• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.259-263
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• 2007

For the preparation of $^{99m}Tc$-labeled RBC, $10{\sim}20\;{\mu}g/kg$ of Stannous(II) chloride and $10{\sim}40\;min$ of preparation was used. For finding out the effect of contrast agent, the blood samples were collected in three days, seven days, and 1 months after the diagnostic procedure. In the normal volunteer, the concentration of reducing agent and preparation time did not effect on the radiochemical yield. But in the patients, 10 mg of Stannous(II) chloride and 60 min incubation times was shown high radiochemical yield. Contrast agent has a significant effect on the radiochemical yield. Although the blood samples which were collected after seven days of diagnostic procedure did not effect on the radiochemical yield of $^{99m}Tc$-labeled RBC, but the radiochemical yield of $^{99m}Tc$-labeled RBC which was prepared with a sample of high concentration of contrast agent in blood led to low radiochemical yield. For these samples, the modified method showed high radiochemical yield than previous in vivo preparation method. The recommended method is followed. Blood collecting was performed at 30 minutes after injection of reducing agent, and it is centrifuged for removal of plasma. After addition of $^{99m}TcO^-_4$, sample reservoir was rotated. After addition of normal saline, and it is centrifuged for separation of saline. Then $^{99m}Tc$-labeled RBC was obtained after removal of saline.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.222-228
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• 1990

The development of histomorphometric and histodynamic investigations has permitted the description of a specific and complex osteopathy in hyperthyroidism. The increased bone turnover rate in hyperthyroid patients may be accompanied by a considerable bone loss. These features are associated with both inclosed osteoclastic bone resorption and increased osteoblastric bone formation, with an accelerated calcification rate. Conventional biochemical markers of bone metabolism, i.e. serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline and calcium are normal in most patients with hyperthyroidism. However, the correlation between serum BGP and serum concentration of thyroid hormon suggests that serum BGP may be a sensitive marker of increased bone formation due to the hypersecretion of thyroid hormones. Any increase in bone turnover, whether focal or diffuse, will result in an increase in $^{99m}Tc-methylenediphosphonate$ uptake (MDP). The measurement of this uptake in hyperthyroid patients by bone provides a sensitive and objective means of quantifying skeletal metabolism. Using a standard shadow-shield whole-body monitor and radioimmunoassay kit, we have measured whole-body retention of $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ up to 24hr and concentration of serum Osteocalcin in 20 patients with hyperthyroidism and in 42 normals. The results were as follows; 1) The average of serum Osteocalcin level in 42 patients with normals was $9.90{\pm}4.87(ng/ml)$ and in 20 patients with hyperthyroidism was $19.54{\pm}5.7(ng/ml)$. Both the averages of serum Osteocalcin and 24hr $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ uptakes in hyperthyroid patients were higher than those in normals. 2) $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ uptakes in skeletal system increased in proportion to normal ageing after 40 yrs old in 42 patients with normals. The average of $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ uptakes in hyperthyroid patients were higher than those in normals without related ageing. 3) A significant relationships between the $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ uptakes and serum Osteocalcin level were peformed (r=0.55, $y=17.58+6.7\times$). From the above results we concluded that the measurement of serum Osteocalcin and 24hr $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ uptakes can be used for evaluation of bone turnover as a specific marker in hyperthyroid patients.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.328-331
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• 1995

$^{99m}Tc$ labeled PnAO(propylene amine oxime) derivatives have been widely studied as brain perfusion agents. We synthesized and characterized a PnAO derivative, (RR/SS/ meso)-4,8-diaza-3,9-dimethylundecane-2, 10-dione bisoxime(PRODD). Proton-NMR spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography(silica gel) were performed for its characterization. PRODD was labeled with $^{99m}Tc$ using stannous chloride as reducing agent. The labeling efficiency was determined to be about 85%. Brain uptakes of $4.16{\pm}0.42$ %ID/g and $3.24{\pm}0.13$ %ID/g were found after 10min and 30min after intravenous injection. Brain-to-blood ratios were 1.17 and 0.75 at 10 and 30 minutes, which were lower than 1.3 and 1.9 of the ratios with commercial ${\pm}$-HMPAO. Autoradiographs of rat brain sections showed the gray matter to white matter ratios of $1.13{\pm}0.10$ at 30 min after intravenous injection, which was lower than $1.94{\pm}0.19$ of commercial $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO. With the above findings, we concluded that the lipophilic $^{99m}Tc$-PRODD complex was able to cross the blood-brain barrier, however the complex showed lower uptake than $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO in mouse or rat brains. We could suggest possibility that PRODD could be used as another $^{99m}Tc$ chelator.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2012

Purpose: This study mainly focuses on the patients treated with chemically stable radiopharmaceutical product $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO (d,l-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime) which yielded reduced image quality due to a decreased brain extraction rate. $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO will be examined further to determine whether this product may be accounted as a factor for this cause. Material and Methods: From January 2010 until December 2010, out of 272 patients who were all subjected to $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO brain blood flow SPECT scans resulting from Cerebral Infarction; 23 patients(ages $55.3{\pm}9$, 21 males, 3 females) with decreased tissue extraction rate were examined in detail. The radiopharmaceutical product $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO was used on patients with normal brain tissue exchange rate as well as those with reduced rate in order to prove its' chemical stability. The patients' age, sex, blood pressure, existence of diabetes, drug use, current health status, known side effects from CT/MRI, examination of the patients' past SPECT before/after images were accounted to determine the factors and correlations affecting the rate of blood tissue extractions. Result: After multiple linear regression analysis, there were no unusual correlations between the 6 factors excluding sex, and before/after examination images. Male subjects showed reduced brain tissue extraction rate than the females ($p$ > 0.05) 91.3% male, 8.7% female. Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test was used on the before/after images which yielded a value of 0.06, which did not indicate a significant amount of difference on the 2 tests ($p$ > 0.05). As a result, the before/after images indicated similar brain tissue extraction rates, and there were variations depending on the individual patient. Conclusion: The effects of the chemically stable radiopharmaceutical product $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO depended on the patient's personal characteristics and status, therefore was considered to be a factor in reducing brain tissue extraction rate. The related articles of $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO cerebral blood flow SPECT speculates a cerebrovascular disease and factors resulting from portal veins, and it was not possible to pin point the exact cause of decreasing brain tissue extraction rate. However, the $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO cerebral blood flow SPECT scan proved to be extremely useful in tracking and inspecting brain diseases, as well as offering accurate results from patients suffering from reduced brain tissue extraction rates.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.4084-4092
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• 2012

Theoretical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) were performed to study the substituent effect on the geometric and electronic structures as well as the biological behavior of technetium-99m-labeled diphosphonate complexes. Optimized structures of these complexes are surrounded by six ligands in an octahedral environment with three unpaired 4d electrons ($d^3$ state) and the optimized geometry of $^{99m}Tc$-MDP agrees with experimental data. With the increase of electron-donating substituent or tether between phosphate groups, the energy gap between frontier orbitals increases and the probability of non-radiative deactivation via d-d electron transfer decreases. The charge distribution reflects a significant ligand-to-metal electron donation. Based on the calculated geometric and electronic structures and biologic properties of $^{99m}Tc$-diphosphonate complexes, several structure-activity relationships (SARs) were established. These results may be instructive for the design and synthesis of novel $^{99m}Tc$-diphosphonate bone imaging agent and other $^{99m}Tc$-based radiopharmaceuticals.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2010

Background: The aim of this study was to compare a novel mannose receptor-binding agent(Technetium-99m human serum albumin, $^{99m}Tc$-MSA) with $^{99m}Tc$-phytate for sentinel node mapping in patients with esophageal cancer. Material and Method: Twenty patients with clinical stage T1N0m0 or T2N0M0 esophageal cancer that were candidates for esophagectomy were enrolled. Endoscopic injection of $^{99m}Tc$-MSA or $^{99m}Tc$-phytate was administered at the peri-tumor region before surgery in 10 patients. The radioactive lymph nodes were identified with a handheld gamma probe after lymph node dissection. Results: The patient's age and the sex ratio of both groups were similar. The clinical stage, tumor location, and operative technique did not differ. The total number of dissected lymph nodes did not differ ($28.5{\pm}9.12$ in MSA group, $32.2{\pm}11.24$ in phytate group, p=0.430). The sentinel node was identified in all cases in both groups. The number of sentinel nodes per patient was $2.7{\pm}1.57$ in the MSA group, which was significantly greater than the $1.7{\pm}0.88$ in the phytate group (p=0.036). Five out of 20 patients whose sentinel nodes could be identified had metastases; however, neither group had any false-negative results for sentinel node identification. Conclusion: Sentinel nodes were detected more frequently with MSA than with phytate.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.313-323
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• 2001

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to search activated genes that could be related to radiation adaptive response (RAR) induced by low-level radiation from $^{99m}Tc$ in human cell lines. Methods: We used gene discovery array (GDA) and representational difference analysis (RDA) methods. $^{99m}Tc$-pertechnetate was added to $2{\times}106/mL$ NC-37 cells (human lymphoblastic cells) to make concentrations ranging from 148 MBq/mL to 148 Bq/mL by serial 10 fold dilutions. After 44 hours, 2 Gy gamma irradiation was given to them using a Cs-137 cell irradiator. Results: As compared to the control (Con) group to which no $^{99m}Tc$ was added, those cells to which 148 and 14.8 KBq of $^{99m}Tc$ were added showed significantly lower damage to chromosomes, which was evaluated by metaphase analysis. Cells with 148 KBq $^{99m}Tc$ (T148 group) showed most significant protection. Activated genes in the T148 group as compared to Con group were evaluated by GDA and GDA methods. GDA revealed genes of casein kinase 2 (CK2) beta chain, immunoglobulins (lg), human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B, and two novel genes. Twenty RAR related clones were selected by RDA method. The size of those genes was from 234 to 603 base pairs. Conclusions: RAR was induced by low dose irradiation from $^{99m}Tc$ in NC-37 cell lines. Genes related to the response included CK2, lg, HLA-B in human lymphoblastic cell lines.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.83-86
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• 2009

Kasabach-Merritt syndrome (KMS) consists of thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and localized consumption coagulopathy that develops within vascular hemangioma. This syndrome may also be associated with occult hemangiomas located at various sites. Tc-99m RBC scintigraphy and SPECT have proven to be reliable for confirming or excluding hemangioma. Total body blood pool imaging study during the scintigraphy also provides a means of screening for occult lesions. The authors report the case of a 29-year-old man who presented with a giant hepatic hemangioma complicated by KMS, and underwent Tc-99m RBC scintigraphy and SPECT including a total body blood pool imaging study.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.76-80
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• 1991

To evaluate the prognostic significance of $^{99m}Tc-phytate$ liver scintigraphy in patients with cirrhosis, we measured the grade of extrahepatic uptake (EHU) of $^{99m}Tc-phytate$, from 0 (absent EHU) to 5 (important EHU), according to the relative distribution of the radiotracer among liver, spleen and bone marrow. The results were as follows: 1) EHU score was correlated to the Pugh score (r=0.64) and to survival. 2) The ROC curve on an observed status of death was superior for EHU score. In conclusion, $^{99m}Tc-phytate$ liver scintigraphy nay be a useful prognostic method in patients with liver cirrhosis.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.18-21
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• 1993

이상에서 $^{99m}Tc$-MAA 도관스캔을 고찰하여 보면 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 1) $^{99m}Tc$-MAA 도관스캔은 반복 시행할 수 있고, 그 방법이 간단하나 도관의 위치를 알아내는데 매우 정확하다. 2) 방사선학적 방법인 혈관조영술은 조영제 주입시 실제 항암제를 주입하는 속도보다 매우 빠르게 주입하므로써 야기될 수 있는 동맥의 연축(spasm), 층류 등의 원인에 의하여 항암제를 주입할 때와 다른 양상을 보여 암종의 헐류분포나 주변의 다른동맥으로 항암제가 주입 되는지의 여부를 정확히 알 수 없는 반면, $^{99m}Tc$-MAA 도관스캔은 항암제 주입속도와 동일하게 주입하므로써 보다 정확하게 암종의 혈류분포나 부작용을 예측할 수 있다. 3) 골반내 종양의 경우와 같이 도관을 양측의 동맥에 삽입하여야 하는 경우에는 암종에 대한 각 동맥으로부터의 혈류분포를 비교하여 항암제의 투여량을 변화시키므로써 치료효과의 상승과부작용의 감소를 꾀할 수 있다. 나아가서 둔부동맥으로의 혈류가 많은 경우에는 둔부동맥을 색전화하여 부작용을 극소화할 수도 있다. 4) 여러 종류의 종양, 특히 간종양의 경우에는 폐의 방사능섭취를 측정하여 종양내 동정맥단락을 정량화 할 수 있어 치료후 그 변화를 관찰하여 치료효과를 추측할 수도 있다.