• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.121-134
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• 1995

To investigate the plant community structure in Pinus densiflora forest of Chuwangsan National Park, twenty five plots were set up and surveryed. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination techniques were applied to the study area. The plant community were divided into five groups in twenty five plots by DCA and the dividing groups were Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis community(I), P. densiflora-Q. serrata community(II), P. densiflora-Fraxinus sieboldiana community(III), P. densiflora-F. sieboldiana-Q. spp. community(IV) and P. densiflora-mixed deciduous forest community(V). The successional trends of tree species by DCA ordination techniques and DBH class distribution analysis seems to be from P. densiflora through Q. mongolica, Q. serrata to Carpinus laxiflora in the canopy layer group. And in the subtree and shrub layer, it was expected that Lespedeza maximowiczii, L. cytobotrya, Rhododendron mucronulatumlongrightarrowStyrax obassia, Stephandra insisa, Zanthoxylum schinifolimlongrightarrowAcer pseudo-sieboldianum, Lindera obtusiloba. There was no difference between the stand scores of DCA and soil pH, and soil moisture.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.241-254
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• 1999

The forest vegetation in Mts. Ilwol, Chongryang, Milim, Honglim, Yongdung, Agi and 607 m peak of the northen part of Kyungpook province, Korea was classified and described in terms of the physiognomy and numerical syntaxonomy. The forest was divided into the ten communities belonging to the three groups by the species combination of the tree layer based on their dominances. The three groups also were corresponded well with the result of cluster analysis. But the classification by TWINSPAN showed that the vegetation was divided into only two groups for having any ecological senses. A result of DCA was corresponded closely with that of TWINSPAN and explained some environmental factors. From the above results, it is concluded that the classification by the species combination of the tree layer is also applicable to the classification of plant communities. The above results were compared with the existing study results of the ZM phytosociology.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.462-468
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• 1998

Vegetational data from 25 quadrats of Quercus mongolica communities at Hangyeryong and Paekdamsa area in Soraksan National Park were analysed by applying two multivariate methods: two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN) for classification and canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) for ordination. The forest vegetation of Quercus mongolica community was classified into Quercus mongolica-Tilia amurensis, Quercus mongolica-Abies holophylla, Quercus mongolica-Styrax obassis, and Quercus mongolica-Quercus serrata groups according to the TWINSPAN. The relationships between the distribution of dominant groups according ot the TWINSPAN. The relationships between the distribution of dominant groups for forest vegetation and soil condition in Quercus mongolica communities were investigated by analysing elevation and soil nutrition gradients. Quercus mongolica-Tilia amurensis group was distributed in the high elevation and poor nutrition area of total nitrogen and C.E.C., Quercus monholica-Abies holophylla group was distributed in the high elevation and good nutrition area of total nitrogen and C.E.C., Quercus mongolica-Styrax obassia group was distributed in the medium elevation and poor nutrition area of total nitrogen and C.E.C., while Quercus mongolica-Quercus serrata group was distributed in the low elevation and poor nutrition area of total nitrogen and C.E.C.. The dominant factors influencing community distribution were elevation, total nitrogen and C.E.C..

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.111-125
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• 1997

To investigate the climax forest structure and to construct the ecological basic data, forty nine plots were set up and surveyed in Mt. Minjuji, Chungchongpukdo. According to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN, the community was divided by seven groups of Pinus densiflora-Carpinus laxiflora-Quercus serrata(community I), Q. mongolica-Q. serrata-Platycarya strobilacea(community II), Q. mongolica(community III), Fraxinus mandshurica-Acer mono(community IV), Cornus controversa-F. mandshurica(community V), F. mandshurica-Carpinus cordata(community VI), and F. mandshurica-C. laxiflora(community VII). In the results of the analysis of species structure, similarity, diversity and DBH, except for community I~III, it was founede out broadleaves-mixed-climax forest. Constructed basic data will be applied to sustainable development such as ecotourism, nature trail etc.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.134-146
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• 1993

A survey of the Chundong valley forest in Mt. Sobaek was conducted using 20 sample plots of 500$m^2$ size. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA, CCA ordination techniques were applied to the study area in order to classify them into several groups based on woody plants and environmental variables. By TWINSPAN techniques, the plant community were divided into four groups. The dividing groups are Pinus densiflora community, Qurcus variabilis -Q. mongolica -P. densiflora community, Fraxinus rhynchophylla community. The successional trends of tree species by DCA ordination techniques and DBH class distribution analysis seems to be from P. densiflora through Q. mongolica. Q. variabilis to F rhynchophylla. The correlation between the score of first two axes and soil pH, soil humus, soil calcium concentration, soil magnesium concentration was significantly positive in CCA ordination. The positive correlation between the score of first two axes of F. rhynchophylla community and soil humus, soil magnesium concentration and between ones of P. densiflora community and soil pH were calculated. But there is no correlation between species and environmental variables.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.369-378
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• 2002

To investigate the forest structure and to suggest the basic data of forest in the Baekcheon Valley, fifty plots were set up and surveyed According to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN. the community was divided by five groups of Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora(I), P. densiflora-Q. mongolica(II), Acer pseudosieboldianum-Q. mongolica(III). Betula schmidtii-A. pseudosieboldianum(IV), and Cornus controversa community(V). The structure of communities was investigated using importance value by layers The survey results were summarized as follows: 1) the results of annual ring analysis revealed that the age of Pinus densiflora forest was about 50~75 years old and Q. mongolica forest was about 40 years. 2) number of the average species was 11 1$\pm$2.2 and number of average individual was 74.6$\pm$28 1 per a plot(100$m^2$). From the above results including DBH distribution analysis it was anticipated that the deciduous broad leaf tree like C. controversa and B. schmidtii will be climax species instead of Q. mongolica. and P. densiflora.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.2
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• pp.262-269
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• 1994

In order to determine ecological niches of forests in Mt. ManDeok, the studies were analyzed on the methods of TWINSPAN and DCCA ordination. The results are summarized as follows ; Four groups were determined by TWINSPAN : Styrax japonica. Quercus variabilis-Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus mandshurica-Cornus controversa communities. In the relations of community structures and environmental factors, Styrax japonica community were distributed in the rich site of magnesium and organic matter, Quercus variabilis-Quercus mongolica community in the low potassium, Carpinus laxiflora community in the low available phosphorus, and the factors in influencing community distribution were elevation. The importance value of Quercus variabilis recorded the highest in all the quadrats sampled and the next values then came those Cornus controversa. Quercus variabilis, Lindera erythrocarpa. Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus mandshurica. Cornus controversa, Symplocos chinensis for pilosa, Acer mono, Carpinus laxiflora, and Styrax japonica in the orders. The species diversities of major dominant species recorded the highest value in the communities of Quercus variabilis-Quercus mongolica but they lowest value in the communities of Fraxinus mandshurica-Cornus controversa.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.4
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• pp.459-465
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• 1997

In order to determine ecological niches of forests in Mt. UnJang, the studies were analyzed on the methods of TWINSPAN and DCCA ordination. The results are summarized as follows : Six communities determined by TWINSPAN : Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Acer mono, Carpinus tschonoskii, Carpinus tschonoskii - Quercus variabilis, and Quercus mongolica community. In the relations of major community and environmental factors, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, and Acer mono community were distributed valley or evenness in the rich of organic matter. Elevation was high comparatively. Carpinus tschonoskii and Carpinus tschonoskii - Quercus variabilis community were distributed in the low elevation, in rich of MgO and $CaCO_3$. Quercus mongolica community were distributed in the high elevation, in low of MgO, $CaCO_3$. The factors in influencing community distribution were elevation. The importance value in all the quadrats sampled, Quercus mongolica recorded the highest and the next values then came those Cornus controversa, Acer mono, Fraxinus mandshurica, Quercus variabilis, Carpinus tschonoskii, Acer pseudosieboldianum Lindera erythrocarpa, Styrax obassia and Lindera obtusiloba in the orders.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.283-296
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• 1997

To investigate the plant community structure in valley and suggest the management of Mational Park, fifty plots were set up and surveyed in Jujeongol Valley, Soraksan National Park. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination technique were applied to the study area in order to classify them into several groups based on woody plants. The dividing groups were Quercus mpnngolica - Q. variabilis - Pinus densiflora community, P. densiflora community, Carpinus laxiflora community, Q. serrata community. The ecological trends of tree species by DCA ordination technique and DBH class distribution analysis was like that Q. mongolica - Q. variabilis - P. densiflora community and P. densiflora community seems to be trended from P. densiflora community to Q. mongolica community. Q. serrata community seems to be trended from Q. serrata community to C. laxiflora community and C. laxiflora will be maintaimed stable state.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.344-353
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• 2002

To investigate the forest structure and to suggest the basic data of forest in the Cheongoksan and near the ridge area, the Baekdudaegan, thirty-five plots were set up and surveyed. According to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN, the community was divined by four groups of Quercus mongolica-Fraxinus rhynchophylla(I). Q. mongolica-Acer pseudosieboldianum(II). Q. mongolica-Tripterygium regelii(III), and Q. mongolica-Rhododendron schlippenbachii community(IV). The structure of communities were investigated using importance value by layer. The survey results were summarized as follows:1) the results of annual ring analysis revealed that the age of forest in the Cheongoksan was about 30~150 years old, 2) number of the average species was 6.5$\pm$1.8 and number of average individuals was 68.3$\pm$39.9 per a plot(100$m^2$). From the above results, it was anticipated that Q. mongolica stand will be old-growth forest because they do not have competitor species and a specific ridge environment.