• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.3-10
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• 2010

The present study aims to investigate neural activations according to the level of code switching in English proficient bilinguals and to find the relationship between the performance of language switching and proficiency level using ERPs (event-related potentials). First, when comparing high-proficient (HP) with low-proficient (LP) bilingual performance in a native language environment, the activation level of N2 was observed to be higher in the HP group than in the LP group, but only under two conditions: 1) the language switching (between-language) condition known as indexing attention of code switching and 2) the inhibition of current language for L1. Another effect of N400 can be shown in both groups only in the language non-switching (within-language) condition. This effect suggests that both groups completed the semantic acceptability task well in their native language environment without the burden of language switching, irrespective of high or low performance. The latencies of N400 are only about 100ms earlier in the HP group than in the LP group. This difference can be interpreted as facilitation of the given task. These results suggest that HP showed the differential activation in inhibitory system for L1 in switching condition of L1-to-L2 to be contrary to inactivation of inhibitory system for the LP group. Despite the absence of an N400 effect at the given task in both groups, differential latencies between the peaks were attributed to the differences of efficiency in semantic processing.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.433-448
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• 2020

In this study, the tasks of thermal equilibrium and heat insulation concept were divided into scientific and everyday contexts to analyzed the level of familiarity, feeling of knowing, state curiosity, and state anxiety that students feel in task contexts and their relationship. The subjects of this study were One hundred nine students in sixth grade of elementary schools located in metropolitan cities. The results of this study were as follows. First, there was no difference in the level of feeling of knowing, state curiosity, and state anxiety in the task of scientific and everyday contexts. In the case of familiarity, there was no consistent tendency in the concept of thermal equilibrium and heat insulation. And the group who recognized the task context familiarly had higher feeling of knowing and lower state anxiety than the group who recognized the task context unfamiliarly. Second, familiarity and feeling of knowing showed high positive correlation, state anxiety and familiarity showed negative correlation, and state anxiety and feeling of knowing had also negative correlation. In addition, familiarity had a negative effect on state anxiety, and FOK had a positive effect on state curiosity and a negative effect on state anxiety. There was no significant moderating effect of the task context. Third, in case of state curiosity, the group perceived the knowledge gap was very small had the highest state curiosity, and the group perceived the knowledge gap was very large had the lowest state curiosity. In case of state anxiety, the less the knowledge gap was perceived, the lower the anxiety was triggered. This study broadens our understanding of the learning process and provides implications for effective instruction strategies for students' cognitive and emotional states.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.477-485
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to identify the preferable motivation types in science-learning and to find out the relationship between these types and scientific achievement of students in the secondary school. The subjects of the study were the second grade 581 students sampled by random cluster sampling method in three middle schools and three high schools. Three motivation types in science learning were analyzed, and they were named to task-orientation, ego-orientation and work-avoidance. From our results, secondary school students preferred task-orientation and work-avoidance to ego-orientation. In the case of task-orientation, high school students, especially in male group, had much preferable tendency than that of middle school students (p<0.001). It is interpreted that, as the level of scientific content of texts or the cognitive level of students were higher, a preference for the motivation type was focused to the task-orientation, especially in male group. In the case of ego-orientation, the female group showed much preferable tendency than that of male group in middle school (p<0.05). However, the female group in high school students was not different from the other groups in this motivation type. In the case of work-avoidance, there were not only a significant difference between males and females in the middle school (p<0.001), but also difference between middle and high school students in female group (p<0.05). It showed that female group had much preferable tendency than that of male group, and this tendency was decreased to the higher grade students in secondary school. From the analysis of correlation between motivation types and scientific achievement, task-orientation and work-avoidance were correlated to the scientific achievement. Its results were interpreted that the scientific achievement could be accomplished by the external motivation stimulus as well as the scientific content of texts. The task-orientation were comparatively correlated to the intelligence quality. It means that the students having high intelligence quality showed much preferable for the task-orientation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.211-223
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• 2021

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of task-oriented circuit training using unstable support surface on balance, gait ability, and balance confidence in subacute stroke patients. Methods : Forty-five patients with subacute stroke were randomly divided into the three following groups of 15: 1) TOCT-US group; task-oriented circuit training using unstable surface (experimental group 1), 2) TOCT-SS group; task-oriented circuit training using stable surface (experimental group 2), and 3) CON group; conventional physical therapy (control group). All patients participated in one of the three training programs for 6 weeks, 30 minutes per session, 3 times per week. Patients' balance ability was assessed using the BT-4, BBS (berg balance scale), TUG (time up and go test), and LOS (limit of stability). Gait speed was measured to examine gait ability. K-ABC (activities-specific balance confidence scale) was also used to assess the level of patients' confidence in daily activities. Results : After the intervention, the sway area in experimental groups 1 and 2 decreased, but that in the control group increased. Experimental group 1 showed significant improvement compared with experimental group 2 and the control group. BBS, TUG, and LOS scores of experimental group 1 were significantly improved compared with those of experimental group 2 and the control group. Also, gait speed significantly improved in experimental group 1 compared with experimental group 2 and the control group. Experimental groups 1 and 2 showed significant improvement in K-ABC scores after training. Conclusion : Patients with subacute stroke had significantly improved balance, gait, and level of confidence in performing activities of daily living following task-oriented circuit training using the unstable surface. This indicates that task-oriented circuit training using unstable surfaces can be an effective treatment method for the recovery of balance and gait in subacute stroke patients.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.135-143
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• 2012

Discourse is regarded as an important component of communication assessment, but studies about the discourse characteristics of the elderly are scant. The purpose of this study was to confirm the effects of aging, gender, and educational level on discourse in elderly people with normal cognitive function. Forty normal elderly and forty young people participated in this study. A picture description task (Boston Cookie-Theft picture) was used to examine discourse function. The description task was analyzed for both productivity (total number of sentences, total number of syllables, and syllables per sentence) and semantics (CIU ratio). The results were as follows: 1) Only CIU ratio differed significantly according to age. 2) In the total number of syllables and syllables per sentence, females demonstrate a higher number than males. 3) The CIU ratio differed significantly according to educational level. These results suggest that impairment of communicative function is an aspect of cognitive impairment that can be related to aging. Also, discourse performance in the elderly is associated with their gender and educational level.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.111-128
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine and analyze the cognitive demand of the mathematical tasks suggested in the middle school textbooks. In particular, it aimed to reveal the overall picture of the level of cognitive demand of the mathematical tasks in the strand of geometry in the textbooks. We adopted the framework for mathematical task analysis suggested by Stein & Smith(1998) and analyzed the mathematical tasks accordingly. The findings from the analysis showed that 95 percent of the mathematical tasks were at high level and the rest at low level in terms of cognitive demand. Most of the mathematical tasks in the textbooks were algorithmic and focused on producing correct answers by using procedures. In particular, the high level tasks were presented at the end of each chapter or unit for wrap up rather than as key resources.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.566-574
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• 2005

In spite of recent increase in the use of avatar in Web and Virtual Reality, there has not been a service that allows users to control directly the avatar behaviors. In addition, the conventional behavior control languages required a lot of complicated information for controlling the avatar motions. Moreover, in order to apply written languages to a different task domain, it was necessary to modify or rewrite the languages. In this paper, we define Task-Level Behavior Description Language and Motion Representation Language for more simple control of the avatar behavior. The first thing allows describing the avatar behaviors in each task domain, and The second thing enables writing detailed data for motion control. And in this paper, we developed an interpreter which can automatically change the Behavior Description Language to the Motion Representation Language. So this system allow users control the avatar behavior simply with only use the Behavior Description Language. The system was applied to shopping mall and the Task-level Behavior Description Language was compared with conventional languages to see how it was more effective in behavior description.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.17-26
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• 2017

Excessive use of the internet and smart phones have become a social issue. The level of engagement has both positive and negative effects such as good performance or indulgence phenomenon, respectively. This study was to develop an algorithm to determine the engagement state based on cardiovascular response. The participants were asked to play a pattern matching game and the experimental design was divided into cooperation and competition task to provide the level of engagement. The correlation between heart rate and amplitude was analyzed according to each task. The regression equation and accuracy were verified by polynomial regression analysis. The results showed that heart rate and amplitude were positively correlated when the task was a game, and negatively correlated when there was a reference task. The accuracy of classifying between game and reference task was 89%. The accuracy between tasks was confirmed to be 76.5%. This study is expected to be used to quantitatively evaluate the level of engagement in real time.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.843-850
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• 2004

This study investigated the effects of group processing in cooperative learning using task-oriented reward on students' science achievement, science learning motivation, and attitude toward science instruction. Eighth graders (N=58) selected from a middle school in Seoul, were randomly assigned to either the treatment or comparison group, and taught on the 'Separation of Mixture' over 8 class hours. The treatment group received cooperative learning using task-oriented reward containing group processing (GCL), while the comparison group received cooperative learning using task-oriented reward without group processing (CL). Significant interactions between the instruction and prior achievement level were found in the achievement and the attitude toward science instruction. High-level students in the GCL group performed better than those in the CL group, while low-level students in the CL group performed better than their counterparts.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.1183-1192
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• 2022

Information and Information processing systems must maintain a certain level of security during the total life cycle of Information. To maintain a certain level of security, security management processes are applied to software, automobile development, and the U.S. federal government information system over a life cycle, but theme of no similar security management process in Korea. This paper proposes a Korean-style security risk management framework to maintain a certain level of security in the total life cycle of information and information processing system in the defense sector. By applied to the defense field, we intend to present the direction of defense security work in the future and induce an shift in security paradigm.