• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.253-257
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• 2015

Bull-boxing in South Korea is a form of competitions in which bulls measure their strength with each other in the form of pushing by putting their heads together. Bull-boxing has been admitted after being designated as a play culture by the government because it does not cause great injuries to animals' bodies and has strong positive aspects such as contributing to livestock farmers' leisure activities, encouragement of animal husbandry, and communities' economic development. However, bull-boxing sometimes causes damage to the head and horns due to the heavy bodies. According to the results of examinations of these damage cases, damage that caused irregular shapes of the base of horns was identified in 31.5% of fighting bulls. The damage to horns is thought to have been caused by the great forces of fighting bulls repeatedly imposed to each other's horns during bull-boxing that caused minute fractures leading to damage to the blood vessels inside the horns resulting in the blocking of delivery of nutrients to the horns causing the deformation of the horns into abnormal shapes. Since bulls' bodies are injured during bull-boxing although the injuries are small as bull-boxing is mainly conducted by pushing, animal protection groups regard bull-boxing as cruelty to animals and request to stop bull-boxing. The present study aims to develop animal welfare type headgears that can protect bulls' horns and heads in order to protect fighting bulls during bull-boxing in terms of animal protection and welfare.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.329-337
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• 2005

TL dating using pre-dose effect is concerned with the sensitivity increase of $110^{\circ}C$ TL peak in quartz following the pre-exposure of irradiation (pre-dose) in antiquity and heating to thermal activation temperature. Using the multiple activation (MA) method for determining an equivalent dose, the activation temperature was selected to $500^{\circ}C$ and the region of interest was selected from $85^{\circ}C$ to $105^{\circ}C$ on quartz sample from archaeological remains, roof-tile kiln. which was excavated at Chudong-Ri cultural site. It was concluded that the resultant date was determined to the age of $1725{\pm}25years$ AD (l ${\sigma}$ SD), which had more improved precision considering with e radiocarbon dates and was in good agreement with the age derived by archaeological assessment. Also it was concluded that the pre-dose dating should contribute significantly to future archaeological dating work in the range of the last 2000 years.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.547-556
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• 2007

The sediment transport by waves, wave-induced current and tidal current was calculated using the TRANSPOR2004, then the seasonal sediment budget was analyzed. Also, annual sediment budget was calculated, and sediment circulation patterns was deduced in the broad area including Haeundae beach. A sediment mainly inflows from the east coast of the beach and then moves to the eastward to the Dongback Is, where the 80% of inflow sediment transported to the eastward as a longshore sediment while 20% of them going out to the offshore at the center of the beach. Above results shows a good agreement with the sediment transport trend analysis results by the Gao model.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.574-585
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• 2007

To analyze the incident wave characteristics around Haeundae beach the long-term deep water wave data computed by wave hindcast method were used and a continuous wave observation was carried out for 1 year at the 20 m of water depth in front of Haeundae beach. Wave observation data showd that the prevalent wave direction was SSW-S in spring and summer seasons while E-SE in autumn and winter. A numerical modeling shows that the waves from E-SE are refracted strongly due to the shoal developed at the south-east side of Haeundae beach. The simulation also shows inflowing nearshore current along the east coast of the beach develops strongly in autumn and winter. Radioactive isotope tracer experiment for 155 days indicated that the tracers moves to the on-shore direction in the 1st and 2nd tracking then dispersed to the E-W direction along the shore.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.216-220
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• 2011

Background: Transforaminal epidural steroid injection is one of the effective treatments in managing radicular pain. There have been some prospective studies on the depth to the epidural space with the transforaminal approach. However, there have been no studies about the depth in Asians, especially Koreans. This study was carried out in order to evaluate the depth to the epidural space and the oblique angle and factors that influence the depth to the epidural space during lumbar transforaminal epidural injection. Methods: A total of 248 patients undergoing fluoroscopically guided transforaminal epidural steroid injections were evaluated. At the L3-4, L4-5, L5-S1, and S1 levels, we measured the oblique angle and depth to the epidural space. Results: Needle depth was positively associated with body mass index (correlation coefficient 0.52, P = 0.004). The median depths (in centimeters) to the epidural space were 6.13 cm, 6.42 cm, and 7.13 cm for 50-60 kg, 60-70 kg, and 70-80 kg groups, respectively, at L5-S1. Age and height were not significantly associated with the needle depth. Conclusions: There is a positive association between the BMI (and weight) and transforaminal epidural depth but not with age, sex, and height.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1853-1857
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• 2008

Salmonella contamination in chicken meat was studied with 100 chicken meat samples purchased from 55 shops located in various regions. A total of 21 isolates of Salmonella enterica were isolated from 21 chicken meat samples from four shops located at open markets, whereas there were none from supermarkets with well-equipped cold systems. Among these, 18 isolates were identified as Salmonella enterica serotype Haardt (S. Haardt) and three isolates were S. enterica serotype Muenchen. When the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the S. Haardt isolates were assayed with the agar dilution method to determine susceptibility to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid, all 18 isolates were resistant to tetracycline and nalidixic acid and nine of these were resistant to ampicillin. These isolates showed reduced susceptibility to eight fluoroquinolones including ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin. When quinolone resistance determining regions of gyrA and gyrB were sequenced, every isolate had the same missense mutation Ser83$\rightarrow$Tyr (TCC$\rightarrow$+TAC) in gyrA, whereas no mutation was found in gyrB. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with XbaI revealed a close relationship among these isolates, suggesting a contamination of raw chicken meat with clonal spread of nalidixic acid-resistant and quinolone-reduced susceptibility S. Haardt in chickens. Results in this study show the importance of a well-equipped cold system and the prudent use of fluoroquinolone in chickens to prevent the occurrence of quinolone-resistant isolates.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.322-328
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• 2013

In this study, we show the expression and purification of the human recombinant farnesoid X receptor (FXR)- ligand binding domain (LBD) protein in E. coli using a double cistronic vector, pACYCDuet-1, as a soluble form. We describe here the expression and characterization of a biologically active $FXR-LBD_{(248-476)}$. When expressed in the influence of bacterial promoters ($P_{T7}$ and $P_{Tac}$) of the single cistronic expression vectors, the human recombinant $FXR-LBD_{(248-476)}$ was found to be totally insoluble. However, by using a double cistronic expression vector, we were able to obtain the human recombinant $FXR-LBD_{(248-476)}$ in a soluble form. To allow for biological activities, we have subcloned into the pACYCDuet-1 vector, expressed in E. coli cells at some optimized conditions, and purified and characterized the human recombinant active $FXR-LBD_{(248-476)}$ proteins using the fluorescence polarization assay. This suggests that the expression of FXR-LBD in a double cistronic vector improves its solubility and probably assists its correct folding for the biologically active form of the proteins. We suggest that this may represent a new approach to high expression of other nuclear receptors and may be useful as well for other classes of heterodimeric protein partners.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.55-66
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• 2018

Purpose: Peripheral neuropathy is common among colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who undergo oxaliplatin-based (OXL) chemotherapy. A pharmacogenetic approach can be used to identify patients at high-risk of developing severe neuropathy. This type of approach can also help clinicians determine the best treatment option and prevent severe neurotoxicity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the evidence of pharmacogenetic markers for OXL-induced peripheral neuropathy (OXIPN) in patients with CRC. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using the following databases up to December 2017: Pubmed, EMBASE, and CINAHL. We reviewed the genetic risk factors for OXIPN in observational studies and randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs). All processes were performed independently by two reviewers. Results: Sixteen studies published in English between 2006 and 2017 were included in this review. A genome-wide association approach was used in one study and various candidate genes were tested, based on their functions (e.g., DNA damage or repair, ion channels, anti-oxidants, and nerve growth etc.). The genes associated with incidence or severity of OXIPN were ABCG2, GSTP1, XRCC1, TAC1, and ERCC1. Conclusion: This study highlighted the need and the importance of conducting pharmacogenetic studies to generate evidence of personalized OXIPN symptoms management. Additional studies are warranted to accelerate the tailored interventions used for OXIPN in patients with CRC (NRF-2014R1A1A3054386).

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.31-50
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• 1999

The purpose of this paper is to offer policies or laws governing the future of Korean seafood markets in view of societal marketing concept. The environment surrounding those markets is changing quickly and constantly. The proposals in this paper are meant to help the Korean seafood market coping with this swiftly changing environment. This paper sorts this changing environment in terms of institutional side and secio-economical side. The institutional side involves the enforcement of international and domestic seafood trade standards, the increase of seafood importation, the adoption of optional seafood sales system, the openness of distribution market, and the adoption of TAC system. The secio-economical side involves the development of telecommunication and transportation, and the changing of seafood consumption pattern. The forecast about the future of seafood market could be classified into three fields, that is, the production field, the distribution field, and the consumption field of seafood. In the production field of seafood, the stabilization of supply of seafood and the production management oriented seafood market could be forecasted. In the distribution field, the formulating of enforced trade standards, the dispersion of marketing function among fisher, wholesaler and retailer, the development of marketing skills, and the promotion of marketing information system could be forecasted. Finally, in consumption field, the promotion of standardization and diversification, the appearance of intellectual consumers could be forecasted. This paper seeks to offer policies or laws fur the three categories of the seafood market-the government, the fisher, and the distributor-coping with the changing environment on the above three fields, thereby benefiting the consumer's long-term welfare. For the government, this paper suggests the construction of a Seafood Transaction Information Infrastructure, a Seafood Dealer License System, and a Seafood Safety Security System. For the fishers, this paper proposes an Eco-labelling System, a Sustainable Production System, and a Real Naming System in dealing seafood. Finally, for the distributors, this paper offers a Seafood Production Controlling System, a Nature-friendly Marketing System, and a Consumer-oriented Marketing System.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2002

The observer program is being utilized In various fishing areas and fisheries internationally and nationally due to the its expected effectiveness in fisheries management and the collection of bioeconomic data necessary in fisheries management policy. The timely gathered data by observers play substantially a major role in decision-making fisheries policy such as the change in management measures, the application of season closure and area closure and etc. The expected effectiveness of the observer program In fisheries management, generally mentioned, is that it would lead to the increase in stock size from which the level of harvest would consequently increases. This study is aimed to analyze this tentatively expected effectiveness of the observer program in fisheries management. The changes in stock size and the level of harvest over time are analyzed under the observer program assuming the fishermen bear the cost of the observer program by investigating the change in fisherman's fishing activity under the observer program and by combining this changed activity with the biological model. The level of fishing efforts of fishermen was decreased from the results of the increase in fishing cost caused by the observer cost and the decrease in catchable stock size restricted by observers. This reduced level of fishing efforts enables stock size to increase over time and therefore, the expected level of harvest increases as time goes on. Another benefit under the observer program is to reduce management costs from the fact that fishermen are responsible for the cost of the observer program and the avoidance cost of fisherman responding to the fisheries regulation could be eliminated from the surveillance of observer. Therefore, it may possible to accomplish the cost-efficient fisheries management policy.