• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.581-586
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• 2015

This paper has analyzed the variation of subthreshold swing for the ratio of channel length and thickness for asymmetric double gate MOSFET. The asymmetric double gate MOSFET has the advantage that the factors to control the short channel effects increase since top and bottom gate structure can be fabricated differently. The degradation of transport property due to rapid increase of subthreshold swing can be specially reduced in the case of reduction of channel length. However, channel thickness has to be reduced for decrease of channel length from scaling theory. The ratio of channel length vs. thickness becomes the most important factor to determine subthreshold swing. To analyze hermeneutically subthreshold swing, the analytical potential distribution is derived from Poisson's equation, and conduction path and subthreshold swing are calculated for various channel length and thickness. As a result, we know conduction path and subthreshold swing are changed for the ratio of channel length vs. thickness.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.120-126
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• 2018

Background: Minimizing scarring has long been a challenge in plastic surgery. Factors affecting scar formation are well known, but the effect of some patient-specific factors such as dermal thickness remains unverified. Management of factors predictive of scarring can improve postoperative patient satisfaction and scar treatment. Methods: For 3 years, we used ultrasonography to measure dermal thickness in female patients who had undergone thyroidectomy for cancer at our hospital. We confirmed the influence of dermal thickness on hypertrophic scar formation and the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale scar score 6 months after surgery. Results: There was a positive correlation between dermal thickness and scar score (p<0.05), and dermal thickness appears to be a cause of hypertrophic scar formation (p<0.05). Conclusion: Thick dermis was found to cause poor scar formation and hypertrophic scarring. Prediction of factors that can influence scar formation can be used to educate patients before surgery and can help in scar management and improvement in patient satisfaction.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.122-127
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• 2008

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical outcome of proximal plantar fasciitis after nonoperative treatment, and also to find the correlation of the heel pain with the plantar fascia thickness measured by ultrasonography. Materials and Methods: The study is based on 41 patients, 46 feet of the proximal plantar fasciitis that were treated conservatively with at least 12 months follow-up. All were treated with heel pad, Achilles and plantar fascia stretching and pain medications for at least 3 months. Heel ultrasonography was performed at the beginning of the treatment to measure the plantar fascia (PF) thickness and the echogenicity. PF thickness over 4 mm and less were grouped in to group A and B respectively to compare the clinical outcome. Results: Average thickness of the PF at the calcaneal attach was 5.2 mm. Symptom duration before the treatment was average 13.2 month; group A being 14.6 months and group B being 9.0 months with no significant difference (p=0.09). As functional evaluation, Roles-Maudsley score improved from 3.4 initially to 2.3 at final follow-up, while morning heel pain also improved from average VAS pain score of 7.2 to 4.0. However Maudsley and VAS score both didn't show statistical difference between the 2 groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Plantar fasciitis improved substantially with the nonoperative treatments. However, the 2 groups, divided according to 4 mm thickness by ultrasonography, didn't show significant difference in either symptom duration or in the clinical outcomes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.64-69
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• 1984

We found that the maximum efficiency of Al-MIS (p-Si) solar ceil was shown at 80$\AA$ thickness of Al-film which was deposited with slower velocity than 0.6$\AA$/sec. It was coated with ZnS and SiO for Anti-Reflecting. In single coating, ZnS and SiO film had maximum Isc at 570 and 690 A thickness, respectively. We confirmed that these results agreed well with the quarter coating condition; n1d1=λ/4. In double coating, we held the one layer with its optimum thickness in single coating and controlled the other layer. The maximum value of Isc in this case was almost the same with it in single coating but was maintained its value in so wide range of thickness. Keeping the relation; n1d1=n2d2 as another way, we made the total thickness of film thinner to 70-90% of the sum of each optimum thickness in single coating. In this case Isc was higher value than 20% of it in any other previous case and was retained so wide range of thickness.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.349-357
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• 2015

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of the core materials, thickness and fabrication methods of veneering porcelain on prosthesis fracture in the porcelain fused to metal and the porcelain veneered zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Forty nickel-chrome alloy cores and 40 zirconia cores were made. Half of each core group was 0.5 mm-in thickness and the other half was 1.0 mm-in thickness. Thus, there were four groups with 20 cores/group. Each group was divided into two subgroups with two different veneering methods (conventional powder/liquid layering technique and the heat-pressing technique). Tensile strength was measured using the biaxial flexural strength test based on the ISO standard 6872:2008 and Weibull analysis was conducted. Factors influencing fracture strength were analyzed through three-way ANOVA (${\alpha}{\leq}.05$) and the influence of core thickness and veneering method in each core materials was assessed using two-way ANOVA (${\alpha}{\leq}.05$). RESULTS. The biaxial flexural strength test showed that the fabrication method of veneering porcelain has the largest impact on the fracture strength followed by the core thickness and the core material. In the metal groups, both the core thickness and the fabrication method of the veneering porcelain significantly influenced on the fracture strength, while only the fabrication method affected the fracture strength in the zirconia groups. CONCLUSION. The fabrication method is more influential to the strength of a prosthesis compared to the core character determined by material and thickness of the core.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2005

The bathymetric and gravity data were obtained in 2001 and 2003 during a survey of seamounts in the northwest of the Marshall Islands, western Pacific. The study areas are located in the Pigafetta Basin which is the oldest part of the Pacific plate and in the Ogasawara Fracture Zone which formed from the spreading ridge between the Izanagi and Pacific plates in the Jurassic. The densities of seamounts and the elastic thickness values of the lithosphere are calculated by using three-dimensional flexure modeling considering the constant sediment layer in the infinite plate model. Very low elastic thickness values (5km), relatively young seamounts, and old lithosphere in the east study area suggest the possibility of the rejuvenation of lithosphere by widespread volcanisms, whereas the elastic thickness values (15km), relatively old seamounts, and young lithosphere of the west study area are suitable for a simple cooling plate model of $300-600^{\circ}C$ isotherm. The gravity residuals of OSM6-1 and OSM6-2 suggest the possibility of different load density or elastic thickness. Relatively older OSM6-2 formed on the younger lithosphere with relatively thin elastic thickness, while younger OSM6-1 on the older lithosphere with relatively thick elastic thickness.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate differences of cervical flexor muscle thickness (i.e., sternocleidomastoid muscle and deep cervical flexor muscles) depending on levels of pressure bio-feedback unit and eye directions during cranial-cervical flexor exercise in healthy subjects. Methods: A total of 30 subjects (12 males and 18 females) who had no medical history related to musculoskeletal and neurological disorders were enrolled in this study. They were instructed to perform cranial-cervical flexion exercise with adjustment of five different pressures (i.e., 22 mmHg, 24 mmHg, 26 mmHg, 28 mmHg, and 30 mmHg) using a pressure biofeedback unit, according to three different eye directions (i.e., $0^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}C$, and $40^{\circ}C$). Muscle thickness of sternocleidomastoid muscle and deep cervical flexor muscles was measured according to pressure levels and eye directions using ultrasonography. Results: In results of muscle thickness in sternocleidomastoid muscle and deep cervical flexor muscles, the thickness of those muscles was gradually increased compared to the baseline pressure level (22 mmHg), as levels in the pressure biofeedback unit during cranial-cervical flexion exercise were increasing. In addition, at the same pressure levels, muscle thickness was increased depending on ascending eye direction. Conclusion: Our findings showed that muscle thickness of sternocleidomastoid muscle and deep cervical flexor muscles was generally increased during cranial-cervical flexion exercise, according to increase of eye directions and pressure levels. Therefore, we suggested that lower eye direction could induce more effective muscle activity than the upper eye direction in the same environment during cranial-cervical flexion exercise.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.495-498
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• 1995

Records taken on 372 young beef bulls tested at the Ellerslie Bull Test Station, Alberta, Canada from November 1981 to April 1987 were analyzed to quantify the effects of age of dam, on-test age, on-test liveweight and herd of origin of bull on feed efficiency (feed/gain, kg/kg) in the test period (n = 231) and ultrasonic measurement of bakcfat thickness (mm) at the end of the test (n = 372). The reduction in $R^2$ due to each influencing factor (i.e. the variation accounted for by the factor) was used to indicate the importance of the influencing factor. Age of dam and on-test age of bull were not important factors on feed/gain and ultrasonic backfat thickness, as they accounted for less than 0.5% of the variation in feed/gain and ultrasonic backfat thickness, respectively (p > 0.1). On-test liveweight had some influence on feed/gain and ultrasonic backfat thickness, accounting for 3.5% (p < 0.01) and 0.4% (p < 0.05) of the total variation, respectively. The regression coefficients of feed/gain and ultrasonic backfat thickness on on-test liveweight were 0.016 (kg/kg)/kg and .013 mm/kg, respectively, both being significant (p < 0.05), indicating that lighter bulls entering the test were generally more efficient in feed utilization in the test period and had less backfat at the end of the test than heavier entering bulls. Herd of origin of bull accounted for a substantial amount of the total variation (> 16%) in feed/gain and ultrasonic backfat thickness (p = 0.08), indicating that a prolonged aqjustment period was needed to reduce the influence of herd of origin when assessing aggregate genetic merit of beef bulls for growth rate, feed efficiency and lean meat production using a central station performance testing program.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 1997

One- to three-month-old infants (n=232) were compared their upper arm cumference and skinfold thickness(triceps, subscapular) by feeding methods in cross-sectional study. There were two groups : breast-fed(BF) and formula-fed groups(FF). As reported previously, weight, length, head and chest circumferences of these infants were good, and overall growth status was not significantly different by feeding methods, but weight, weight velocity and chest circumference of formula-fed infants were higher than breast-feds at 3month, significantly. Hear, the triceps skinfold thickness of infants at 1, 2, and 3 postpartum months were 7.4, 9.5 and 10.5 mm, respectively. The triceps skinfold thickness of breast-fed infants were higher than formula-feds at 1 and 2 postpartum month, but at 3 month that of formula-fed infants was greater than breast-fed infants, insignificantly. The subscapular skinfold thickness of infants were 6.4, 9.2 and 10.6 mm at 1 to 3 postpartum months, respectively. The upper arm circumference of infants were 11.7, 13.4, 14.3cm, and the arm muscle diameter were 34.5,39.3 and 41.7cm at one to three postpartum months, respectively. The upper arm circumference of male infants was higher than females at 2, 3 postpartum months. Overall, there were no signifiant differences between feeding methods in triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness, upper arm circumference and arm muscle diameter. But 3-month-old formula-fed male infant showed bigger significantly in arm circumference than the breast-feds. From this survey, long-term survey on growth and body composition of large scales might be necessary to determine the effect of feeding methods of infants after 3 months and to set proper body composition standard for infant.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.43-48
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• 2017

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to verify the effects of fiber grid reinforcement on the thickness reduction of asphalt pavement. Test sections were constructed on the national highway to evaluate the structural capacity of asphalt pavement with the reinforced fiber grid and normal asphalt pavement. METHODS : Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) tests were performed to measure the structural capacity of test sections. The loads of the FWD test are 4.1 ton, 8.0 ton, 10.0 ton, and loaded twice, respectively. The test sections consist of a reference asphalt pavement section, an asphalt pavement section reduced with a 5-cm base layer thickness, and a fiber grid reinforced asphalt pavement section reduced with a 5-cm base layer thickness. In addition, strain data was collected using strain gauges installed in the test sections. RESULTS : The results of the FWD tests showed that the deflections of the pavement section reinforced with the fiber grid was reduced by about 14% compared with that of the reference asphalt pavement section. The strain at the bottom of the asphalt surface layer of the pavement section reduced to a 5-cm base thickness and reinforced with a fiber grid was similar to that at the bottom of the asphalt layer of the reference asphalt pavement. CONCLUSIONS : The results of the FWD and strain tests showed the possibility of the pavement thickness reduction by reinforcement with a fiber grid.