexamethasone and calcitonin treated group, and the immobilized femurs had tower BMC than normal femurs. 3) The slope of regression between the BMC and Tc-99m MDP uptake was stiff in the dexamethasone treated group, and flat in the dexamethasone and calcitonin group, which shows discrepancy between the bone resorption and formation resulting prevention of net bone loss in the dexamethasone and calcitonin treated group. In conclusion, the calcitonin has some effect on the bone formation, and further studies with urinary hydroxyproline and cyclic AMP are expected.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.484-492
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• 1999

Purpose: This study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of $^{99m}Tc$-MDP bone scintigraphy for assessing vascular ingrowth into the ocular implants after enucleation or evisceration. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four patients (M:F=7:17, mean age: 36 years), who buried a coralline hydroxyapatite after uncomplicated enucleation or evisceration surgery were studied. Dynamic and static scintigraphy on the orbit fossa were obtained after injection of 740 MBq $^{99m}Tc$-MDP to evaluate the status of vascularization. The study was performed from the 3 to 33 weeks after surgery. According to the visual analysis, activity greater than nasal bridge was graded as 4, equal to the nasal bridge as 3, less than nasal bridge but greater than normal orbit as 2, greater than normal orbit but less than grade 2 as 1. Uptake ratio was also calculated by measuring the implants activity (H) and contralateral orbit activity (N). Grading score and uptake ratio were compared with clinical outcome of vascularization. Additionally, we also analyzed the vascularization status as time lapse between primary surgery and scintigraphic study and surgical methods. Results: Twenty-one patients who had bone scintigraphy at 11 weeks after surgery showed increased uptake above grade 2 and greater H/N ratio than 1.16. Of these, 19 patients who had drilling surgery for permanent peg application showed adequate bleeding during the procedure. The activity grade and uptake ratio were inversely correlated with vascular ingrowth. Higher than grade 2 or greater than 1.56 in H/N ratio seemed to be an indicator for better prognosis. Accomplishment of vascularization was not affected by the surgical way such as enucleation or evisceration. Conclusion: $^{99m}Tc$-MDP bone scintigraphy can be a useful method to evaluate the vascularized status of implants. Adequate time for $^{99m}Tc$-MDP bone scintigraphy may be 11-20 weeks after enucleation or evisceration.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.291-292
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• 2001

We report a case of malignant pericardial effusion originated from adenocarcinoma of the lung incidentally diagnosed by bone scintigraphy, prior to echocardiographic detection. A 76 year-old man with adenocarcinoma of the lung underwent Tc-99m MDP bone scintigraphy to evaluate skeletal metastasis. Anterior images of the chest of the bone scintigraphy unexpectedly showed diffuse increased activity in the region of the heart surrounded by an oval-shaped band of increased activity corresponding to the periphery of the cardiac silhouette (Fig. 1). There was no evidence of bony metastasis. Pericardial effusion was confirmed by echocardiography (Fig. 2) and malignant cells were revealed by subsequent microscopic examination of the pericardial fluid. Bone scintigraphy using Tc-99m phosphate compounds is commonly used to detect bony metastasis in cancer patients. Tc-99m phosphate compounds occasionally accumulate in extra-osseous sites, including $pleural^{1,2)},\;pericardial^{3,4)},\;and\;ascitic\;fluids^{5,6)}$. It has been reported that their accumulation in serous effusions should strongly suggest $malignancy^{1-6)}$. The exact mechanism for accumulation of Tc-99m phosphate compounds in serous effusions is unclear. Several investigators have proposed that the radiopharmaceuticals exuded directly from peripheral vessels to the serous cavity due to increased vascularity and vascular permeability, and bleeding by disruption of blood vessels due to cancerous $infiltration^{5,6)}$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2017

Measurement of bone marrow measurements may occur if bone marrow examination performed with bone marrow examination (bone marrow examination) and bone density (bone scan) are performed together recently. Thus, it was examined in clinical aspects that $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ compounds were affected by bone mineral density measurements. The average age of the participants in the experiment was $35.17{\pm}9.45$ and the patient fractures of the lumbar vertebrae that could affect the metabolic disease and bone density measurements affecting the metabolic disease of the 17 subjects. 6 patients with normal bone mineral density T-scores>-1.0 in 12 patients were analyzed before and after the administration of $^{99m}Tc-MDP$. In the lumbar spine, the average of $0.975{\pm}0.084g/cm^2$ and $0.966{\pm}0.078g/cm^2$ were increased by $0.009g/cm^2$. respectively In the right proximal femur, mean values were $0.909{\pm}0.078g/cm^2$ and $0.913{\pm}0.086g/cm^2$. In the right proximal thigh, mean values were $0.909{\pm}0.078g/cm^2$ and $0.913{\pm}0.08 g/cm^2$, respectively, which decreased by $0.004g/cm^2$. In the left side proximal femur, mean $0.887{\pm}0.099g/cm^2$ and $0.881{\pm}0.103g/cm^2$, respectively, increased by $0.007g/cm^2$. Therefore, the BMD changes in the lumbar region were larger than that in the proximal thigh. In addition, $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ did not affect the BMD. And a bone scan test using a technetium-labeled compound emitting a gamma-ray energy of 140 keV did not significantly affect bone density measurements. However, if the nuclear medical examination and the osteoporosis test are to be performed together, the examination should be carried out at intervals considering the exposures of the patient.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.221-224
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• 1987

Uptake of $^{99m}Tc$ bone-scanning agents by extra osseous tissues has been frequently reported. However, lung and stomach uptake of $^{99m}Tc$ bone-scanning agents in lymphoma has been rarely described. We report here a case with lymphoma and hypercalcemia which showed diffuse uptake of $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ by lung and stomach.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.8
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• pp.147-154
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to calculate and compare administered activities(MBq) and effective dose(mSv) of the various pediatric dose formulas of pediatric nuclear medicine and to provide base data for the criteria of the optimal administered activities. This study compares dosages and effective doses of 5 types of pediatric dose formulas(Clark rule, Area rule, Webster rule, Young rule, Solomon(Fried) rule) based on the dosage for adults of 2 types of radiopharmaceuticals($^{99m}Tc$-MDP, $^{99m}Tc$-Pertechnetate). The administered activities in adults, which is the criteria for calculating the Pediatric administered activities, used the value from the 'Nuclear Medicine' written by J-G Jeong & M-Ch Lee. and the administered activities by the radioactivity per effective dose(mSv/MBq) of the radiopharmaceuticals for calculating the effective dose used the value from ICRP 80 and the UNSCEAR 2008 Report. As a result of the study, the output of Young rule is the lowest, and its difference between other formulas is from minimum 1.7 times to maximum 3,4 times. The difference between administered activities of $^{99m}Tc$-MDP is maximum 309.9MBq and the effective dose is 3.76mSv. $^{99m}Tc$-Pertechnetate showed the figure at the maximum 154.9MBq and the effective dose has a difference of 5.50mSv. Since the pediatric dose formulas differ not only in administered activities but also in effective doses, the optimal administered activities have to be developed for optimization of medical radiation.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.309-314
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• 1993

We report a case of 33-year-old man with a transient splenic uptake who had traumatic multiple rib fractures and hernoperitoneum combined with underlying liver cirrhosis, liver cirrhosis with liver bed laceration and splenomegaly without any other demonstrable splenic lesion due to traffic accident was found by abdominal ultrasound and surgery. Incidentally, $^{99m}Tc$-MDP Bone scan showed whole prominent splenic uptake, spleen was also visible on $^{99m}Tc$ Tin colloid liver scan. We suggest the splenic uptake of the radionuclide temporary splenic infarct to the transient total splenic infarction or unknown traumatic effect.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.213-219
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• 1987

Although the exact mechanism is not clearly understood yet, there were examples of the uptake of radiopharmaceuticals to the soft tissue lesions with $^{99m}Technetium$ methylene diphosphonate bone scan. Recently, we experienced two cases of neuroblastoma of which primary sites were imaged with $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ bone scan preoperatively and could make the diagnosis. So, we report here that $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ bone scan is the reasonable method not only to find out the bone metastasis, but also to diagnose the neuroblastoma preoperatively.