• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.170-176
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• 2008

Organic carbon distribution and carbon budget of a Quercus variabilis forest in the Youngha valley of Mt. Worak National Park were investigated. Carbon in above and below ground standing biomass, litter layer, and soil organic carbon were measured from 2005 through 2006. For the estimation of carbon budget, soil respiration was measured. The amount of carbon allocated to above- and below-ground biomass was 56.22 and 13.90 ton C ha$^{-1}$. Amount of organic carbon in annual litterfall was 2.33 ton C ha$^{-1}$ yr$^{-1}$. Amount of soil organic carbon within 50 cm soil depth was 119.14 ton C ha$^{-1}$ 50 cm-depth$^{-1}$. Total amount of organic carbon in this Q. variabilis forest was 193.96 ton C ha$^{-1}$. Of these, 61.43% of organic carbon was allocated in the soil. Net increase of organic carbon in above- and below-ground biomass in this Q. variabilis forest was estimated to 7.68 ton C ha$^{-1}$ yr$^{-1}$. The amount of carbon evolved through soil respiration was 6.21 ton C ha$^{-1}$ yr$^{-1}$. Net amount of 1.47 ton C ha$^{-1}$ yr$^{-1}$ was absorbed from the atmosphere by this Q. variabilis forest.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 2014

The present study estimated nitrogen budget of South Korea including nitrogen oxides (NOx) in 2011. Emission sources of NOx were calculated with the higher contributors, such as vehicles, businesses, power plants, based on the IPCC and EPA reports. Moreover, nitrogen budget was separated for city, agriculture livestock and forest. Input and output were chemical fertilizer, crop uptake, fixation, irrigation, compost, leaching, volatilization, imported food, denitrification, runoff, and so on. Annual nitrogen input were 1,692,650 ton/yr and output were 837,739 ton/yr which were increased from 2010 budget. In 2011, NOx emissions by vehicles, power plants, and businesses were 308,207 ton/yr, 601,437 ton/yr, and 469,946 ton/yr, respectively. Including nitrogen oxide, total nitrogen input and output in 2011 was calculated as 5,652,366 ton/yr and 1,425,371 ton/yr, respectively.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.315-325
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• 2014

Valuation of ecosystem services through organic carbon distribution and cycling in the Quercus mongolica forest at Mt. Worak national park were investigated from May 2012 through April 2013. The amount of carbon allocated to above and below ground biomass was 81.94 and 20.53 ton C/ha. Amount of organic carbon in litter layer was 6.49 ton C/ha. Amount of organic carbon within 50 soil depth was 141.23 ton C $ha^{-1}$ $50cm-depth^{-1}$. Total amount of organic carbon in this Quercus mongolica forest was estimated to 250.19 ton C $ha^{-1}$. The estimated amount of won in this Quercus mongolica forest in terms of total organic carbon was about 5.27 million won $ha^{-1}$. The amount of carbon evolved through soil respiration was 7.31 ton C $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. The amount of carbon evolved through microbial respiration and root respiration was 3.58 and 3.73 ton C $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. The amount of organic carbon absorbed from the atmosphere of this Quercus mongolica forest was 1.61 ton C $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ when estimated from the difference between net primary production and microbial respiration. This amount will come to about 33,000 won $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ in Korean currency.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.1
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• pp.93-100
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• 1999

This study has been carried out to estimate aboveground and soil carbon contents in an average 39-year-old Quercus mongolica and 40-year-old Quercus variabilis stands in Chungju, Chungbuk. Ten sample trees were cut in each forest and soil samples were collected. Aboveground carbon content was estimated by the equation model $Wt=aD^b$ where Wt is oven-dry weight in kg and D is DBH in cm. Total aboveground carbon content was 48.85tonC/ha in Quercus mongolica stand and 57.49tonC/ha in Quercus variabilis stand. The proportion of each tree component to total aboveground carbon content was high in order of bolewood, branches, bolebark, and leaves in the two forests. Aboveground net primary production was estimated at 5.88tonC/ha in Quercus mongolica stand and 5.12tonC/ha in Quercus variabilis stand. Soil carbon content was 67.0tonC/ha in Quercus mongolica stand, 67.8tonC/ha in Quercus variabilis stand, and 54.7tonC/ha in Pinus densiflora stand. There was no significant difference in soil carbon content among the three forests.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.332-338
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• 2015

Valuation of ecosystem services through organic carbon distribution and cycling in the Pinus densiflora forest at Mt. Worak National Park were investigated from January 2013 through December 2013. The amount of carbon allocated to above and below ground biomass was 32.17 and 8.04 ton C $ha^{-1}$. Amount of organic carbon in litter layer was 5.55 ton C $ha^{-1}$. Amount of organic carbon within 50cm soil depth was 58.62 ton C $ha^{-1}$ 50cm-$depth^{-1}$. Total amount of organic carbon in this Pinus densiflora forest was estimated to 104.38 ton C $ha^{-1}$. The estimated amount of won in this Pinus densiflora forest in terms of total organic carbon was about 10.44 million won $ha^{-1}$. The amount of carbon evolved through soil respiration was 4.44 ton C $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. The amount of carbon evolved through microbial respiration and root respiration was 2.18 and 2.27 ton C $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. The amount of organic carbon absorbed from the atmosphere of this Pinus densiflora forest was 0.44 ton C $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ when estimated from the difference between net primary production and microbial respiration. This amount will come to about 44,000 won $ha^{-1}$ in Korean currency.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.61-69
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• 2010

S.M.C (DSME), only operating gold mine in Korea, is processing about 160 ton/day to recover gold and more than 150 ton/day of tailing is produced. Some portion of the tailings are used as a filler material after drying, but most of them are stored on the tailing dam. As a result of chemical analysis by a fire assay method, it contained Au 1.5~2.0 g/ton and 225~300 g per day of gold is getting discarded. It is urgent to develop a technology to recover and reutilize Au. In the present study, flotation tests were carried out to recovery gold for the tailings. Test results show that products with gold grade 21.31 g/ton(Au grade) and 62.73% (Au recovery) were obtained under the optimal conditions including KAX addition rate 97.2 g/ton, frother AF 65 (0.248 l/ton) and depressant sodium silicate (4 kg/ton), it's possible to recover one of the most valuable metal Au, by re-feeding to rougher flotation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.6
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• pp.692-698
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• 2001

This study has been carried out to estimate aboveground biomass and net primary production(NPP) in an average 41-years-old Quercus variabilis stand of Gongju area, 45-years-old Quercus variabilis stand of Pohang area, and 54-years-old Quercus variabilis stand of Yangyang area. Ten sample trees were cut in each forest and soil samples were collected in July to August, 2000. Estimation for aboveground biomass and net primary production were made by the equation model $Wt=aD^b$ where Wt is oven dry weight in kg and D is DBH in cm. Total aboveground biomass was 91.31ton/ha in Gongju area, 207.6ton/ha in Pohang area, and 71.39ton/ha in Yangyang area. The aboveground biomass 207.6ton/ha in Pohang area is the highest biomass production among the amount of biomass in Quercus variabils stands reported in Korea. The proportion of each tree component to total aboveground biomass was high in order of bolewood, bolebark, branches and leaves in the three forests. Aboveground total net primary production was estimated at 7.8ton/ha in Gongju area, 11.5ton/ha in Pohang area, and 6.40ton/ha in Yangyang area. There were at least 2 times higher total aboveground biomass in Pohang area than in the Gongju and Yangyang areas because of climate difference among the study areas.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.3
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• pp.55-61
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• 1985

In an attempt to compare the mash and pelleting costs, individual production costs of eash mash and pelleting are analyzed. For the analysis, Park's model (1982) are used. According to the results of the analysis, the following conclusions are made. 1. Total energy cost for pelleting is 4 times higher than that for mash feed production. 2. Labor cost for pelleting is 20 % higher than that of mash feed. 3. Capital requirements for pelleting feed mill is approximately 20 % higher than that for mash feed mill when feed mill size is 200 ton/day. 4. Total production cost for pelleting is from 30 % to 50 % higher than that for mash feed when mill size ranges from 100 ton/day to 400 ton/day.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.313-321
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the emissions of the air pollutants from the automobile in Suwon city. To estimate emissions due to by automobile the data of express highway and the national road used an observation traffic volume, and the other roads used a method by Vehicle kilometer traveled(VKT). In the emissions due to by automobile from Suwon city, CO was highest 36,290.4 ton/year, NOx at 19,392.1 tons, HC 5,095.4 tons and PM 2,788.7 tons was highly order. SOx emissions in the whole Suwon city by fuel types was investigated with 178ton/year from the Diesel motorcar, 26.9 ton/year and 6.2 ton/year from the gasolines and LPG automobiles, respectively. VOC emissions from the automobile was investigated with 366.4 ton/year (29.22%) from Gwonseon-gu, 329.2 ton/year (26.25%) Yeongtong-gu, 319.9 ton/year (25.51%) Jangan-gu, 238.6 ton/year (19.03%) Paldal-gu.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.185-195
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• 2012

This paper focused on forecasting a short-term production of oysters, which have been farmed in Korea, with distinct periodicity of production by year, and different production level by month. To forecast a short-term oyster production, this paper uses monthly data (260 observations) from January 1990 to August 2011, and also adopts several econometrics methods, such as Multiple Regression Analysis Model (MRAM), Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) Model, and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). As a result, first, the amount of short-term oyster production forecasted by the multiple regression analysis model was 1,337 ton with prediction error of 246 ton. Secondly, the amount of oyster production of the SARIMA I and II models was forecasted as 12,423 ton and 12,442 ton with prediction error of 11,404 ton and 11,423 ton, respectively. Thirdly, the amount of oyster production based on the VECM was estimated as 10,425 ton with prediction errors of 9,406 ton. In conclusion, based on Theil inequality coefficient criterion, short-term prediction of oyster by the VECM exhibited a better fit than ones by the SARIMA I and II models and Multiple Regression Analysis Model.