• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.39-50
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• 1987

The authors studied paranoid ideation and obsession, using Derogatis s' SCL-90, in the subjects of 2,564 male and 1,252 female college freshmen of Yeungnam University. The authors collected the reports of Self-Rating Paranoid ideation and Obsession Scale during the periods from January to February, 1987, and applied ANOVA and t-test on paranoid ideation and obsession scores in order to compare them between various psychosocial factors, and sexes. The results are as follows: 1. There was not significant difference in the mean averages of total paranoid ideation scores between male and female students : male students scored $4.16{\pm}3.09$, female students scored $4.16{\pm}2.91$. 2. High scored items were delusion and suspiciousness. 3. Fifty-nine male students (2.3%) showed high paranoid ideation scores of 12 or higher, while twenty-six female students(2.1%) showed the same scores. 4. There was strong tendency toward higher paranoid ideation scores in the students who were dissatisfied with their home atmosphere, college, department and familiarity of parents and those who had pessimistic view of self in the past, present or future in both group(respectively P<0.001). The male students who believed protestantism showed higher level of paranoid ideation scores (P<0.01). The male students who attened the department of fine art showed higher level of paranoid ideation scores (P<0.05). 5. There was significant difference in the mean averages of total obsession scores between male and female students (P<0.05) : male students scored $10.40{\pm}5.43$, female students scored $10.75{\pm}5.02$. 6. High scored Items were perfectionism, indecisiveness, inattention & obsessive thoughts. 7. Thirty-eight male students(1.6%) showed high obsession scores of 25 or higher, while fifteen female students(1.2%) showed the same scores. 8. There was strong tendency toward higher obsession scores in the students who were dissatisfied with their home atmosphere, college, department and familiarity of parents and those who had pessimistic view of self in the past, present, or future in both group(respectively P<0.001). The female students who attended the department of home economics & whose educational fees were paid by her brothers & sister, showed higher level of obsession scores(respectively P<0.01).

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.71-90
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• 1996

There is considerable current interest in the effect of regular vigorous exercise and in particular endurance-running as a possible measure in improving myocardial function. Some data indicate that the aging heart may actually suffer from vigorous endurance exercise. On the contrary appropriate exercise in aged animals improves myocardial function and aerobic energy metabolism. So far there is relatively little data to indicate that endurance exercise is in fact beneficial in improving myocardial function or damaging to heart of aged animals. The present investigation aimed to study the possible effect of a long range treadmill training program on the heart in aging rats. Male rats aged 3, 10, and 20 months were divided at random into a control (sedentary) and an exercise group. The training group was exercised for 5 days a week on an automated treadmill for 20minutes at 18m/min over a period of 5 months. The exercise regimen of our experiments did not cause any significant changes in the tissues and ultrastructural as com-pared with sedentary age-matched control. Tissues and ultrastructures of myocardial cells in trained group aged 8 months are intact and well organized as well as sedentary control group. Age associated tissue and ultrastructural changes of trained group aged 15 months included : an increase in transformed mitochondria, vacuoles, lysosomes, lipid droplets and early lipofuscin. But the trained heart did not show significant difference in tissue and ultrastructural properties from those of sedentary controls. Endurance-trained group aged 25 months showed significant qualitative tissue and ultrastructural difference as compared with age-matched controls. In addition to those found in 25 months control group, focal necrosis, myofibril fraying, hypercontraction band, seperation of intercalated discs, degenerating nucleus and infiltration of collagenous fiber into myocyte were noted in trained 25 months group. The stereological examination of the mi-crographs disclosed no significant difference in the myoflbril, mitochondrion, sarcotubule and in-terstitium volume density and surface density of mitochondrial cristae and numerical density of mitochondria between trained and control group aged 8 and 15 months. In the trained 25 months group, significant increase in volume density of interstitium, lipofucsin granule were shown as compared to untrained age-matched control. On the other hand, significant decrease in mitochondrion volume density was shown. The myofibril volume density did not differ between trained and control group although trained group showed slight increase. From the data obtained a reduced mitochondria/myofibrils ratio was found in trained rat heart aged 25 months and there was no difference between trained and control rat aged 15 months. But a slight but not significant increase was found in the trained group aged 8 months as compared with same age control group. Such increase in the ratio in young animals is considered to be of great importance to cardiac pumping and adaptability. Whereas such adaptations don't seem to occur in aged heart muscle. This study proposed that repeated endurance exercise do not cause any significant qualitative and quantitative ultrastructural change of heart muscle in young(3months) and adult (10months) suggesting that the heart is able to adapt to the exercise. On the contrary, the repeated endurance exercise stress may actually induce degenerative changes in the aged heart muscle(20months).

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.26-39
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• 2003

The elderly can experience a lot of stressful events and the stress acts as a various fluent that affects a well-being level, the self-contentment of lives, and the achievements by themselves. Also, the elderly are different from the young in many unexpressed stress and have diverse copings for perceived stress. Moreover, they mainly seem to use a problem-focused coping and an emotion-focused coping. To use whatever copings is to improve the quality of life in the old period and very important fact to achieve their ends. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Perceived Stress and the Ways of Coping in the Elderly and to gain the baseline data for development of nursing intervention program for improve to the quality of life in the elderly. The design of this study was a correlational study. The subjects of this study consisted of 230 of the elderly living in Pusan. The data was collected from 1st July. to 1st September, 2002. The instruments used for this study were 'Perceived Stress Scale(20items, 5point. scale)' developed by Kang In(1990) and translated by Lee young-ja(1999), and its reliability is Cronbach's ${\alpha}=.89$. 'Coping Scale(30items, 4point. scale, 14 items about a problem-focused coping, 16 items about an emotion-focused coping, 4 points scale) developed by Lazarus & Folkman(1984) and translated by Yang Young-hee(1998). The reliability of this study is Cronbach's ${\alpha}=.90$. The data was analyzed by the SPSS WIN 10.0 program using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA & Scheffe test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results of this study were as follows; 1. The mean score of perceived stress was $31.75{\pm}10.23$(Min 20, Max 100), which the item mean score was $1.59{\pm}.51$(Min 1, Max 5). 2. The number of subjects in a problem-focused coping was 72(31.3%), the number of subjects in an emotion-focused coping was 158(68.7%) 3. There were statistically significant positive correlation between perceived stress and problem-focused coping method and the more emotion-focoused coping method.(r=.180, r= .209, P< .05). It means the more stress, the more problem-focused coping method and the more emotion-focused coping method. 4. There was significant difference the score of perceived stress according to sex (F=-5.057, P=.000)marital status, (F=-2.909, P=.004), economic level, (F=10.243, P=.000), paticipated meeting, (F=9.346, P=.000), perceived health status(F=5.117, P=.007). 5. There was significant difference the score of problem-focused coping method according to age(F=14.200, P=.000), marital status (F=2.432, P=.0160), economic level (F=14.410, P=.000), monthly income, (F=8.300. P=.000), income resource (F=10.235, P=.000), educational level (F=15.222, P=.000), occupation (F=1.544, P=.041), paticipated meeting (F=4.936, P=.008), perceived health status(F=5.655, P=.004). And there was significant difference the score of emotion-focused coping method according to monthly income(F=4.781, P=.009), income resource(F=2.930, P=.035), educational level(F=6.101, P=.003), religionF=2.698, P=.032), paticipated meetings(F=7.285, P=.001). As a result of the study, the elderly had a bit less stress and the two-thirds of the elderly used the emotion-focused coping. Thus, the more perceived stress, the more problem-focused coping method and the more emotion-focused coping method. Accordingly, to improve the quality of life of the elderly, there needs and applies a nursing intervention program that relieves the stress and use effective coping method.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2001

Purpose : This study was peformed to evaluate the cosmetic outcome of conservative treatment for early breast cancer and to analyze the factors influencing cosmetic outcome. Materials and Methods : From February 1992 through January 1997, 120 patients with early breast cancer were treated with conservative surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. The types of conservative surgery were quadrantectomy and axillary node dissection for 108 patients $(90\%)$ and lumpectomy or excisional biopsy for 10 patients $(8.3\%)$. Forty six patients $(38\%)$ received adjuvant chemotherapy (CMF or CAF). Cosmetic result evaluation was carried out between 16 and 74 months (median, 33 months) after surgery. The cosmetic results were classified into four categories, i.e., excellent, good, fair, and poor. The appearances of the patients' breasts were also analyzed for symmetry using the differences in distances from the sternal notch to right and left nipples. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent variables influencing the cosmetic outcome. Results : Cosmetic score was excellent or good in $76\%$ (91/120), fair in $19\%$ (23/120) and poor in $5\%$ (6/120) of the patients. Univariate analysis showed that tumor size (T1 versus T2) (p=0.04), axillary node status (N0 versus N1) (p=0.0002), extent of surgery (quadrantectomy versus lumpectomy or excisional biopsy) (p=0.02), axillary node irradiation (p=0.0005) and chemotherapy (p=0.0001) affected cosmetic score. Multivariate analysis revealed that extent of surgery (p=0.04) and chemotherapy (p=0.0002) were significant factors. For breast symmetry, univariate analysis confirmed exactly the same factors as above. Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor size (p=0.003) and lymph node status (p=0.007) affected breast symmetry. Conclusion : Conservative surgery and postoperative radiotherapy resulted in excellent or good cosmetic outcome in a large portion of the patients. Better cosmetic results were achieved generally in the group of patients with smaller tumor size, without axillary node metastasis and treated with less extensive surgery without chemotherapy.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.625-641
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• 2003

Background: This study presents a biomechanical and histometric comparison of bone response to implants with various area of hydroxyapatite(HA) coating. Methods: The implants were placed in the tibia of 10 rabbits weighing 2.5-3.5kg. The control group had a machined surface, the experimental group 1 had 50${\mu}m$ thick HA coated in a band form, and the experimental group 2 had 50${\mu}m$ thick HA coated on the entire surface. 8 weeks after implantation, the animals were sacrificed. Removal torque was measured and histologic preparation was also performed for histologic and histometric analysis. Bone to implant contact as well as percentage of bone area inside threads were measured. ANOVA post hoc, and t-test were used for statistical analysis with p-value p<0.05. Results: 1. The removal torques were 9.36${\pm}$5.64 Ncm, 48.40 ${\pm}$ 16.66 Ncm, and 82.37${\pm}$22.56 Ncm for the control, exp. 1, and exp. 2 group respectively. Statistically significant difference were found among all the groups(p<0.05). 2. Bone to implant contact in the cortical bone were 38.94${\pm}$10.9 %, 66.90${\pm}$14.1 %, 73.00${\pm}$19.4 %, in the marrow bone, 8.30${\pm}$5.4%, 14.59${\pm}$5.9%, 18.54${\pm}$11.8%, and in total, 22.40${\pm}$10.1%, 31,17${\pm}$7.5%, 41.41${\pm}$12.2% for the control, exp. 1, and exp. 2 group respectively . In the cortical bone, exp. 1, and exp. 2 group showed statistically significantly higher contact compared to control group. Total contact and in the marrow bone, only exp. 2 group showed statistically significantly higher contact compared to control group(p<0.05). In all the groups significantly higher contact were observed in the cortical bone compared to the marrow bone(p<0.05). 3. Percentage of bone area inside threads in the cortical bone were 55.68${\pm}$7.25%, 55.19${\pm}$13.19%, 57.04${\pm}$13.33%, in the marrow bone, 12.34${\pm}$14.61%, 17.56${\pm}$20.04%, 20.26${\pm}$12.83%, and in total, 30.30${\pm}$12.46%, 31.57 ${\pm}$15.15%, 34.25${\pm}$12.56% for the control, exp.1, and exp. 2 group respectively. There was no statistical difference among the groups. In all the groups significantly higher bone area were observed in the cortical bone compared to the marrow bone(p<0.05)

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.77-108
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to find out the present condition of clinical practice and to develop a scheme on the efficiency of clinical practice for nursing education in junior college of nursing in korea. This study was conducted by 2 sections. Ist section was to find out the present condition of clinical practice to 42 directors of nursing collegd and data were collected July 8 to September 30, 1988. 2nd section wat to develop a scheme on the efficiency of clinical practice for nursing education and subjects were nursing professors 258: and clinical nurses 223 in 42 junior nursing colleges their clinical settings in korea. So total subjects were 481. Data were collected july 8, 1988 to June 30, 1988 and were analysed to get the mean, standand deviation, frequency, percentage, t-test, x-test used by SPSS - pc. Major findings were as follows: 1. The present condition of clinical education in junior college of nursing in Korea. 1) 32 colleges (76.2%) were managed by a-yeas system. 2) 25 colleges (59.5%) were performed by individual practice for each subject. 3) 4 weeks interval between class education and clinical education was a major type among total colleges(36.6%, J5 colleges) 4) 30 colleges (71.4%) provided clinical education for all subjects that should be practiced. Nursing administration wes not practiced in 5 colleges (41.9%) among the remainder(12 colleges). The main cause that all practice subjects were not practiced was the lack or absence of suitable clinical settings(8 colleges. 66.7%) 5) 18 colleges (42.9%) responded that a clinical educator was, subject-charged professor. 6) 12 colleges (29.3%) responded that a clinical instructor was in charge of 6~10 students. 7) The evaluation ration ratio(professor to head nurse) by each evaluator was mostly 50% to 50 % and 60% to 40%, respectively 11 colleges(27.5%) The most common evaluation methods were evaluation by head nures, report, presence, conference (11 colleges, 27.5%) 8) The field carrier of professor was mostly 2 years (79 persons, 20.7%) and mean was 3.2 years. The education carrier of a professor was mostly over than 6 years (261 persons, 66.4%) and mean was 9.2 years. The charge hours per-week of a professor were mostly 16-18 hours (16 persons, 131.8%) 9) 34 colleges (82.9%) approved that clinical practice hour was class hour and 18 colleges (43.9 %) counted that 2 hours of clinical education equaled 1 hour of class education. 2. A study 'on the efficiency of clinical practice for nursing education. L) general characteristics of subjects were as follows: kung-sang province (145 persons, 30.5%), 30-34 years (190 persons, 39.8%), graduated degree (245 persons, 51.5%), 6-10 years of carrier (199 persons, 41.4%) were the majority. 2) suitable clinical setting was responded the systematic ward with responsible clinical educator by 210 persons(43.8%) The response by working field of subjects showed a significant difference (p< 0.01) 3) 259 subjects (54.0%) responded that the desirable qualfication of clinical instructor was 3-5 years of clinical experience with master degree or higher. 4) The mean score of desirable quality degree of clinical instructor was 3.43 professors, score (3.54) was significantly higher than clinical nurses' (3.28) (p<0.01) 412 subjects (86.0%) responded that the insufficient guality of instructor was improved by continuing to seek more new information in reference. 5) 196 subjects (41.4%) responded that desirable qualification of head nurse was more than 2 years of head position among 5 years of clinical experience. The response by working' field of subjects showed a significant difference (p<0.05) 6) The mean score of desirable quality degree of head nurse was 3.18 Clinical nurses' score(3.38) was significantly higher than professors' (3.01) (p<0.01) 419 subjects (87.8%) responded that the insufficient of head nurse was improved by continuing relationship with instructor and being responsible from planing of clinical education. 7) The mean score of performance level of the desirable clinical education guide incollege was 2.91 Professors' score (2.96) was significantly higher than clinical nurses' (2.84) (p<0.01) 340 subjects (71.1%) responded that the possible resolution for poor performance was the more specified syllabus of clinical education and the satisfiable orientation for students. 8) The mean score of performance level of the desirable clinical education guide in hospital was 3.03 9) 141 subjects (29.6%) responded that the desirable clinical evaluator was the group of professor, head nurse, staff nurse. Response by working field of subjects was a significant difference (p< 0.05) 10) The mean score of performance level of the evaluation content needed in clinical education was 3.50 Clinical nurses' score (3.56) was significantly higher than professors' (3.45) (p<0.01) 11) 433 subjects (90.2%) responded that6 desirable evaluation method for clinical education was the presence. 12) The mean score of performance level about how personal difference among clinical educators was minimized was 2.89 and response by working field of subjects was not significant. The cause of poor performance was too much workload at clinical settings and too many students st colleges by 386 subjects (81.1%).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters and trend of Landrace and Yorkshire pigs, which were raised on private farms from 1999 to 2005 and tested for their reproductive performance by the Korea Animal Improvement Association. Prior to analysis, records without pedigree or having value with larger than±3×standard deviation for the Total number of born were excluded. The effects of breed and environmental factors were estimated with least square method(Harvey, 1979), and estimation of breeding values and genetic parameters were performed on the data of 1’st litter only with GIBBSF90(Misztal, 2001) which was programmed according to Gibbs Sampling method based on Bayesian Inference by Gianola and Fernando(1986), Jensen(1994) and others. Gibbs sampling was performed 50,000 times for each parameter, and the first 5000 samples were regarded as those in burn-in period and thus, excluded for post hoc analysis. Total number of born and total number of accident were statistically significant(p<0.01) for the breed, farrowing year, farrowing season and parity effects, and the number born alive at birth was statistically significantp<(0.01) for the breed, farrowing year, farrowing season and parity effects. No particular trend was observed in the genetic and phenotypic improvement of the total number of born and number born alive at birth before 2001, when the piglet registration system started, but the tendencies of increasing for the total number of born and number born alive and decreasing for the total number of accident were observed since 2001. Somewhat higher heritability estimates of our study seems to be attributed to the situations that first parity records with poor farrowing performances were used in the analyses and it was impossible to obtain accurate reproductive performance due to the absence of criteria for record keeping at the level of individual farms.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.53-58
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• 2013

Purpose: To optimize correction method for SPECT/CT, image quality consisting of resolution and contrast was evaluated using three radioisotopes ($^{99m}Tc$, $^{201}Tl$ and $^{131}I$) and three different correction methods; attenuation correction (AC), scatter correction (SC) and both attenuation and scatter correction (ACSC). Materials and Methods: Images were acquired with a SPECT/CT scanner and a conventional CT protocol with an OESM reconstruction algorithm (2 iterations and 10 subsets). For resolution measurement, fixed radioactivity (2.22 kBq) was infused into a spatial resolution phantom and full width at half maximum (FWHM) was measured using a vendor-provided software. For contrast evaluation, radioactive source with a ratio of 1:8 to background was filled in a Flanged Jaszczak phantom and percent contrast (%) were calculated. All the parameters for image quality were compared with non-correction (NC) method. Results: As compared with NC, image resolution of all three isotopes were significantly improved by AC and ACSC, not by SC. In particular, ACSC showed better resolution than AC alone for $^{99m}Tc$ and $^{201}Tl$. Image contrast of all three radioisotopes in a sphere with the largest diameter were enhanced by all correction methods. ACSC showed the highest contrast in all three radioisotopes, which was the most accurate in $^{99m}Tc$ (85.9%). Conclusion: Image quality of SPECT/CT was improved in all the radioisotopes by CT-based attenuation correction methods, except SC alone. SC failed to improve resolution in any radioisotopes, but it was effective in contrast enhancement. ACSC would be the best correction method as it improved resolution in radioisotopes with low energy levels and contrast in radioisotope with low energy levels. However, in radioisotope with high energy level, AC would be better than ACSC for resolution improvement.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.674-678
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• 1998

The conventional surgical treatment of isolated critical stenosis of the left main coronary artery restores a less physiologic perfusion of the myocardium, leads to occlusion of the left coronary ostium, and consumes an appreciable length of bypass material. From June 1994 to February 1996, eleven patients, three male and eight female, underwent patch angioplasty and additional bypass graft to left anterior descending artery (10 internal mammary artery, 1 saphenous vein) in isolated critical left main coronary artery stenosis. Their ages ranged from 34 to 62 years, mean 44 years. All had 60% to 90% stenosis of the left main coronary artery and Class III angina. The angiogram showed nine osteal lesion and three main stem stenosis. The operation was performed with conventional cardiopulmonary bypass and cold blood cardioplegia. We approached anteriorly and used bovine pericardium as onlay patch in all patients. There were one leg wound dehiscence, but no operative deaths and infarctions. All patients are free of symptoms after a mean follow-up of 15.5 months. Angiographic restudy at an average 14.4 months was obtained in five patients and showed widely patent left main coronary artery with excellent runoff. But additional graft to left anterior descending coronary artery were stenosed in two patients and showed diminutive flow in others. Our preliminary results suggest that angioplasty of the left main coronary artery can be carried out with low operative risks. But additional bypass graft to left anterior descending coronary artery may be unnecessary. The technique appears to be a promising alternative to conventional coronary artery bypass grafting in isolated left main coronary artery stenosis.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate effect of claw trimming on milk yield and its composition in Holstein at different lactation stages. 1 . There was no difference in daily milk yield between control and claw trimming in early, mid and late lactating Holsteins. 2. Somatic cell count (SCC) was lower in early lactation and it was higher in late lactation when claws were trimmed in Holstein. However, claw trimming did not affect SCC during mid lactation in Holstein. 3. Milk fat, protein and total solids were decreased during late lactation in Holstein after claw trimming. However, milk composition was not affected by claw trimming in early and mid lactating Holsteins.