• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.187-192
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• 2008

Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT)/$SnO_2$ nano-composite (MSC) for the anode electrode of a Li-ion battery was prepared using a homogeneous precipitation method with $SnCl_2$ precursors in the presence of MWNT. XRD results indicate that when annealed in Ar at $400^{\circ}C$, $Sn_6O_4(OH)_4$ was fully converted to $SnO_2$ phases. TEM observations showed that most of the $SnO_2$ nanoparticles were deposited directly on the outside surface of the MWNT. The electrochemical performance of the MSC electrode showed higher specific capacities than a MWNT and better cycleability than a nano-$SnO_2$ electrode. The electrochemical performance of the MSC electrode improved because the MWNT in the MSC electrode absorbed the mechanical stress induced from a volume change during alloying and de-alloying reactions with lithium, leading to an increase in the electrical conductivity of the composite material.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2014

Fe-based amorphous coatings were fabricated on a soda-lime glass substrate by the vacuum kinetic spray method. The effect of the gas flow rate, which determines particle velocity, on the deposition behavior of the particle and microstructure of the resultant films was investigated. The as-fabricated microstructure of the film was studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Although the activation energy for transformation from the amorphous phase to crystalline phase was lowered by severe plastic deformation and particle fracturing under a high strain rate, the crystalline phases could not be found in the coating layer. Incompletely fractured and small fragments 100~300 nm in size, which are smaller than initial feedstock material, were found on the coating surface and inside of the coating. Also, some pores and voids occurred between particle-particle interfaces. In the case of brittle Fe-based amorphous alloy, particles fail in fragmentation fracture mode through initiation and propagation of the numerous small cracks rather than shear fracture mode under compressive stress. It could be deduced that amorphous alloy underwent particle fracturing in a vacuum kinetic spray process. Also, it is considered that surface energy caused by the formation of new surfaces and friction energy contributed to the bonding of fragments.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.44-61
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• 2000

Objectives : This study was designed to compare the morphological changes in the nasal, tracheal and main bronchial mucosa in rats exposed to 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 ppm ozone for 7 days, 6 hours per day. Materials and Methods : We observed the nasal, tracheal and main bronchial mucosa in rats exposed to 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 ppm ozone for 7days, 6hours per day with LM, SEM and TEM. Results : In light microscopy, influx of inflammatory cells, epithelial hyperplasia, loss of cilia and increased goblet cells were observed in all rats except those exposed to 0.3 ppm. these findings increased with the increase of ozone concentration, but there were no significant differences among the nasal, tracheal and main bronchial mucosa in rats exposed to the same ozone concentration. In scanning electron microscopy, a loss of cilia was observed in rats exposed to 0.3 ppm in some sections and 0.6 ppm and 1.2 ppm in all sections. In transmission electron microscopy, vacuolization of epithelial cells was observed in rats exposed to 0.3 ppm in some sections and 0.6 ppm in all sections. These results suggest that electron microscopic observation is necessary to study morphology of airway mucosa in rats exposed to ozone below 0.3 ppm. And also the morphological changes in nasal septal epithelium may reflect those of tracheal and bronchial epithelium after high concentration ozone-exposure.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 1978

Ultrastructural changes in Z-line, M-line and myofilaments of bovine psoas muscle produced by leukocyte lysosomal enzymes in vitro at different pH values (pH 7.0 and 4.0), temperatures (37 and $4^{\circ}C$) and time intervals (12, 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$ and 36, 168 hours at $4^{\circ}C$) were studied by transmission electron microscope. Muscle incubated with leukocyte lysosomal enzymes at pH 7.0 produced distinguishable degradation of Z-line, M-Line and H-zone at both temperatures but at acidic pH (pH 4.0), Z-line were very stable and myofilaments were severely disintegrated.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.149-153
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• 2016

Nanosized zeolites were prepared in an autoclave using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH), and $H_2O$, at various hydrothermal synthesis temperatures. Using transmission electron microscopy and particle size analysis, the nanopowder particulate sizes were revealed to be 10-300 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the synthesized nanopowder was silicalite-1 zeolite. Using atomic layer deposition, the fabricated zeolite nanopowder particles were coated with nanoscale $TiO_2$ films. The $TiO_2$ films were prepared at $300^{\circ}C$ by using $Ti[N(CH_3)_2]_4$ and $H_2O$ as precursor and reactant gas, respectively. In the TEM analysis, the growth rate was ${\sim}0.7{\AA}/cycle$. Zeta potential and sedimentation test results indicated that, owing to the electrostatic repulsion between $TiO_2$-coated layers on the surface of the zeolite nanoparticles, the dispersibility of the coated nanoparticles was higher than that of the uncoated nanoparticles. In addition, the effect of the coated nanoparticles on the photodecomposition was studied for the irradiation time of 240 min; the concentration of methylene blue was found to decrease to 48%.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

This study suggested comprehensive structural characterization methods for the commercial blue light emitting diodes(LEDs). By using the Z-contrast intensity profile of Cs-corrected high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscope(HAADF-STEM) images from a commercial lateral GaN-based blue light emitting diode, we obtained important structural information on the epilayer structure of the LED, which would have been difficult to obtain by conventional analysis. This method was simple but very powerful to obtain structural and chemical information on epi-structures in a nanometer-scale resolution. One of the examples was that we could determine whether the barrier in the multi-quantum well(MQW) was GaN or InGaN. Plan-view TEM observations were performed from the commercial blue LED to characterize the threading dislocations(TDs) and the related V-pit defects. Each TD observed in the region with the total LED epilayer structure including the MQW showed V-pit defects for almost of TDs independent of the TD types: edge-, screw-, mixed TDs. The total TD density from the region with the total LED epilayer structure including the MQW was about $3.6{\times}10^8cm^{-2}$ with a relative ratio of Edge- : Screw- :Mixed-TD portion as 80%: 7%: 13%. However, in the mesa-etched region without the MQW total TD density was about $2.5{\times}10^8cm^{-2}$ with a relative ratio of Edge- : Screw- :Mixed-TD portion of 86%: 5%: 9 %. The higher TD density in the total LED epilayer structure implied new generation of TDs mostly from the MQW region.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.198-204
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• 1987

Biparental clones and recombinant clones were obtained by spheroplast fusion of Pseudomonas putida KU218R-3 and P.putida KU428. Formation of the fusion product was the most effective when the Pseudomonas spheroplast mixture were treated with 40% plyethyleneglycol(PEG) 6000 for 10min at room temperature, The fusants which selected by indirect method were obtained at an average frequency of 10.8%. Most of the fusants were biparental clones (10.4%) and the recombinant clones were produced in low yield (0.42%). Fusants, at the frequency of 4% were obtained without PEG 6000, which shows that fusion is not strictly dependant on PEG. The stability of fusants were examined. Most of the biparental clones were segregated to parental form amd late recombinants were formed on further propagation of biparental clone but the recombinant clones were nery stable.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.8 no.10
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• pp.912-917
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• 1998

화학적 산화막(SiOx)이 형성된 Si(100)기판 위에 Co-silicide의 형성과 계면 형상에 관한 연구를 하였다. 화학적 산화막은 과산화수소수(H2O2)의 인위적 처리에 의해 약 2nm을 형성시켰다. 그 위에 5nm 두께의 Co 박막을 전자빔 증착기에 의해 증착시킨 후 열처리하여 Co-silicide를 형성하였다. 화학적 산화막 위에서 Co-silicide 반응기구를 알아 보기 위해 $500^{\circ}C$-$900^{\circ}C$의 온도 범위에서 ex-situ와 in-situ 열처리를 하였다. 이와같이 형성된 Co-silicide 시편의 상형성, 표면 및 계면 형상, 그리고 화학적 조성을 XRD, SEM, TEM, 그리고 AES를 이용하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과 es-situ 열처리시 $700^{\circ}C$까지 CoSi2 상은 형성되지 않았고 Co의 응집화현상이 일어났다. $800^{\circ}C$ 열처리한 경우에는 CoSI2가 형성되었고 facet 현상이 크게 나타났으며 불연속적인 grain 들이 형성되었다. In-situ 열처리한 경우에는 저온에서 ($550 ^{\circ}C$)반응하여 Co-silicide가 형성되기 시작하였으며 $600^{\circ}C$부터는 facet에 의해 박막의 특성이 나빠지기 시작했다. $550^{\circ}C$에서 Co가 화학적 산화막 층을 통해 확산하여 균질한 Co-silicide를 형성하였다. 이와같이 형성된 균질한 실리사이드 층을 이용하여 다단계(55$0^{\circ}C$-$650^{\circ}C$-$800^{\circ}C$)열처리에 의해 균질한 다결정 CoSI2의 형성이 관찰되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.118-123
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• 2006

Degradation of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) that is facilitated by on/off cycles is one of the most important issues for commercialization of fuel cell vehicles. When a PEMFC stack is shut down, residual hydrogen and induce high voltage equivalent to open circuit voltage to the cathode side that might cause sintering of Pt catalyst and facilitate formation of hydrogen peroxide at the anode side that might decompose $Nafionc\'{A}$ membrane. In this study, degradation of PEMFC exposed to repetitive on/off cycles was investigated by measuring i-V characteristics, ac impedance, cyclic voltammograms, gas leak, cross-sectional SEM images, and TEM images. To prevent degradation of PEMFC caused by the residual gases, hydrogen was removed from anode gas channel by gas-purging and by using a dummy resistance, that were found to be a very effective method.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.137-142
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• 2015

$Mn_{1+X}Co_{2-X}O_4$ solid solutions with various Mn/Co ratios were synthesized by a combustion method, and used as cathode catalysts for lithium/air secondary battery. Their electrochemical and physicochemical properties were investigated. The morphology was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the crystallinity was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. For the measurement of electrochemical properties, charge and discharge measurements were carried out at a constant current density of $0.2mA/cm^2$, monitoring the voltage change. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analyses were also employed to examine the change in charge transfer resistance during charge-discharge process. $Mn_{1+X}Co_{2-X}O_4$ solid solutions showed enhanced cycleability as a cathode of Li/air secondary battery, and the performance was found to be strongly dependent on Mn/Co ratio. Among synthesized catalysts, $Mn_{1.5}Co_{1.5}O_4$ exhibited the best performance and cycleability, due to high charge transfer rate.