• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.111-124
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• 2021

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether physical ability is improved by body stabilization, develop training methods to improve physical fitness factors suitable for body conditions, and provide future management and exercise materials to improve Taekwondo athletes' performance, after conducting the Body stabilization exercise (BSE) program on 22 elementary school Taekwondo athletes for 10 weeks to strengthen core muscles and evaluating Visual response speed test (VRST), Functional movement screen (FMS), Y-Balance test (YBT) and Vital capacity (VC). Methods : In order to examine the impact of the BSE program on Taekwondo athletes' VRST, FMS, YBT and VC this study conducted individual evaluations on all subjects, including VRST, FMS, YBT and VC before applying the programs, and compared exercise effects before and after the program, before and after exercise by a certain period. Results : After exercising, strength and quickness were improved significantly and reaction time was significantly shortened (p<.001). The total score of FMS was improved from 10.86±1.17 before to 11.68±0.99 after exercising, was statistically significant (p=.014). YBT was significantly improved from 91.11±4.84 before to 95.68±5.15 after exercising (p<.001). VC improved was statistically significant (p<.001). Conclusion : In conclusion, the BSE athletic program is expected to help Taekwondo athletes perform well by preventing and reducing injuries through the improvement of muscular strength, strength, speed, agility, step, kick, balance, flexibility, full body endurance and the combination of technical abilities.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.367-373
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• 2014

Most athletes execute rhythmic hop as a preparatory motion in Taekwondo sparring. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of rhythmic hop on the response times and kicking velocities of Taekwondo kicks. Twelve male elite Taekwondo athletes performed a roundhouse kick and a back kick as fast as possible immediately after seeing an external stimulus in rhythmic hop and in no hop, respectively. The three-dimensional marker data of the whole body were measured at sampling rate of 200 Hz. Paired t-tests were used to compare dependent measures between hop and no hop conditions. Results indicated that the rhythmic hop did not affect response time statistically but improved the kicking velocity significantly than no hop did. Different instants of detecting an external stimulus in rhythmic hop for the back kick showed significantly different response times. Conclusively, rhythmic hop is recommendable for the purpose of kicking velocity, but not for the purpose of response time. Athletes should be careful in executing rhythmic hop as their preparatory motions for the back kick, since the response time could be shortened or lengthened according to the instant of detecting an external stimulus.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.2691-2697
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• 2011

The purpose of the dissertation is to offer basic data available for being conducive to application of a training program by comparatively analyzing the players' physical strength, the knee joint, a hip joint, power of the trunk joint and muscle power in order to study isokinetic strength and muscle power between short distance athletes and Taekwondo players. This study measured peak power, %Body weight peak power, always power, and %Body weight peak power targeting 8 male athletes and 8 male Taekwondo players who warmed up 10 minutes before from the test to reduce repulsion and unfamiliarity at the instrument. The power of the knee joint($60^{\circ}$/sec), muscle power($180^{\circ}$/sec), were measured by using HUNOM(U.S.A). As a result of the physical strength, statistically, short distance athletes were indicated to be better in muscle strength, muscular endurance than Taekwondo players, and there was no significant difference between flexibility, power, and muscular endurance. Although the short distance athletes were indicated to be better in right and left muscle strength of knee joint than Taekwondo player, there was no significant difference and Taekwonde players were indicated to be higher at the right and left muscle power than short distance athletes.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of fatigue induction on ground reaction force (GRF) components, postural stability, and vertical jump performance in Taekwondo athletes. Method: Ten Taekwondo athletes (5 men, 5 women; mean age, $22.30{\pm}2.62years$; mean height, $174.21{\pm}9.20cm$; mean body weight, $67.28{\pm}12.56kg$) participated in this study. Fatigue was induced by a short period of strenuous exercise performed on a motorized treadmill. The analyzed variables included vertical jump performance, static stability (mediolateral [ML], center of pressure [COP], anteroposterior [AP] COP, ${\Delta}COPx$, ${\Delta}COPy$, and COP area), postural stability index values (ML stability index [MLSI], AP stability index [APSI], vertical stability index [VSI], dynamic postural stability index [DPSI]), and GRF components (ML force, AP force, peak vertical force [PVF], and loading rate). To analyze the variables measured in this study, PASW version 22.0 was used to calculate the mean and standard deviation, while a paired t-test was used to evaluate the pre- versus post-fatigue results. Pearson's correlation coefficients among variables were also analyzed. The statistical significance level was set at ${\alpha}$ = .05. Results: Vertical jump performance decreased significantly after the induction of fatigue, while AP COP, ${\Delta}COPx$, COP area, APSI, VSI, and DPSI increased significantly. PVF and loading rate increased significantly after the induction of fatigue, while the postural stability variables (AP COP, ${\Delta}COPy$, COP area, APSI, VSI, DPSI) were similarly correlated with GRF components (PVF, loading rate) after fatigue was achieved (r = .600, $R^2$ = 37%). Conclusion: These results suggest that the induction of fatigue can decrease postural stability and exercise performance of Taekwondo athletes during training and competition sessions.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.132-138
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• 2023

Purpose: This study compared the effects of the elastic resistance and general training for college Taekwondo athletes, and investigated the biomechanical ability and lower extremity function according to the movement speed of the knee joint. Methods: Twenty university student Taekwondo athletes participated voluntarily in this study. The subjects performed general resistance training for four weeks, followed by elastic resistance training for another four weeks. The biomechanical parameters during the fast and slow isokinetic conditions, Y-balance ability, and vertical jump ability were measured three times: before training, after general resistance training, and after elastic resistance training. Statistical analysis was performed under isokinetic conditions and the intervention effect. Results: The biomechanical ability differed significantly between fast and slow isokinetic conditions (p<0.05). An analysis of the training method revealed a significant difference in the maximum knee extension speed and the posterior-lateral direction of the Y-balance test (p<0.05). Conclusion: Elastic resistance training had a more positive effect on the functional task performance than biomechanical factors related to muscular strength compared to general resistance training. In addition, speed-related knee biomechanical information of subjects with strong physical abilities could be utilized in sports physiotherapy.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.199-204
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to present a new idea of methodology to evaluate Poomsae performance using inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors in terms of signal processing techniques. Method: Ten collegian Taekwondo athletes, consisting of five Poomsae elite athletes (age: 21.4 ± 0.9 years, height: 168.4 ± 11.3 cm, weight: 65.0 ± 10.6 kg, experience: 12 ± 0.7 years) and five breaking demonstration athletes (age: 21.0 ± 0.0 years, height: 168.4 ± 4.7 cm, weight: 63.8 ± 8.2 kg, experience: 13.0 ± 2.1 years), voluntarily participated in this study. They performed three different black belt Poomsae such as Goryeo, Geumgang, and Taebaek Poomsae repeatedly twice. Repeated measured motion data on the wrist and ankle were calculated by the methods of cosine similarity and Euclidean distance. Results: The Poomsse athletes showed superior performance in terms of temporal consistency at Goryeo and Taebaek Poomsae, cosine similarity at Geumgang and Taebaek Poomsae, and Euclidian distance at Geumgang Poomsae. Conclusion: IMU sensor would be a useful tool for monitoring and evaluating within-subject temporal variability of Taekwondo Poomsae motions. As well it distinguished spatiotemporal characteristics among three different Poomsae.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.105-115
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• 2024

This study aimed to analyze the impact of mental strength on the competitive performance of student Taekwondo sparring athletes. A total of 343 middle school, high school, and university students registered as Taekwondo sparring athletes with the Korea Taekwondo Association were conveniently sampled. The Mental Toughness Test developed by Loehr was utilized after expert consultations. Data analysis involved t-tests and one-way ANOVA to assess the levels of mental strength sub-factors based on general characteristics, followed by post hoc tests using the Schéffe method for intergroup comparisons. Correlation analysis and multiple regression were conducted to examine the relationship between sub-factors of mental strength and competitive ability. The results indicated significant differences in mental strength sub-factors-confidence, level of awakening regulation, visualization and mental imagery regulation, motivation level, positive energy, and attitude control-based on gender and age among Taekwondo sparring student athletes. In terms of perceived competitive ability, significant differences were found based on age and sports experience. Consequently, beyond psychological training, the study revealed that age and diverse experiences positively influence specific aspects of mental strength among Taekwondo sparring student athletes. Therefore, coaching and training for these athletes, particularly during middle and high school years, should incorporate psychological aspects alongside diverse competition experiences and training to help overcome performance evaluation anxieties during matches.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.1350-1362
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• 2023

This study aims to identify the influence of the image of Chinese Taekwondo leaders at university on the athlete's grit, psychological state, and performance. The analysis is expected to contribute to the quality development of Chinese universities' Taekwondo program in the future. For this study, a population was selected from athletes at a university in Henan Province, China. The samples were taken by convenience sampling method. Of the 380 questionnaires retrieved, a total of 365 were used to process the results, excluding 15 insincere responses or missing values. The collected data were conducted by frequency analysis, correlation analysis, reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 23.0 program. The results of this study are as follows. First, the sub-factors of the leader image, the leader's social activities and vocational awareness, qualities, tasks and roles, were found to have a significant impact on the grit of taekwondo athletes. Second, the sub-factors of the leader image, the leader's social activities and vocational awareness, qualities, attitudes, tasks and roles had significant impact on the phychological state of taekwondo athletes. Third, social activities, vocational awareness, quality, and attitude of the leader, which are the sub-factors of the leader image, have a significant impact on the performance of taekwondo athletes.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2009

Purpose: We intended to classify the pattern and to seek the cause of fractures and/or dislocations related to middle and high school Taekwondo athletes in competition and try to get the ways for preventing them. Materials and Methods: We studied 50 fractures and dislocations of the athletes in competition, which were surveyed in 2005-2007 national middle and high school Taekwondo tournament annually. We analyzed the type and the cause of the injury, performed survey at postinjury l year in 32 cases, sought proper treatments and methods for prevention. Results: The 26 cases (52%) of foot fracture, 15 cases (30%) of hand fracture and 9 cases (18%) of forearm fracture are occurred in this study. The 9 cases (28%) of satisfaction in treatment, 15 cases (47%) of average and 8 cases (25%) of dissatisfaction are surveyed in the 32 cases. The causes of dissatisfaction are lack of rest (7 cases), excessive training (5 cases), immoderate participation of match (6 cases) and the others. The athletes were returned to the match before complete recovery in 21 cases (67%). Conclusion: The causes of fractures and dislocations in middle and high school Taekwondo athletes were stroke on upper and lower extremities and high-speed hyperflexion injury that was occurred during spraining of great toe on the floor. We consider that the athletes need the development of effective protector, improvement of equipment in stadium and enough rest and education.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.237-249
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• 2002

This study was done to evaluate the nutritional status and the desirable time and period for making dietary records in male high school Taekwondo athletes. Nutrient and flood intake was investigated using dietary record method during usual training (UT, for 29 days) and special training (ST, for 17 days) periods in nine Taekwondo athletes. Nutrient intake by 7-d and 3-d dietary record were compared to the standard nutrient intake, which was computed from dietary record during total period of UT or ST. Total mean energy intake was 2278 kcal, 84% of RDA, and mean intakes of riboflavin, Ca and Fe were less than 77% of RDA. Mean intakes of energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, cholesterol, thiamin, riboflavin, and P decreased during ST (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Mean intakes of vegetables and grains ware the highest in the two periods and following were beverages and instant floods in UT, and meats and fruits in ST. During ST, mean intakes of mushrooms, meats and their products, and instant floods decreased, and sugars and sweets increased (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The contribution of grains and their products, instant floods, and meats and their products to mean intakes of energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat were high. In snacks, the contribution of instant floods, breads and confections and beverages was high. During UT, cholesterol intake at weeks 1 and 3, and intakes of protein, fat, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin at week 4 by 7-d dietary record were different from their standard intakes (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Intakes of VA, Ca and Fe at week 1, and intakes of carbohydrates, cholesterol rind crude fiber at week 4 by 3-d dietary record were different from their standard intakes (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). During ST, VC intake at week 5, and energy intake from carbohydrate and cholesterol intake at week 6 by 7-d dietary record were different from their standard intakes (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Cholesterol intake at week 7, and energy intake from carbohydrates and fat, and intakes of protein, fat, cholesterol and riboflavin by 3-d dietary record were different from their standard intakes (p < 0.05 o. p < 0.01). In conclusion, empty-calorie floods can be a main source of diet and snacks for Taekwondo athletes, and education about desirable nutrients and floods intakes is needed to help them control their weight. When investigating the nutritional status of Taekwondo athletes in the future, the 7-day or 3-day dietary record is desirable provided they are conducted in the milddle of each period artier distinguishing UT from ST period.