• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.179-187
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• 1991

These studies were carried out to investigate the effects of the size of follicles, semen types, capacitation methods, and additions of hormones, estrous cow serum(ECS), fetal calf serum(FCS), bovine follicular fluid(BFF) and matured cumulus cell(MCC) to the medium on in vitro maturation and fertilization of bovine follicular oocytes. The ovaries were obtained from slaughtered Korean native cows. The follicular oocytes surrounded with cumulus cells were recovered by aspirating follicular fluid from the visible follicles of diameter 3~5mm. The follicular oocytes were cultured in TCM-199 medium containing hormones, FCS, ECS, BFF and MCC for 24~48hrs. in an incubator with 5% $CO_2$ in air at $38.5^{\circ}C$ and then matured oocytes were again cultured for 18~20 hrs. with motile capacitated spermatozoas the TCF (Tyrode calcium free) solution containing $100{\mu}g/ml$ of heparin. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows: 1. The oocytes classified as "A,B,C,D and Degenerative" depending morphological integrity and those 61.4%, 12.1%, 19.2%, 4.2% and 3.0% of the total oocytes recovered, respectively. The maturation and fertilization rate of the A, B, C class follicular oocytes, cultured in the TCM-199 medium supplemented with 10% FCS were 89.1%, 78.0%, 52.6% and 78.1%, 66.1, 33.3%, respectively. 2. The average number of the follicular oocytes recovered from follicles size, 1~2mm, 3~5mm and above 5mm in diameter were 67, 98 and 63, respectively. The maturation and fertilization rate of the follicular oocytes, cultured in the TCM-199 medium were 56.7%, 82.5%, 46.0% and 44.8%, 71.4%, 28.6%, respectively. 3. The fertilization and cleavage rate of the follicular oocytes, inseminated with spermatozoas of epididymal cauda, neat and frozen semen were 63.3%, 73.3%, 70.0% and 32.7%, 37.8% 38.3%, respectively. 4. The fertilization and cleavage rate of follicular oocytes, fertilized with capacitated spermatozoas by heparin, BFF and HIS methods were 70.0%, 53.8%, 34.2% and 38.3%, 23.1%. 17.1%, respectively. And the fertilization and cleavage rate were higher method of heparin. 5. The maturation and fertilization rate of follicular oocytes, cultured in the TCM-199 medium supplemented with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and FSH, HCG, 17, $\beta$-estradiol were 76.0~82.3% and 26.2~70.0%, and those values were higher the supplementation than non-supplementation. 6. The maturation and fertilization rate of the follicular oocytes cultured in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 5~20% ECS and FCS were 74.0~80.6%, 26.2~30.0% and 71.7~76.9%, 51.9~58.0%, and the values were higher the supplement of ECS than FCS. 7. The maturation rate (68.0~64.6%) and fertilization rate(59.6~60.4%) of follicular oocytes cultured in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 10% FCS and 20~30% BFF were higher than those of follicular oocytes cultured TCM-199 medium supplemented with 10% FCS and 10% and 50% BFF. 8. The maturation rate(76.5%) and fertilization rate (61.7%) of follicular oocytes cultured in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 10% FCS and $1{\times}10^6/ml$ MCC were higher than those of follicular oocytes cultured in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 10% FCS and $1{\times}10^{{4}{\sim}{5}}/ml$ and $1{\times}10^8/ml$ cumulus cells.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.221-226
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• 2016

The aim of the present study was to assess the embryo development and survivability of post-thawed bovine embryos produced in vitro by addition of cysteine. The rates of metaphase II formation were not differed significantly among three groups(TCM199 73.8%, TCM199 with 0.3% cysteine 76.9%, TCM199 with 0.5% cysteine 83.8%, respectively). No difference of cleavage rate(70.6~74.6%) was seen among three culture medium(TCM199 70.6%, CR1aa 71.3%, SOF 74.6%) with 0.5M cysteine. however, Significantly(P<0.05) higher development rate into blastocyst stage by 0.5M cysteine addition was obtained in SOF medium(35.6%) than in TCM199(27.6%) or CR1aa(26.6%), however no significant differences in the cleavage rates were among three culture medium. After frozen the blastocysts cultured with 0.5M cysteine, The re-expansion rates were 61.3%~86.4% among groups, and hatching rates were 26.3%~46.9% among groups, the rates of re-expansion and hatching were significantly(P<0.05) higher in SOF medium(86.4% and 46.9%) than those in TCM199(61.3% and 26.3%) and CR1aa medium(87.1 and 44.4%). After thawing, the blastocyst re-expansion rate was significantly(P<0.05) higher in in vivo (87.1%) and in vitro (70.3%) embryos. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that supplementation of IVM and IVC medium with 0.5M cysteine improved the quality of in vitro production embryo and post- thawed embryo. Future studies comparing these media systems in well-designed trials should be performed.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.263-271
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• 1990

This study was carried out to investigate the factors affecting maturation in vitro of follicular oocytes in Korean Native Cattle. The bovine ovaries were obtained at a slaughter house and the follicular oocytes were recovered by aspirating the follicular fluid from the visible follicles of 3~6mm. The bovine oocytes were matured in vitro in TCM-199 containing FCS and hormones. The effects of TCM-199 salt type, number of oocytes per drop, incubation time and co-culture with granulosa cells on maturation of oocytes, were investigated. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. The maturation rates of follicular oocytes cultured for 22, 25 and 28 hours in Hank's TCM-199 or Earle's TCM-199 were 59.3, 59.6, 80% and 80.0, 90.0, 93.7%, respectively. The maturation rate of follicular oocytes in Earle's TCM-199 was faster and higher than in Hank's TCM-199(P<0.05). 2. The maturation rates of oocytes were 54.5, 62.5 and 62.0% when cultured the oocytes number 10, 20 and 40 per 200${mu}ell$ drop for 18 hours. 3. The maturation of follicular oocytes in the Korean Native Cattle was induced at 14 hours culture, by giving the maturation rate of 90.0% after 20 hours. 4. The maturation rates were 63.3% and 66.7%, respectigely when the oocytes were co-cultured with granulosa cells from medium-size follicles used immediately after recovery in the presence or absence of hormones added(0.02AU/ml FSH, 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml LH and 1$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml estradiol 17-$\beta$). When the oocytes were co-cultured with granulosa cells from medium-size follicles cultured for 3 days, the maturation rates were 20.8% and 76.2%, respectively(P<0.05). 5. The maturation rate were 88.0% and 70.0%, respectively when the oocytes were co-cultured with granulosa cells from large-size follicles used immediately after recovery in the presence or absence of hormones added(0.02AU/ml FSH, 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml LH and 1$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml estradiol 17-$\beta$)(P<0.05). When the hormones added(0.02AU/ml FSH, 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml LH and 1$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml estradiol 17-$\beta$)(P<0.05). When the oocytes were co-cultred with granulosa cells from large-size follicles cultured for 3 days, the maturation rates were 41.2% and 73.3%, respectively(P<0.05).

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.125-131
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• 2009

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of porcine epididymal fluid (pEF) on in vitro-maturation and subsequent fertilization of porcine follicular oocytes. Porcine cumulus-oocytes complexes retrieved from antral follicles were cultured in tissue culture medium (TCM)-l99 supplemented with pEF of different concentrations. At 48 h after culture, development of oocytes to germinal vesicle (GV) breakdown, metaphase I, anaphase-telophase I, and metaphase II were examined Significant (p<0.05) increase in the proportion of oocytes developed to MII stage was observed in oocytes cultured in pEF-containing TCM-l99 than in oocytes cultured in pEF-free TCM-199 (46.2% vs 16.7%), which was a dose-dependent manner. Subsequently, the proportion of monospermic fertilization were significantly (p<0.05) increased in oocytes cultured in the TCM supplemented with pEF than those cultured in pEF-free TCM-199 (51.0% vs 24.1%). In the second series of experiment, the percentage of MII oocytes was significantly (p<0.05) increased after exposure of oocytes to pEF during the first 22 h period of culture than after exposure of oocytes to pEF during the next 24 h of culture, while no significant difference in the percentage of monospermy was observed. The results of this study demonstrate that pEF contains at least enhancing component(s) for nuclear maturation.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.163-172
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• 2001

The present study was carried out to examine the effects of $O_2$concentrations and culture media on in vitro maturation and embryo development of porcine follicular oocytes. The results were summarized as fellows : 1. The rates of GVBD and nuclear maturation in NCSU-23 and TCM-199 media with 10% PFF under the conditions of 5% and/or 20% $O_2$concentrations were not different among the each treatment groups(P>0.05). 2. The rates of polyspermy and mean numbers of penetrated sperm were significantly lower in NCSU-23 medium than in TCM-199 medium (P>0.05). However, the rates of polyspermy and mean numbers of penetrated sperm were not different between 5% and 20% $O_2$concentrations. 3. The rates of blastocyst formation at day 7 after in vitro fertilization were significantly higher in NCSU-23 medium under the condition of 20% $O_2$concentration than in TCM-l99 medium under the condition of 5% or 20% $O_2$concentrations. However, the rates of blastocyst formation and total cell numbers in blastocysts were not different between 5% and 20% $O_2$concentrations. In conclusion, the use of NCSU-23 medium under the condition of 20% $O_2$concentration was beneficial for porcine oocyte maturation and in vitro development.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.107-110
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• 2007

본 연구는 BPA 및 nicotine 첨가 농도와 배양 시간이 돼지 난자의 체외성숙에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. $0.02{\sim}10.0mM$ BPA와 $0.5{\sim}10.0mM$ nicotine이 첨가된 TCM-199배양액에서 $40{\sim}52$시간 난자를 배양했을 때 체외성 숙율을 조사하였다. BPA농도가 높을수록 체외성숙율이 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. $0.05{\sim}10.0nM$ BPA를 첨가한 TCM-199 배양액에서 난자를 44시간 배양했을 때 체외성숙율은 각각 $40.0{\pm}4.1%,\;24.0{\pm}4.7%,\;10.0{\pm}5.3%,\;6.0{\pm}3.2%,\;0.0{\pm}0.0%$로서 첨가 농도가 증가할수록 낮은 체외성숙율을 나타냈다. 난자를 $0.5{\pm}10.0mM$ nicotine를 첨가한 TCM-199 배양액에서 44시간 배양했을 때 체외성숙율은 각각 $44.0{\pm}4.5%,\;24.0{\pm}4.2%,\;18.0{\pm}4.9%,\;8.0{\pm}2.2%,\;0.0{\pm}0.0%$로서 대조군$(52.0{\pm}4.5%)$에 비해 낮은 체외성숙율을 나타냈다. 난자를 0.5 nM BPA와 2.5 mM nicotine을 첨가한 TCM-199에서 $40{\sim}52$시간 배양했을 때 체외성숙율은 $8.3{\pm}2.1%{\sim}26.0{\pm}3.9%$ 및 $11.2{\pm}2.2%{\sim}28.6{\pm}3.9%$로서, 44시간 배양이 다른 배양시간보다 가장 높은 체외성숙율을 나타냈다.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 1993

The studies were carried out to investigate the effects of co-culture with cumulus cell, oviduct epithelial cells and uterine endometrial cells on the in-vitro fertilization and cleavage rate of porcine follicular oocytes. The ovaries were obtained from slaughtered swine. The follicular oocytes surrounded with cumulus cells were recovered by aspirating follicular fluids from the visible follicles of diameter 3~5 mm. The follicular oocytes were cultured in TCM-199 medium containing hormones and 10% FCS for 24~48 hrs in a incubator with 5% CO2 in air at 38.5$^{\circ}C$ and then matured oocytes were again cultured for 12~18 hrs with motile capacitated sperm by preincubation. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows : 1. The in-vitro maturation and fertilization rate of porcine oocytes co-cultured with cumulus cells in TCM-199 meidum were 64.6%~74.5% and 37.5%~55.3%, respectively. And in-vitro fertilization rate of cumulus-enclosed oocytes(51.5%) were significantly(p<0.05) higher than cumulus-denuded oocytes(21.7%). 2. The in-vitro maturation and fertilization rate of porcine oocytes co-cultured with 1$\times$104 cells/ml, 1$\times$106 cells/ml, 1$\times$108 cells/ml and 1$\times$1015 cells/ml oviduct epithelial cells in TCM-199 medium were 53.5% and 37.2%, 61.7% and 46.8%, 54.5% and 31.8%, 42.2% and 26.7%, respectively. 3. The in-vintro maturation and fertilization rate of porcine oocytes co-cultured with 1$\times$106/ml, 1$\times$108/ml, 1$\times$1015/ml uterine endometrial cells in TCM-199 medium were 54.3% and 39.1%, 58.3% and 43.8%, 55.5% and 33.3%, and 45.7% and 30.4%, respectively. 4. When the in-vitro fertilized oocytes were co-cultured with porcine cumulus cells, ovdiduct epithelial cells and uterine endometrial cells, the development rate to the blastocyst stage was 9.5%, 10.7% and 11.8%, respectively and the rates were higher than that of control, 2.1%(p<0.05).

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2001.03a
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• pp.27-27
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• 2001

본 연구는 돼지 난포란의 체외 성숙시 hyaluronic acid (HA) 및 Tocopherol첨가가 돼지 수정란의 배발달에 미치는 효과를 검토하기 위하여 실시하였다. 돼지 난포란은 0.1% PVA, 3.05mM D-Glucose, 0.91mM sodium pyruvate, 0.57mM cysteine, 0.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ LH, 0.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ FSH and 10ng/$m\ell$ EGF가 첨가된 TCM-199에서 HA와 Tocopherol을 농도별로 첨가하여 42~44시간 배양함으로써 체외성숙을 유도하였다. HA의 효과를 보기 위해 체외성숙시 0.1% HA가 첨가된 처리구에서 배발달율은 25.6%로 대조구 16.7% 보다 높았다.(Table Omitted). 또한 수정시 HA를 0, 0.02, 0.2, 2.0 로 처리한 결과 8.7%, 19.4%, 11.1%, 0%로 대조구(8.7%)에 비해 0.02% 처리구(19.4%)에서 배발달율이 가장 높았다. 수정후 control, TCM-199, TCM-199+0.1% HA가 첨가된 배양액에 washing해주었을 때 발달율은 TCM-199+0.1% HA 첨가구에서 배발달율(35.6%)이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. Tocopherol을 0, 50, 100, 200mM로 처리한 결과 수정된 난자중 배발달율은 32.1%, 40.0%, 35.7%, 39.6%로 처리구에서 높았으며, 성숙배양 후반기 22h. 동안 Tocopherol 첨가한 후 수정전 HA로 washing한 결과 Tocopherol 무첨가구에서는 차이를 보이지 않았으나, Tocopherol 첨가구에서는 HA처리구에서(19.0%)에서 무처리구보다(14.3%) 높은 결과를 나타내었다. 따라서 배양액내에 HA, Tocopherol를 첨가함으로써 미성숙 난포란의 수정율 및 발달율을 높일수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 1997

This present study was carried out to examine the effect of maturation media and liquid boar semen on in vitro maturation and feritilization of pig oocytes. The results obtained were as follows : When the oocytes were cultured for 36∼42 hours in mTCM-199, Waymouth MB 725/1 and mTLP-PVA medium, the maturation rates were 90%, 92% and 88%, respectively. The sperm penetration rates of pig oocyte matured in vitro were 87%(mTCM-199), 90%(Waymouth MB 725/1) and 86%(mTLP-PVA), respectively. The rates of nuclear maturation and fertilization of pig oocytes among three different media did not differ. However, the rate of male pronucleus formation of pig oocytes was significantly higher in pig oocytes matured in Waymouth MB 725/1(91%) than oocytes matured in mTCM-199(66%) and mTLP-PVA(62%) medium (P<0.05). When the collected sperm-rich fraction without diluent was used fro in vitro fertilization in mTCM-199 fertilization medium, the fertilization rate was 87.9%. However, when the liquid boar semen diluted with B tschwiler diluent was used at day 3 and 5 after dilution, the fertilization rate was 40.8% and 0.0%, respectively.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.189-194
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to determine effects of different culture media. Preantral follicles were mechanically extracted from bovine ovaries and cultured for 16 days in tissue culture medium (TCM)-199, DMEM or alpha-minimal essential medium ($\alpha$-MEM) + 10% FBS + 0.1 mg/ml sodium pyruvate + 100 mIU/ml FSH. The collected primary follicles from ovary were higher than the primary and secondary follicles. The survival rates of the follicles in TCM-199 were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in DMEM and $\alpha$-MEM. The diameter of the follicles progressively increased during 12 days of culture. The maximum size ($139.1{\pm}5.4\;{\mu}m$) reached on Day 12 of the in vitro culture and decreased on Day 16. These results suggest that in a culture of bovine preantral follicles, TCM-199 is an optimal medium and a longer-term culture of preantral follicles (>12 days) may be needed to form antra.