• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.365-380
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• 2019

본 연구는 봄에 출생한 송아지 10두(3.90±0.26개월령)와 가을에 출생한 송아지 10두(4.10±0.30개월령)를 약 24개월간 조사료와 농후사료를 분리 급여하거나 또는 TMR을 급여하여 분만 후의 유생산과 비유지속성을 조사하였다. 처리구는 사료 급여 형태와 분만계절의 2가지 요인으로 육성기에 조사료와 농후사료를 분리하여 급여하고 봄에 분만한 CS구, 육성기에 조농분리 급여한 후 가을 분만한 CF구, 육성기에 TMR을 급여한 후 봄에 분만한 TS구 그리고 육성기에 TMR을 급여하고 가을에 분만한 TF구의 4가지로 구분하였다. 육성기의 건물섭취량은 분만계절의 영향을 받아 가을에 분만한 구가 봄에 분만한 구보다 높게 나타났으나(P<0.01), 사료급여 방법에 의해서는 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. CP 섭취량과 TDN 섭취량은 분만계절(P<0.05)과 사료급여(P<0.01)에 의해 유의한 영향을 받았으며 가을에 분만한 구가 봄에 분만한 구에 비해 약 1.2% 높게 나타났고 TMR 급여구가 조농분리 급여구보다 약 4.7%정도 높은 결과를 보였다. 평균 산유량과 9, 10개월차의 산유량은 사료급여 방법에 의해 유의한 영향을 받아 TMR 급여구(TS구, TF구)가 조농분리 급여구(CS구, CF구) 보다 높은 결과를 나타내었다(평균 P<0.05; 9개월차와 10개월차 P<0.01). 평균 비유지속성은 분만계절(P<0.05)과 사료급여 방법(P<0.01)에 의해 유의한 영향을 받아 가을에 분만한 구가 봄에 분만한 구에 비해 높은 결과를 보였으며 TMR 급여구가 조농분리 급여구 보다 높은 결과를 나타냈다. 산유량의 결과와 유사하게 비유후기인 9, 10개월차에 사료급여에 의해 통계적 유의차를 보여(P<0.01) TMR 급여구가 약 8% 높았으며, 7개월차(P=0.12)와 8개월차(P=0.09)에도 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서 육성기에 TMR을 급여하고 가을에 분만할 경우 초산우의 산유량과 비유지속성 증진에 효과적일 것으로 사료된다. 평균 유지율은 사료급여의 영향을 받아 TMR 급여구가 조농분리 급여구 보다 7.8% 높았는데(P<0.01) 육성기 TMR 급여가 분만 후 섭취행동에 영향을 주어 반추위의 안정화로 인해 유지율이 증가한 것으로 사료된다. 분만 후 3개월차에는 봄에 분만한 구가 가을에 분만한 구보다 유지방 함량이 낮았으며(P<0.05) 이는 계절적 차이에 의한 것으로 사료된다. MUN은 평균과 4, 5 및 6개월차에 조농분리 급여구에서 유의하게 높았다(4개월차 P<0.01; 5, 6개월차 P<0.05). 체세포수는 평균과 분만 후 3, 4개월차에 TMR 급여구가 조농분리 급여구 보다 높은 결과를 보였다(P<0.01). 결과를 종합해보면, 육성기에 TMR 급여방법을 적용하고 가을에 분만하는 경우 봄에 분만하는 경우에 비해 여름철 고온의 영향을 비교적 덜 받아 산유량과 비유지속성 뿐만 아니라 유지율 등이 개선되어 경제성이 향상되는 효과를 보았다. 그러나 본 실험은 봄과 가을의 분만계절이 미치는 영향만을 보았기 때문에 여름과 겨울의 분만계절의 영향에 대한 추가 실험이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2020

본 시험은 간척지에서의 월동 사료작물의 초종 및 품종에 따른 생육특성 및 생산성을 비교하기 위하여 수행하였다. 본 시험에 이용된 월동 사료작물은 국립식량과학원에서 육성한 품종을 대상으로 실시하였다. 귀리(삼한, 조풍, 태한, 다경 및 하이어리), 청보리(영양, 유연, 유진, 다청 및 연호), 호밀(곡우, 조그린 및 대곡그린) 그리고 트리티케일(신영, 세영, 조영, 신성, 민풍 및 광영)에 대하여 2018년 가을에 경기도 화성에 위치한 시화지구 간척지에 파종하여 각각의 표준 재배법을 이용하여 재배하였으며 2019년 5월에 수확을 하였다. 출현율은 호밀이 가장 낮았으며(84.4%), 청보리, 귀리 및 트리티케일은 비숫한 수준(92.8~98.8%)을 보였다. 분얼수에 있어서는 트리티케일이 가장 적었으며(416 tiller/㎡) 귀리가 가장 많았다(603 tiller/㎡). 출수기에 있어는 호밀이 가장 빠랐고(4월 21일) 트리티케일이 4월 26일이었으며 귀리와 청보리는 5월 초순(5월 2일 및 5월 5일)으로 늦은 편이었다. 초장은 호밀이 가장 컷으며(95.6 cm) 트리티케일과 청보리는 비숫하였고(76.3 및 68. cm) 귀리가 가장 작았다(54.2 cm). 건물함량은 호밀이 평균 46.04%로 가장 높았으며 나머지 초종은 35.09~37.54%로 비슷한 수준이었다. 생산성에 있어서는 초종 및 품종 간 차이가 많았는데 초종별로는 청보리의 건물수량이 가장 높았고(4,344 kg/ha) 귀리는 비숫한 수준이었으며 호밀과 트리티케일은 가장 낮은 수치를 나타내었다. 품종에 있어서도 귀리는 다경 및 하이어리가 높았으며(4,283 및 5,490 kg/ha) 청보리는 연호, 유진 및 다청 품종(4,888, 5,433 및 5,582 kg/ha)이 높은 수량을 보였다. 사료가치에 있어서 귀리의 조단백질 함량(6.58 %)이 가장 높은 경향을 보였으며 TDN 함량(63.61 %)도 다른 초종에 비해 높았다. RFV에 있어서는 귀리가 평균 119로 높게 나타났으며 다른 3개 초종은 평균 92~105로 비슷한 수준이었다. 천립중은 트리티케일이 가장 높았으며(43.03 g) 호밀(31.61 g)이 가장 낮았다. 염농도에 따른 발아율 평가에 있어서 0.2~0.4%까지는 발아율이 80% 정도를 유지하였고 그 이상에서는 현저하게 낮아졌다. 발아율과 염농도간의 상관계수는 귀리와 보리가 -0.91 및 -0.92로 높았으며 호밀은 -0.66로 가장 낮았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 간척지에서는 청보리와 귀리가 우수한 생산성을 보였으,며 품종간에도 적응성이 달라 간척지에서 사료작물을 재배할때는 적응성이 높은 초종과 품종의 선택이 권장되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1594-1599
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• 2005

The effects of long-term feeding of diets based on bermudagrass hay supplemented with lucerne hay cube (LH) or fermented bagasse feed (FBF) on the growth rate, feed efficiency, behaviour, gut development, carcass characteristics and meat quality of goats were investigated. Six spring-born 8-month-old male crossbred (Japanese Saanen${\times}$Tokara native goats) bucks weighing mean 21.6 kg were allotted to 2 treatment groups (3 animals each) and each animal had ad libitum access to feeds, i.e. bermudagrass hay (basal diet)+LH or FBF throughout the experiment. The FBF was produced by the solid-state fermentation of substrates containing dried sugarcane bagasse mixed with wheat bran in a ratio of 1:3 (w/w DM) with Aspergillus sojae. The live body weight, final weight and average daily gain were not different between treatments. Average basal diet intake of goats fed FBF diet was significantly higher than that fed LH diet (p<0.05), but average dry matter intake (DMI; g/day and g/$W^{0.75}$), feed conversion ratio, digestible crude protein (DCP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) intake of experimental diets were not significantly different between treatments. Goats fed on LH and FBF diets had similar eating, rumination, resting and drinking behaviours, and blood constituents except for phosphorus content. Slaughter and carcass weights, net meat percentage [(total meat/carcass weight)${\times}$100], loin ratio [(loin/total meat)${\times}$100] and rib-eye area were not different between treatments. However, goats fed FBF diet had lower dressing percentage and higher bone/muscle ratio compared with goats fed LH diet (p<0.01). Empty gut and guts fill of goats fed FBF diet were significantly greater (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively) than those fed LH diet. The weights of rumen and abomasum were also significantly heavier in goats fed FBF diet (p<0.05), but the length and density of papillae of rumen in goats were not different between treatments. Although meat composition of loin was not different in both groups, the meat of goats fed FBF diet was superior to that of LH diet in flavor, aroma and overall quality of loin (p<0.01). In conclusion, the nature of the diet consumed voluntarily did not affect subsequent growth, nutrient intake and behaviour of goats but had an influence on carcass traits and sensory evaluation of meat partly, when either of LH or FBF was fed with bermudagrass hay.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1715-1720
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• 2005

Two promising varieties of forage sorghum viz. HD-15 and J. Sel-10 were identified for their higher forage yield (350-400 quintals per hectare) compared to traditional/existing variety, HC-136 at Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi. Silage of these three forage sorghum varieties viz., HD-15, J.Sel-10 and HC-136 were prepared in three concrete silos for their nutritional evaluation in sheep. Twelve adult Muzaffarnagari Ewes, divided into three equal groups of 4 each, were offered a particular variety of sorghum silage ad libitum over a period of 30 days followed by a 6 day metabolism trial and a collection of rumen liquor and blood samples. The HD-15 variety of forage sorghum silage contained higher crude protein (CP) than both the J.Sel-10 and HC-136. Average daily dry matter (DM) intake (% of live weight) differed significantly (p<0.05) in sheep that were fed the different varieties of silage, with the maximum amount in HD-15 (2.55) followed by J.Sel-10 (2.49) and HC-136 (1.84). The average apparent digestibility of all the nutrients was low in the sheep that were fed the HC-136 variety of sorghum silage when compared to both HD-15 and J.Sel-10. However, digestibility of organic matter (p<0.05) and crude protein (p<0.01) was significantly low in the HC-136 variety. The average daily nitrogen retention was-0.19, 2.15 and 0.42 g in HC-136, HD-15 and J.Sel-10, respectively which differed significantly (p<0.01). The average digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrient (TDN) contents (%) of the silage varieties were higher in HD-15 (3.14 and 55.3) than HC-136 (0.25 and 58.6) and J.Sel-10 (1.58 and 55.3) varieties. On comparing to the maintenance requirements (ICAR, 1985) for dry matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients, both the improved varieties (HD-15 and J.Sel-10) almost met the requirements except crude protein, which met only 73.3% of the requirement by J.Sel-10, while the HC-136 variety was unable to meet the requirements. The average rumen pH and total volatile fatty acids concentrations were comparable among the groups. However, concentrations of nitrogen metabolites were higher in the animals fed the HD-15 variety of silage. Varieties of sorghum silage also did not have any influence on the concentration of the blood metabolites. It was concluded that the HD-15 variety of sorghum silage was nutritionally superior to both J.Sel-10 and HC-136 silage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1383-1389
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• 2004

The nutritive value and utilization of whole crop rice silage (WCRS), Hamasari, at yellow mature stage was determined by three studies. In first study, chemical composition, in vivo digestibility and metabolizable energy (ME) content of WCRS was determined by Holstein steers. WCRS contains 6.23% CP, its digestibility is 48.4% and estimated TDN is 56.4%. Its ME content was 1.91 Mcal/kg DM. Gross energy (GE) retention (% of GE intake) in steers is only 22.7% most of which was lost through feces (44.7% of GE intake). It takes 81 minutes to chew a kg of WCRS by steers. In another study, the effect of Hamasari at yellow mature stage at three stages of lactation (early, mid and late lactation) and two levels of concentrate (40 or 60%) on voluntary intake, ME content and ME intake, milk yield and composition using lactating Holstein dairy cows were investigated. Total intake increased with the concentrate level in early and mid lactation, but was similar irrespective of concentrate level in late lactation. WCRS intake was higher with 40% concentrate level than with 60% concentrate. ME intake by cows increased with the concentrate level and WCRS in early lactating cows with 40% concentrate can support only 90% of the ME requirement. Milk production in accordance with ME intake increased with the increase in concentrate level in early and mid lactating cows but was similar in late lactating cows irrespective of concentrate level. Fat and protein percent of milk in mid and late lactating cows were higher with for 60% concentrate than 40%, but reverse was in early lactating cows. Solids-not-fat was higher with for 60% concentrate than 40% concentrate. Finally in situ degradability of botanical fractions such as leaf, stem, head and whole WCRS, Hamasari at yellow mature stage was incubated from 0 to 96 h in Holstein steers to determine DM and N degradability characteristics of botanical fractions and whole WCRS. Both DM and N solubility, rate of degradation and effective degradability of leaf of silage was lower, but slowly degradable fraction was higher compared to stem and head. Solubility of DM and N of stem was higher than other fractions. The 48 h degradability, effective degradability and rate of degradation of leaf were always lower than stem or head. In conclusion, voluntary intake of silage ranged from 5 to 12 kg/d and was higher with low levels of concentrate, but milk yield was higher with high levels of concentrate. Fat corrected milk yield ranged from 19 to 37 kg per day. For consistency of milk, early lactating cows should not be allowed more than 40% whole crop rice silage in the diet, but late lactating cows may be allowed 60% whole crop rice silage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1572-1576
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• 2003

A growth trial of 180 days was conducted on 18 crossbred calves (6-9 months, $73.48{\pm}6.52kg)$ by randomly allotting to two complete diets and a conventional diet (6 in each group). The complete diets were formulated containing 40 per cent cotton straw, one processed in mash form and other subjected to expander-extruder pelletization (EEP). These two complete diets were compared with conventional system of feeding under which concentrate mixture and cotton straw were fed separately in a 60:40 ratio. The calves on EEP complete diet consumed more (p<0.01) DM in comparison to other two groups. The DMI per 100 kg body weight was similar among all the diets. The ADG was significantly (p<0.01) higher in calves fed EEP complete diets (815.4 g) followed by mash (627.0 g) in comparison to conventional diet (464.9 g). The DM intake per kg metabolic body weight was higher (p<0.01) on complete diet than conventional diet. The intakes of DCP (p<0.05), TDN (p<0.01), and ME (p<0.01) per kg metabolic body weight were significantly higher on EEP complete diet in comparison to mash and conventional diet. The water intake per kg DM intake was comparable among all the diets. The efficiency of DM utilisation was higher p (<0.05) on EEP complete diet (5.84) in comparison to conventional diet (7.41), whereas on mash diet it was intermediate (6.68). The efficiency of DCP utilization was similar in mash and EEP complete diet fed groups, which was higher (p<0.05) than that of the conventional diet. Expander-extrusion though increased the cost of production it reduced the cost of feed per unit live weight gain by 12.28% in comparison to its mash form and by 16.76% when concentrate and cotton straw were fed separately. The results indicated that blending of cotton straw along with concentrates in a complete diet increased the palatability of the straw in comparison to conventional system and expander extruder processing of cotton straw based complete diet gave better growth performance and may form an economic ration for growing crossbred calves.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.810-817
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• 2016

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of a high-energy diet on the level of serum metabolites and on carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. High energy diets have been used for enhancing intramuscular adipose tissue in high quality beef cattle. However, there is not much information about the physiological reactions to this diet. We hypothesized that a high energy diet would increase blood metabolites and the meat quality of Hanwoo steers during the early and final fattening periods. A $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement (High, Control, and Early, Final) in a completely randomized design was used to feed 24 Hanwoo steers. Two steers were kept in the same pen and 12 pens were used for the experiment. Blood was drawn from each steer on the first week of every other month from 11 to 28 months. Overall Average Daily Gain (ADG) and feed efficiency were not different between high energy and control diets (p > 0.05). However, Dry Matter Intake (DMI greater with the control diet than DMI with the high energy diet during the final fattening period (p < 0.05). Serum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were greater in the control diet group than in the high energy diet group during the final fattening period (p < 0.05). However, serum albumin, glucose, total protein, triglyceride, and phosphorus were greater in the high energy group than those of the control group (p < 0.05). Carcass traits or physico-chemical characteristics were not different between high energy diet treatment and the control. These data indicated that a high energy diet (+ 3% TDN) increased serum triglyceride during early fattening periods and decreased non-esterified fatty acids during final fattening periods in Hanwoo steers.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.569-586
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• 2017

We inoculated a spent mushroom substrate from Flammulina velutipes (SMSF) with a microbial additive and assessed the effects on chemical composition, ruminal fermentation parameters, and total-tract nutrient digestibility. In Exp. 1, three cannulated Hanwoo steers were used in an in situ trial to determine the degradation kinetics of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP). In Exp. 2, three Hanwoo steers were randomly assigned to experimental diets according to a $3{\times}3$ Latin square for a 3-week period (2 weeks for adaptation and 1 week for sample collection). Experimental diets included the control diet (3.75 kg/d formulated concentrate mixture + 1.25 kg/d rice straw), SMSF diet (3.19 kg/d formulated concentrate mixture + 1.25 kg/d rice straw + 0.56 kg/d SMSF), and inoculated SMSF (ISMSF) diet (3.19 kg/d formulated concentrate mixture + 1.25 kg/d rice straw + 0.56 kg/d ISMSF). The chemical composition of ISMSF did not differ from that of SMSF. Microbial additive inoculation decreased pH (P<0.05) and improved preservation for SMSF. The percentages of DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in ISMSF were slightly lesser than those in SMSF. Ruminal fermentation characteristics and total-tract nutrient digestibility were not affected by diet. Overall, microbial additive inoculation improved preservation for SMSF and may allow improved digestion in the rumen; however, the total digestible nutrients (TDN) of SMSF and ISMSF diets were slightly lesser than the control diet. The ISMSF can be used as an alternative feedstuff to partially replace formulated concentrate feed.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.293-297
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• 2016

본 연구는 건초 수확 철 강우 영향을 최소화하고 국내에서 건초생산 기회를 확대하기 위하여 강우가 예상되는 전날 예취하여 반전하지 않은 상태에서 비를 맞혔을 때 사료가치 변화에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 예취 후 강우에 의한 사료가치 변화를 조사하기 위하여 강우가 예상되는 전날 예취하고 반전은 하지 않은 상태로 포장에서 3일간 비를 맞추면서 매일 09:00, 13:00, 17:00에 1일 3회 시료를 500 g을 채취하여 사료가치 변화를 조사하였다. 조사료의 섬유소의 주요 구성물질인 ADF와 NDF 함량은 강우일수가 늘어남에 따라 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며 조단백질(CP) 함량은 강우일수가 증가함에 따라 소폭 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. 조지방(CF) 함량은 강우 1일째 8.1%, 강우 2일째 15.7%, 강우 3일째에 32.8%로 감소하여 다른 영양성분에 비하여 양분 손실이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 조사료의 탄수화물 중 섬유질을 제외한 나머지 부분인 비섬유성탄수화물(NFC) 함량은 강우일수가 늘어남에 따라 감소하는 것으로 나타났는데, 강우 1일째는 약간 증가(0.5%)를 보이다 강우 2일째에 7.2% 감소하였으며 강우 3일째에 8.4% 감소하였다. 총 가소화 영양분(TDN) 함량과 상대사료가치(RFV)는 강우일수가 늘어날수록 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며 강우 1일째에는 감소폭이 작은 반면 강우 3일째에는 감소폭이 더욱 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 예취 직후 강우일수에 의한 이탈리안 라이그라스의 사료가치는 전체적으로 감소하나 강우 1일째의 품질 감소폭이 작기 때문에 비가 하루나 이틀정도 예상되면 강우 전날 예취하여 비가 그친 후에 반전을 실시하면 건초생산 기간을 단축시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.298-302
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• 2016

본 연구는 2013년 5월 22일~24일 3일에 걸쳐 톨 페스큐엔도파이트 프리 품종인 Jesup을 공시하여 톨 페스큐 위주의 목초지에서 수행되었다. 시험기간 평균 온도는 $20.7^{\circ}C$였고 상대습도는 3일평균 64.8%였다. 일조시간은 3일평균 9.27시간으로 건초를 조제하기에 알맞은 기상조건이었다. 컨디셔너별 처리 (임펠러, 로울러)와 무처리로 3가지 처리를 비교하였고, 반전횟수에 따른 차이를 확인하기 위해 임펠러 컨디셔너로 예취한 후 1일 1회 반전, 1일 2회 반전 두 처리를 두었다. 임펠러와 로울러의 수분함량 변화는 둘째날 5월 23일 13시 임펠러 37.30%, 로울러 33.64%였고 무처리구는 51.75%로 컨디셔닝 처리한 두 구와 차이가 컸다. 24일 13시 측정된 수분함량은 임펠러 20.32%, 로울러 19.37%로 20% 전후를 보였고, 무처리구는 28.84%로 약 8~9%의 차이를 보였다. 반전횟수 차이를 보는 실험에서는 23일 13시 1회반전 37.53%, 2회 반전 35.23%였고 24일 13시 1회 반전시 20.48%, 2회 반전시 16.74%로 나타났다. 건초 사료가치 분석 시 컨디셔너별 CP 함량은 무처리 12.5% 임펠러 12.7% 로울러 12.9% 나타났고, ADF는 무처리 37.2%, 임펠러 37.2%, 로울러 35.1%로 나타나 NDF, TDN, RFV 모두 차이는 없었다. 1회 반전시 CP 함량은 12.7%, 2회 반전 12.8%였고 반전횟수에 따른 사료가치의 차이는 없는 것으로 판단된다.