• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.99-109
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• 2018

Tampering involves illegally removing technologies from a protected system through reverse engineering or developing a system without proper authorization. As tampering of a weapon system is a threat to national security, anti-tampering measures are required. Precedent studies on anti-tampering have discussed the necessity, related trends, application cases, and recent cybersecurity-based or other protection methods. In a domestic situation, the Defense Technology Protection Act focuses on how to prevent technology leakage occurring in related organizations through personnel, facilities and information systems. Anti-tampering design needs to determine which technologies are protected while considering the effects of development cost and schedule. The objective of our study is to develop methods of how to select target technologies and determine counter-measures to protect these technologies. Specifically, an evaluation matrix was derived based on the risk analysis concept to select the protection of target technologies. Also, based on the concept of risk mitigation, the classification of anti-tampering techniques was performed according to its applicability and determination of application levels. Results of the case study revealed that the methods proposed can be systematically applied for anti-tampering in weapon system development.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.203-211
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• 2021

Image tampering detection and localization have become an active area of research in the field of digital image forensics in recent times. This is due to the widespread of malicious image tampering. This study presents a new method for image tampering detection and localization that combines the advantages of dilated convolution, residual network, and UNET Architecture. Using the UNET architecture as a backbone, we built the proposed network from two kinds of residual units, one for the encoder path and the other for the decoder path. The residual units help to speed up the training process and facilitate information propagation between the lower layers and the higher layers which are often difficult to train. To capture global image tampering artifacts and reduce the computational burden of the proposed method, we enlarge the receptive field size of the convolutional kernels by adopting dilated convolutions in the residual units used in building the proposed network. In contrast to existing deep learning methods, having a large number of layers, many network parameters, and often difficult to train, the proposed method can achieve excellent performance with a fewer number of parameters and less computational cost. To test the performance of the proposed method, we evaluate its performance in the context of four benchmark image forensics datasets. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms existing methods and could be potentially used to enhance image tampering detection and localization.

• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 2018

Recently, many drivers of two-wheeled motorcycles in leisure and express delivery industries etc. brought increasing issues for the motorcycle safety. This paper has studied the structural safety of two-wheeled motorcycles considering the regulations for stand, rear registration plate and anti-tampering measures. The authors have investigated and compared a variety of international and domestic regulations and specifications for structural safety of those components. Detailed experimental procedures of stand, mounting for rear registration plate and anti-tampering measures are proposed to secure the two-wheeled motorcycle safety and the outcomes of this study can be used to confirm the Korean motor vehicle safety standards.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.111-121
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• 2021

As the main carrier of information, digital image is becoming more and more important. However, with the popularity of image acquisition equipment and the rapid development of image editing software, in recent years, digital image counterfeiting incidents have emerged one after another, which not only reduces the credibility of images, but also brings great negative impacts to society and individuals. Image copy-paste tampering is one of the most common types of image tampering, which is easy to operate and effective, and is often used to change the semantic information of digital images. In this paper, a method to protect the authenticity and integrity of image content by studying the tamper detection method of image copy and paste was proposed. In view of the excellent learning and analysis ability of deep learning, two tamper detection methods based on deep learning were proposed, which use the traces left by image processing operations to distinguish the tampered area from the original area in the image. A series of experimental results verified the rationality of the theoretical basis, the accuracy of tampering detection, location and classification.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.23-40
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• 2024

Hardware attacks involve physical reverse engineering efforts to steal sensitive information, such as encryption keys and circuit designs. Encryption and obfuscation are representative countermeasures, but they are nullified if adversaries manage to find the key. To address this issue, we propose e-Cryptex, which utilizes a Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) as an anti-tampering shield. PUF acts as a random number generator and relies on unique physical variants that cannot be replicated or restored to enhance anti-tampering mechanisms. e-Cryptex uses PUF as a shield to protect the system's structure and generate the key. Tampering with the shield will result in the destruction of the key. This paper demonstrates that e-Cryptex meets PUF security requirements and is effective in detecting of tampering attempts that pierce or completely destroy the shield. Each board consistently generates the same key under normal conditions, while also showing key uniqueness across different boards.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.335-345
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• 2024

In the digital era, data security has become an increasingly critical issue, drawing significant attention. Particularly, anti-tampering technology has emerged as a key defense mechanism against indiscriminate hacking and unauthorized access. This paper explores case studies that exemplify the trends in the development and application of TPM (Trusted Platform Module) and software anti-tampering technology in today's digital ecosystem. By analyzing various existing security guides and guidelines, this paper identifies ambiguous areas within them and investigates recent trends in domestic and international research on software anti-tampering. Consequently, while guidelines exist for applying anti-tampering techniques, it was found that there is a lack of methods for evaluating them. Therefore, this paper aims to propose a comprehensive and systematic evaluation framework for assessing both existing and future software anti-tampering techniques. To achieve this, it using various verification methods employed in recent research. The proposed evaluation framework synthesizes these methods, categorizing them into three aspects (functionality, implementation, performance), thereby providing a comprehensive and systematic evaluation approach for assessing software anti-tampering technology in detail.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.661-674
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• 2021

Malware, such as a rootkit that modifies the kernel, can adversely affect the analyst's judgment, making the analysis difficult or impossible if a mechanism to evade memory analysis is added. Therefore, we plan to preemptively respond to malware such as rootkits that bypass detection through advanced kernel modulation in the future. To this end, the main structure used in the Windows kernel was analyzed from the attacker's point of view, and a method capable of modulating the kernel object was applied to modulate the memory dump file. The result of tampering is confirmed through experimentation that it cannot be detected by memory analysis tool widely used worldwide. Then, from the analyst's point of view, using the concept of tamper resistance, it is made in the form of software that can detect tampering and shows that it is possible to detect areas that are not detected by existing memory analysis tools. Through this study, it is judged that it is meaningful in that it preemptively attempted to modulate the kernel area and derived insights to enable precise analysis. However, there is a limitation in that the necessary detection rules need to be manually created in software implementation for precise analysis.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.470-478
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• 2019

As the growth of the domestic defense industry is remarkable regarding technology level and export size, technology protection is necessary. Particularly, there is a need to apply anti-tamper measures to prevent critical technologies from illegally being taken out of weapon systems. However, there is no security protection strategy and system built yet in ROK. Precedent studies discussed the trend analysis and technical research for specific protective techniques, and the application of anti-tamper using limited procedures was provided. Recently, methods of how to select the technology for protection were studied based on risk management. Nonetheless, these studies cannot be associated with the acquisition process for the whole life-cycle, having difficulty with actual development and evaluation of the weapon systems. The objective of our study is to derive the system requirements of the weapon system for which anti-tamper measures have been determined to apply. Specifically, requirements items suitable for the development of anti-tamper weapon systems were derived based on ISO/IEC 19790, the CMVP standard for the development and verification of cryptographic modules. Also, its utilization in technical reviews and test & evaluations was presented. The usefulness of the research results was confirmed through inductive inference and comparative evaluation. The result can be expected to play a role in initiating extensive activities needed for technology protection of the weapon systems.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.23-28
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• 2023

Windows operating system generates various logs with timestamps. Timestamp tampering is an act of anti-forensics in which a suspect manipulates the timestamps of data related to a crime to conceal traces, making it difficult for analysts to reconstruct the situation of the incident. This can delay investigations or lead to the failure of obtaining crucial digital evidence. Therefore, various techniques have been developed to detect timestamp tampering. However, there is a limitation in detection if a suspect is aware of timestamp patterns and manipulates timestamps skillfully or alters system artifacts used in timestamp tampering detection. In this paper, a method is designed to detect changes in timestamps, even if a suspect alters the timestamp of a file on a storage device, it is challenging to do so with precision beyond millisecond order. In the proposed detection method, the first step involves verifying the timestamp of a file suspected of tampering to determine its write time. Subsequently, the confirmed time is compared with the file size recorded within that time, taking into consideration the performance of the storage device. Finally, the total capacity of files written at a specific time is calculated, and this is compared with the maximum input and output performance of the storage device to detect any potential file tampering.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.7 no.11
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• pp.2941-2956
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• 2013

In this paper, we propose an effective fragile image watermarking scheme for tampering detection and content recovery. Cover image is divided into a series of non-overlapping blocks and a block mapping relationship is constructed by the secret key. Several DCT coefficients with direct current and lower frequencies of the MSBs for each block are used to generate the reference bits, and different coefficients are assigned with different bit numbers for representation according to their importance. To enhance recovery performance, authentication bits are generated by the MSBs and the reference bits, respectively. After LSB substitution hiding, the embedded watermark bits in each block consist of the information of itself and its mapping blocks. On the receiver side, all blocks with tampered MSBs can be detected and recovered using the valid extracted reference bits. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.