• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.47-52
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• 2014

This study investigated how the degree of attention modulates English learners' perception of Korean stop contrasts. The contributions of VOT and F0 in perceiving Korean stops were examined while availability of attentional resources was manipulated using a dual-task paradigm. Results demonstrated the attentional modulation in the use of VOT, but not in F0: under less attention, the contribution of VOT to the perception of aspirated stops decreased, whereas that of lenis stops increased, which suggests more native-like performance. This implies that the role of attention in perceiving non-native contrasts might differ depending on how equivalent the acoustic and perceptual cues are between L1 and target L2 contrasts.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.267-274
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to identify a relationship between the time taken and the characteristics of touch key for touch-screen-based in-vehicle information system (IVIS) and to suggest a new Fitts' law formula that is added a driving speed parameter. Many studies already have shown that Fitts' law is well fitted in various devices for primary tasks, but there is no study of Fitts' law for secondary task in dual-task situation. Fitts' law may not be applied to the secondary task as it is, because the secondary task performance can be affected by the amount of attention for the primary task. To verify this, we carried out an experiment that showed whether pointing task to touch-screen-based IVIS during driving is affected by driving speeds or not. In the experiment, 30 people were volunteered for participants and the participants carried out driving task and pointing task on the screen of IVIS simultaneously. We measured the time to point a touch key on IVIS for every condition (3 driving speeds${\times}5$ touch key sizes${\times}7$ distances between steering wheel and touch key). As a result, there was an effect of driving speed on the pointing time. As we extended the index of difficulty of the conventional Fitts' law formula by incorporating driving speed, we established an extended Fitts' law formula for pointing on IVIS, which showed better accordance with dual task situation. This study can be evidence that secondary task performance is affected by degree of concentration on primary task, and the extended Fitts' law formula can be useful to design interfaces of IVIS.

• 감성과학
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2012

내현적 주의와 재정향이 탐지과제 수행에 미치는 영향을 반응촉진과 회귀억제를 통해 탐색하였다. Posner와 Cohen(1980)의 고전적인 탐지패러다임에서는 단서를 제시하고 일정한 자극제시시차 후 그 단서와 같거나 또는 다른 위치에 나타나는 표적에 대한 탐지수행을 관찰한다. 본 연구에서는 내현적 주의를 유발하기 위해 단서가 표적에 대해 예측력을 가지도록 조작하였고, 단서자극과 표적 사이에 새로운 단서(재정향단서)를 삽입하여 재정향을 유도하였다. 실험 1에서는 재정향단서가 제시되는 시기를 초기, 중기, 후기로 구분하여 실험을 실시하였다. 그 결과 재정향이 제시되는 시기별로 자극제시시차(150ms, 400ms, 850ms)에 따라 다른 양상의 반응촉진 및 회귀억제가 발생하였으나, 해석 가능한 일정 패턴을 확인하기는 어려웠다. 하지만 재정향이 초기에 발생한 실험조건을 재분석한 결과, 반응촉진과 회귀억제가 자극제시시차에 따라 교차하여 나타나는 단순탐지과제의 전형적인 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 실험 2에서는 실험 1에서 재정향이 초기에 발생하는 조건에 대한 추가 실험을 실시하였다. 실험 결과, 자극제시시차가 짧을 때는 반응촉진이 발생하였으며 자극제시시차가 길때는 회귀억제가 발생하였다. 이 결과는 단서자극이 표적에 대한 예측력을 가질 때 자극제시시차가 긴 조건에서 회귀억제가 사라진다는 기존의 보고(Wright & Richard, 2000)와 반대되는 결과이다. 이 결과는 최초 단서가 제시된 후 회귀억제의 효과가 소멸되기 전에 매우 빠르게 제시되는 재정향단서는 이중 회귀억제를 가져온다는 것을 제안한다. 본 연구는 내현적 주의에 의해 특정한 위치에 주의를 할당할 때에도 반복적으로 빠르게 제시되는 단서자극은 회귀억제를 극대화함으로써 내현적 주의를 상쇄할 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.62-69
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• 2013

Visual demands associated with in-vehicle display usage and text messaging distract a driver's visual attention from the roadway. To minimize eyes-off-the-road demands, voice interaction systems are widely introduced. Under cognitively distracted condition, however, awareness of the operating environment will be degraded although the driver remains oriented to the roadway. It is also know that the risk of inattentive driving varies with age, thus systematic analysis of driving risks is required for the older drivers. This paper aims to understand the age-related driving performance degradation and visual attention changes under auditory cognitive demand which consists of three graded levels of cognitive complexity. In this study, two groups, aged 25-35 and 60-69, engaged in a delayed auditory recall task, so called N-back task, while driving a simulated highway. Comparisons of younger and older drivers' driving performance including mean speed, speed variability and standard deviation of lane position, and gaze dispersion changes, which consist of x-axis and y-axis of visual attention, were conducted. As a result, it was observed that gaze dispersion decreased with each level of demand, demonstrating that these indices can correctly rank order cognitive workload. Moreover, gaze dispersion change patterns were quite consistent in younger and older age groups. Effects were also observed on driving performance measures, but they were subtle, nonlinear, and did not effectively differentiate the levels of cognitive workload.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.2-15
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• 2022

Objectives: Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) tend to be noisy and violate rules with their disruptive behaviors, resulting in greater difficulties with off-task behaviors and being at risk for social refusal. The visual activity schedule (VAS) intervention program is a frequently used method to teach multiple skills involving on-task, use of schedules, transition behaviors, social initiation, independent play skills, classroom skills, and academic skills. The current systematic review aimed to examine the efficacy of using VAS intervention in reducing problem behaviors in children with ADHD between 5 and 12 years of age. Methods: Systematic searches were conducted using two electronic databases (PubMed and Scopus) to identify relevant studies published in English between 2010 and 2020. Four studies met the inclusion criteria: two studies examined the effect of schedule-based tasks and the use of an iPad on classroom skills, while the other two examined randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of psychosocial treatment for ADHD inattentive type and a cross-sectional study examined the impact of the group size on task behavior and work productivity in children with ADHD. Results: The findings indicate that the interventions used in all four studies could lead to increased satisfaction among participants and parents, as well as a reduction in problem behavior. In terms of the research indicators, the RCT had low quality, while the others were of high quality. Conclusion: A larger number of studies and the ADHD clinical population would help to increase the generalizability of future reviews of treatments in this context.

• 인지과학
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.113-127
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• 2024

주의와 정서는 밀접하게 상호작용한다, 이중 불안정서은 주의 메커니즘을 수정하여 위협 관련 정보를 더 효과적으로 처리한다고 알려져 있다. 이런 현상은 주로 정서스트룹 과제의 연구결과로 나타났는데, 이 과제에서 불안한 참가자는 중성적 단어보다 부정적 단어의 색이름을 말하는데 더 늦은 반응을 보인다는 것이며, 이를 불안 관련 주의편향이라고 한다. 그러나 이런 주의편향 현상이 정보처리의 어떤 단계에서 발생하는지는 아직 많은 논란이 있어왔다. 본 연구에서는 정서스트룹과제를 변형하여 단어와 색을 분리하고 두 자극의 제시 시간을 조작하여(SOA 0ms, 120ms, & 240ms) 정서스트룹관련 주의편향이 정보처리의 초기 단계에서 일어나는지를 조사하였다. 실험결과 불안을 가진 참가자의 경우 0ms의 SOA에서만 부정단어에 의해 간섭 효과가 나타난 반면, 불안하지 않은 참가자의 경우 간섭 효과는 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 불안이 주의 메커니즘을 조절하여 정서정보처리의 초기단계에서 부정 정보를 더 빠르게 처리하도록 조절한다는 주의의 초기개입 가설을 지지하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국경영정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국경영정보학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.29-34
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• 2008

This study examines the effects of information and communication technologies on individual performance. The literature has paid a considerable amount of attention to social influence as a determinant of individual behavior. We combine task-technology fit with concepts from adaptive structuration theory to specify social influence. In our model, we suggest that individuals should receive support from proper social construction to have additional performance improvement. Empirical data from 317 individuals across 43 teams in 10 companies is used to assess the theoretical model. Our theoretical model received support from the data.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.292-298
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dual tasks on balance and postural control during standing in patients with cerebellar ataxia (CA). It was hypothesized that CA patients would exhibit different sway characteristics of the center of mass (COM) depending on the complexity of the secondary cognitive tasks compared with normal control subjects. Methods: A total of 8 patients with CA and age-matched healthy control subjects participated in this study. They were instructed to perform two balance tasks (non-dual and dual movement) with 3 different complexity of dual tasks. Range, variability, and velocity of COMs were measured. Results: According to the results CA patients showed deficits in balance and postural control with increased dual-task complexity during the static balance task in saggital sway movements. However, there was no significant difference in static balance in frontal sway. With higher difficulty in the cognitive task, CA patients took longer to stabilize their body center, while normal control subjects showed no change between conditions. In addition, CA patients had a greater COM resultant velocity during recovery in the dual-task condition compared with the single-task condition. These findings indicate that CA patients had defendable compensatory strategies in performing dual tasks. Conclusion: In conclusion, CA patients appeared to manage the priority to balance and postural control. Particularly in a situation with a postural threat such as when potential consequences of the loss of stability increase, they appeared to prioritize the control of balance and posture over the performance of the secondary task.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.265-273
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• 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of participation in contact sports on neurocognitive scores, dual-task walking velocity, and cognitive costs in retired athletes. Method: Forty-four retired athletes (mean age = 26.4±5.5 yrs) and thirty-eight controls (mean age = 26.1±4.9 yrs) participated in this study. Neurocognitive score was collected using computerized neurocognitive testing using RehaCom. Gait velocity was collected one single task, four dual-tasks, and two multi-tasks using Optogait. Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compared differences in cognitive scores among groups. A mixed-design two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni posthoc test were used to assess the effect of group and walking tasks for each condition. Results: The auditory divided attention of neurocognitive score of retired athletes was higher than the control group (p < 0.05). No statistical differences were observed in the other neurocognitive scores between groups. The changes in walking velocity and cognitive costs according to the dual-task walking tests differed between the two groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Although participation in contact sports did not affect the neurocognitive results of retired athletes, it could be confirmed that the reduction in walking velocity and an increase in cognitive costs during dual-task walking. Rather than observing only neurocognitive scores as a single evaluation item for cognitive evaluation of retired athletes in relation to daily life, the application of the dual-task gait test may provide useful information.

• 한국방송∙미디어공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방송∙미디어공학회 2021년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.161-163
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• 2021

대부분의 영상에 존재하는 그림자는 다양한 딥러닝 기반 영상처리 작업을 수행함에 방해가 되는 요소이다. 영상 내 그림자는 다양한 광원과 다양한 물체들의 상호작용에 의해 복잡하게 생성되며 이를 제거하는 것을 통해 다양한 Computer Vision task의 성능을 향상시킬 수 있다. 이 논문에서는 영상 내 그림자를 감지하여 Attention mechanism을 통해 그림자를 제거하고 Recurrent 하게 작업을 수행하며 복잡한 그림자를 단계적으로 제거하는 네트워크를 구현하였으며, Recurrent 한 네트워크에서 이전 단계의 데이터를 다음 단계에 효율적으로 전달하는 방식에 대한 실험을 수행하였다.