• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of muscle fatigue on proprioception in the type of taekwondo training, causing injury to taekwondo athletes. METHODS: The subjects were divided into Taekwondo Kyorugi athletes (n = 14) and Taekwondo Poomsae athletes (n = 14). After inducing muscle fatigue to the subjects, the joint position sense (JPS) and the force reproduction sense (FRS) were measured before and immediately after the induction of muscle fatigue. RESULTS: Studies have shown no significant impact on the JPS and FRS caused by muscle fatigue induced by Poomsae and Kyorugi (p > .05). The JPS, however, showed a significant difference before and after Kyorugi (p < .05). The FRS showed significant differences before and after Poomsae (p < .05). Through this study, the injuries to taekwondo athletes appear to be influenced by the joint position and force reproduction. Moreover, the injury appears to affect the joint position sense in Kyorugi athletes and the force reproduction sense in Poomsae athletes. CONCLUSION: The results will contribute to injury prevention and athlete protection. In addition, the information can be used as basic data for the development of sports injuries prevention and rehabilitation programs for Taekwondo athletes. Research is needed on the customized management of sports methods and self-care to prevent sports damage, considering the athletic characteristics of the taekwondo athletes in the future.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.275-281
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• 2015

Objective : In order for Taekwondo athletes to perform destructive kicking performance, they are expected to have Taekwondo-specific muscle properties such as high muscle strength and power. The purpose of this study was to investigate the joint angle-dependent force-producing property of Taekwondo athletes' knee extensor muscles, which is one of the primary muscle groups involved in kicking performance. Method : Ten Taekwondo male athletes (age: $19.9{\pm}0.7yrs$, height: $180.6{\pm}6.2cm$, body mass: $75.9{\pm}8.9kg$, career: $9.2{\pm}2.9yrs$.) and 10 healthy male non-athletes (age: $26.3{\pm}2.6yrs$, height: $174.2{\pm}4.8cm$, body mass: $72.8{\pm}7.7kg$) participated in this study. Subjects performed maximum isometric knee extension at knee joint angles of $40^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, $80^{\circ}$, and $100^{\circ}$ (the full knee extension was set to $0^{\circ}$) with the hip joint angles of $0^{\circ}$ and $80^{\circ}$ (the full extension was set to $0^{\circ}$). During the contractions, knee extension torque using an isokinetic dynamometer simultaneously with muscle activities of the rectus femoris (RF), and the vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis (VM) using surface electromyography were recorded. Based on the torque values at systematically different knee-hip joint angles, the joint torque-angle relationships were established and then the optimal joint angle for the knee extensor was estimated. Results : The results of this study showed that the isometric knee extension torque values were greater for the Taekwondo athletes compared with the non-athlete group at all hip-knee joint angle combinations (p<.05). When the hip joint was set at $80^{\circ}$, the peak isometric torque was greater for the Taekwondo athletes compared with the non-athlete group ($313.61{\pm}36.79Nm$ and $221.43{\pm}35.92Nm$, respectively; p<.05) but the estimated optimum knee joint angles were similar ($62.33{\pm}5.71^{\circ}$ and $62.30{\pm}4.67^{\circ}$ for the Taekwondo athletes and non-athlete group, respectively). When the hip joint was set at $0^{\circ}$, the peak isometric torque was greater for the Taekwondo athletes compared with the non-athlete group ($296.29{\pm}45.13Nm$ and $199.58{\pm}25.23Nm$, respectively; p<.05) and the estimated optimum knee joint angle was larger for the Taekwondo athletes compared with the non-athlete group ($78.47{\pm}5.14^{\circ}$ and $67.54{\pm}5.77^{\circ}$, respectively; p<.05). Conclusion : The results of this study suggests that, compared with non-athletes, Taekwondo athletes have stronger knee extensor strength at all hip-knee joint angle combinations as well as longer optimum muscle length, which might be optimized for the event-specific required performance through prolonged training period.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.183-189
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• 2010

The balanced performance of dominant and non-dominant leg is very important to Taekwondo sparring. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether elite Taekwondo athletes would have balanced biomechanical performance and intra-limb coordination in executing different types of Taekwondo kicks. Twelve athletes(more than 10 year practice experience) participated in this study and performed six basic kicks(i.e., the front, roundhouse, side, back, thrashing, and turning-back kick). Results indicated no statistical difference on response time, peak kicking velocity, single limb vertical jump height, and angle-angle plot between dominant leg and non-dominant leg(p>.05). In conclusion, elite Taekwondo athletes had equivalent ability between dominant leg and non-dominant leg in performing Taekwondo kicks. This might be an advantage to elite athletes for Taekwondo sparring because they could use both leg without any restriction.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.85-93
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate a relationship among Taekwondo, soccer and gymnastic athletes their balance ability and lower extremity muscle strength, muscle endurance and also whether these variables show differences by sports type. For this purpose, 10 Taekwondo athletes, 10 soccer athletes and 10 gymnastic athletes that is a high school in I area were selected and their balance ability, isokinetic muscle strength and muscle endurance were measured by using force platform (AMTI) and isokinetic measurement (HUMAC NORM). Then the following results were obtained by conducting pearson product-moment correlation analysis and one-way ANOVA. In case of both right and left foot one-leg standing with open-eyes, there was a relation between both knee extension maximal muscle strength of Taekwondo, soccer, gymnastic athletes and balance ability, and in case of right foot one-leg standing with open-eyes, there was a relation between that is right plantar flexion and dorsi flexion maximum muscle strength and muscle endurance of Taekwondo, soccer, gymnastic athletes and their balance ability. Furthermore, in case of left dorsi flexion maximum muscle strength, there were significant differences in order of Taekwondo, gymnastics and soccer, and for isokinetic plantar flexion maximum muscle endurance, both right and left showed significant differences in order of Taekwondo, gymnastic and soccer.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.142-151
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to verify the research model and identify the causal relationship among leader's super leadership, self-leadership, psychological empowerment, sport commitment and performance perceived by Taekwondo athletes. The subjects of the study were middle and high school Taekwondo athletes registered in the Korea Taekwondo Association in 2020 and 2021, and data from 454 people were used as final effective samples through convenience sampling. The collected data used the SPSS 23.0 version and the Amos 21.0 version to verify the hypothesis. As a result, the following conclusions were obtained. First, we discovered that the leader's super leadership had a positive impact on the athlete's self-leadership, psychological empowerment, and sport commitment. Second, we found that the athlete's self-leadership had a positive effect on psychological empowerment, sport commitment, and performance. Third, we found that athlete's psychological empowerment had a positive effect on sport commitment and performance. Fourth, we found that the athlete's sport commitment had a negative effect on performance. Therefore, this study has reminded us about importance of psychological empowerment and sport commitment for explaining the relationship between leadership type and performance perceived by Taekwondo athletes, and might contribute to the theoretical discussion of variables related to athletes' performance.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.415-430
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• 2013

In the present study, injuries in Taekwondo athletes during training and competitions was investigated via questionnaire. The purpose of this research lies in encouraging Taekwondo instructors and trainees to take precautions against injuries furnishing a variety of data obtained by analyzing the causes of injuries by region with ones undergoing a training. Understanding how frequently trainees get injured by region. we will be able to promote safety. which is such a meaningful move to improve training condition. The subjects of this study were 413 playes at the gym focusing on South Chungcheong province. Questionnaires for taekwondo players had the results as follows. The research reveals that physical injuries among Taekwondo athletes are caused by various reasons, regardless of sex and grade, and that the injures are repeatedly occurring, Therefore, in order t prevent and minimize the occurrence f injuries among Taekwondo athletes, not only the athletes but also trainers, business administrators, and educators need to pay careful attentions and take necessary measures accordingly. Also, pre-education on precaution against injuries must be put into practice thoroughly and an environment in which the inured could receive swift first aid treatment as well as follow-up measures shall be formed. this, in the end, is expected to contribute in improving not only the health of the athletes but also their performances in matches.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 2024

Background: In Taekwondo athletes, ankle sprain is the most common risk factor for injury. Repeated ankle injuries lead to weakness and imbalance of the ankle muscles, resulting in chronic ankle instability (CAI). Both the ankle and toe muscles contribute to the inversion and eversion of the foot at the subtalar joint. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the ankle and toe joint positions when measuring ankle invertor and evertor strength. Objects: This study aimed to compare the muscle strength and ratio differences of the ankle invertor and evertor muscles in both the toe and ankle positions between the CAI and uninjured sides in Taekwondo athletes. Methods: Fifteen Taekwondo athletes participated in this study. The isometric strengths of both the ankle invertor and evertor were determined in different ankle and toe positions (dorsiflexion with toe extension, dorsiflexion with toe flexion, plantarflexion with toe extension, and plantarflexion with toe flexion). Paired t-tests were used to determine the differences between the ankle invertor and evertor in strength and ratio according to toe and ankle positions between the ankle CAI side and the uninjured side. Results: The results demonstrated that ankle evertor strength significantly decreased in all ankle and toe positions on the CAI side (p < 0.05). In addition, significant differences were observed in the ratios of the ankle invertor and evertor strengths in the dorsiflexion with toe flexion, plantarflexion with toe extension, and plantarflexion with toe flexion positions (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that athletes, trainers, and clinicians should consider ankle and toe positions when measuring invertor and evertor strength and develop ankle rehabilitation protocols for Taekwondo athletes with CAI.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.109-124
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• 2024

The aim of this paper is to design and evaluate calf braces that are equipped with Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) modules. These braces are intended to alleviate calf pain in PARA Taekwondo athletes. The paper also seeks to assess the effects of different textile electrode designs. PARA Taekwondo participants are at a heightened risk of injuries and pain due to the nature of this exercise, which is designed for individuals with disabilities. Additionally, there is a significant risk of strain on the lower limb muscles in PARA Taekwondo compared to regular Taekwondo. To address this issue, calf taping methods are commonly used. In this study, we develop calf EMS protective gear and aim to examine the effects of different textile electrode designs inspired by taping methods. We evaluate the differences in the effects of three different textile electrode designs through visual analog scale (VAS) and range of motion (ROM) measurements. The results show that EMS protective gear has the potential to reduce calf pain among PARA Taekwondo athletes, with electrode designs inspired by kinesiology taping providing the most effective pain relief. This research suggests that these findings may be applicable to other sports disciplines, body areas, and everyday pain relief scenarios.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.525-538
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• 2019

The objective of this study is to verify the effects of the Taekwondo athletes' sports participation motivation on the achievement orientation and achievement behaviors and to verify the mediating effect of the achievement orientation. The subjects of this study were 256 athletes' in Honam. The questionnaire data were utilized for verification of hypotheses through structural equation model analysis. As a result of verification, Taekwondo athletes' sports participation motivation presented a statistically significant positive correlation with their achievement orientation. The achievement orientation showed a significant positive effect on the achievement behaviors with the mediating effect of the achievement orientation. Finally, the result of this study is meaningful in a point of view of the effect of Taekwondo athletes' sports participation motivation on the achievement orientation and achievement behaviors. It is worthwhile to verify the mediation effect of achievement orientation.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.298-303
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to figure out how PAP (Post-Activation Potentiation) phenomenon affects short-term performance efficiently. Methods: This study was conducted with 18 Taekwondo athletes and 16 healthy adults. By using isokinetic dynamometer, two different intervention, TDP (Top-down program) and BUP (Bottom-up program), were performed to measure isokinetic parameter; (peak torque: PT, total work: TW, average power: AP, and average torque: AT) of knee extensor for intragroup, intergroup comparison and two-way ANOVA. Results: The Taekwondo athletes group showed statistically significant differences in all isokinetic parameters PT, TW, AP, and AT after TDP (p<0.05). However, in the healthy adult group, the difference in isokinetic parameters according to the exercise sequence was not statistically significant. (p>0.05). PT and TW at TDP were statistically significant (p<0.05) when the rate of change in TDP and BUP was compared and analyzed considering the difference in physical ability between the Taekwondo athlete group and the healthy adult group. However, AP and AT were not statistically significant. Finally, when examining the interaction between the two groups and two exercise sequence according to isokinetic parameters, only TW (p<0.05) showed a statistically significant interaction, while PT (P=0.099), AP (P=0.103), and AT (P=0.096) did not. This study suggests that short-term performance can be improved through the PAP phenomenon when TDP is applied to the Taekwondo group. Conclusion: According to our result, for Taekwondo athletes, if the goal is to improve short-term performance just before the main game, we suggest a training program through TDP.