• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.169-178
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine stress, coping, and immune response effects of a psychosocial intervention program based on the PNI model and Stress-Appraisal-Coping for Korean patients with breast cancer. Methods: A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. The participants who had survived breast cancer and lived in Wonju city and the surrounding area were assigned to an intervention group (N=21) or a control group(N=18).We conducted a 12-week intervention, 2 hours a day weekly, and measured the variables at baseline, six and twelve weeks later. Dependent variables are: stress, anxiety-depression and anger, and immune response. Results: Patients in the psychosocial intervention program reported significantly less stress perception (U=31.500, p=.023), more problem solving ability and less problem avoidance in coping (U=20.500, p= .013; U=29.500, p=.040), and less anxiety-depression (U=22.000, p=.023). No difference, however, was found in anger and. immune responses between the two groups. Intervention effects were evident at week 6 and 12 for anxiety-depression, and at week 6 for problem avoidance in coping, the same time that NK cell counts and the T8 decreased. Conclusions: These results suggested positive effects of a psychosocial intervention program. However, the results are inconclusive due to the small sample.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2013

The concentration of organic compounds was analyzed at each step of BAC process though $BDOC_{total/rapid/slow}$. Further, bacteria communities and biomass concentrations measured FISH and ATP methods were analyzed. The bed volume (BV) of steady state is different from that of based on assessment of organic compounds removal. Bed volumes in DOC, $BDOC_{rapid}$ and $BDOC_{total/slow}$ removal at steady state were around 27,500 (185.8 day), 15,000 (101.4 day) and 32,000 (216.2 day), respectively. A biomass didn't change after the bed volume reached 22,500 (152.0 day) according to analyzing ATP concentration of bacteria. The concentration of ATP was 2.14 ${\mu}g/g$ in BV 22,500 (152.0 day). The total bacterial number was $4.01{\pm}0.4{\times}10^7$ cells/g at the bed volume 1,150 (7.8 day) (the initial operation) and the number of bacteria was $9.27{\pm}0.2{\times}10^9$ at the bed volume 58,560 395.7 day) that increased more than 200 times. Bacterial uptrend was reduced and bacterial communities were stabilized since BV 18,720 (126.5 day). When BV were 1,150 (7.8 day), 8,916 (60.2 day), 18,720 (126.5 day), 31,005 (209.5 day), 49,632 (335.3 day), 58,560 (395.7 day), a proportion of total bacteria for the Eubacteria were 60.1%, 66.0%, 78.4%, 82.0%, 81.3% respectively. ${\gamma}$-Proteobacteria group was the most population throughout the entire range. The correlation coefficient ($r^2$) between Eubacteria biomass and ATP concentration was 0.9448.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.131-141
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was to investigate the nationwide operational status of the professional medical support staffs (PMSS) who practice the expanded roles in the hospital setting. Methods: The data were obtained through survey from 36 hospitals with over 500 beds from 25th May to 12th July 2016. Data from 1,666 PMSS were analyzed. Results: Since the job titles varied, we classified them into 5 groups according to their roles; advanced practice nurse, clinical nurse expert, PA (physician assistant), coordinator, and others. There were differences in the operation status of PMSSs depending on the region, nurse staffing grade and number of hospital beds. Qualification criteria varied from hospital to hospital, and almost half of the hospitals didn't have any qualification standards for them. There were differences in age, educational level, clinical careers, rewards, and job satisfaction in 5 groups. Especially PA group had low salary, poorer working conditions, more difficulties in performing their work, and lower job satisfaction than other groups. Most PMSS (99.5%) were using a delegated prescription authority, however only 68.3% had job description and 19.9% had documented delegated role. Conclusion: Adequate training curriculum, documented delegated roles, and the protocols for legal protection and efficient medical services are needed.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.69-77
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• 1996

In this paper, we fabricated the micro hotplate which consisted of a thin film heater(Pt/Cr bilayers) sandwiched with the thermal oxide and E-beam evaporated oxide. And we studied the electrical and the structural properties of Pt/Cr bilayers due to annealing temperature. When we compared the temperature measured from type k thermocouples with the temperature acquired from I.R. thermo-vision system according to the variations of emissivity, the emissivity of I-beam evaporated oxide was 0.5. The sheet resistance of Pt/Cr bilayers didn't depend on the Cr layer thickness, and it was considered as the existence of CrO between the Pt and the Cr layer. When the annealing temperature was increased from $500^{\circ}C$ to $700^{\circ}C$, the out-diffusions of Cr were increased(which was confirmed by AES depth profile) and the grain size of Pt(220) phase was enlarged also(analyzed by XRD and SEM photographs). From the results of XRD analysis and AES depth profile, the Pt/Cr bilayers annealed at $500^{\circ}C$ were more stable than any other cases in structural properties.

• Atmosphere
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.149-164
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to introduce the improvement of current operational climate prediction system of KMA and to compare previous and improved that. Whereas the previous system is based on GloSea5GA3, the improved one is built on GloSea5GC2. GloSea5GC2 is a fully coupled global climate model with an atmosphere, ocean, sea-ice and land components through the coupler OASIS. This is comprised of component configurations Global Atmosphere 6.0 (GA6.0), Global Land 6.0 (GL6.0), Global Ocean 5.0 (GO5.0) and Global Sea Ice 6.0 (GSI6.0). The compositions have improved sea-ice parameters over the previous model. The model resolution is N216L85 (~60 km in mid-latitudes) in the atmosphere and ORCA0.25L75 ($0.25^{\circ}$ on a tri-polar grid) in the ocean. In this research, the predictability of each system is evaluated using by RMSE, Correlation and MSSS, and the variables are 500 hPa geopotential height (h500), 850 hPa temperature (t850) and Sea surface temperature (SST). A predictive performance shows that GloSea5GC2 is better than GloSea5GA3. For example, the RMSE of h500 of 1-month forecast is decreased from 23.89 gpm to 22.21 gpm in East Asia. For Nino3.4 area of SST, the improvements to GloSeaGC2 result in a decrease in RMSE, which become apparent over time. It can be concluded that GloSea5GC2 has a great performance for seasonal prediction.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.303-313
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to test and analyze the effects of the mechanical properties and structural changes of the austenitized and tempered martensite STS 410 stainless steel containing 11.5~13%Cr and 0.10%C on its temper embrittlement. The STS 410 stainless steel test pieces for each 3 hours at 960℃, 1000℃ and then, tempered them for 2 hours at 300℃, 350℃, 400℃, 450℃, 500℃, 550℃, 600℃, 650℃ and 700℃ known as the intervals vulnerable to temper embrittlement to observe the changes of their structures and mechanical properties. In case autenitizing was insufficient due to lower temperature of thermal treatment for solution, unsolved carbides and ferrites remained in the structure after quenching, which meant that the parts could wear out and corrode to embrittle at the room temperature. Elongation and impact energy changes with Tempering conditions showed minimum results in range of 400~500℃. The decrease in elongation and impact energy at 400~500℃ was the hardening effect of the subgrain due to the precipitation of many M₃C or M₇C₃, M₂₃C₆. And STS 410 stainless steel corrosion tested in 10% NaCl solution at 30℃ after tempering treatment. The degree of corrosion sensitization showed increasing tendency with increase of tempering temperature and Cr carbide precipitation were observed in grain boundary.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.295-300
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• 2002

The construction of the T-shaped post-column flow cell has been changed to enhance the practicability as a UV-visible absorbance detector for capillary electrophoresis. In this new design, a rectangular cube-shaped inner structure is employed, which completely fits the outer rectangular tubing. This arrangement has greatly facilitated the fabrication of the T-cells. In addition, the volume for the auxiliary flow has been dramatically reduced down to 300 ${\mu}L$, and its volume flow rate is optimized at 4.2 ${\mu}L$/min. The short optical path length in the sheath flows (500 ${\mu}m$ on each side) minimizes background absorption, and thus enhances its performance in low-UV wavelengths. We have optimized the auxiliary flow rate at 50 ${\mu}m$/s, so that migration times are insensitive to the flow rate. This optimization has improved repeatabilities in migration times and peak heights. A double-beam detection scheme using a pair of photodiodes is employed to increase the signal-to-noise ratio.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2 s.66
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• pp.155-170
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• 2006

Objectives : This study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective effects of 'Saengjinyanghyul-tang($Sh\={e}ngj\={i}ny\v{a}ngxu\`{e}-t\={a}ng$ : SJYHT)' in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic SD rat model. Methods : SJYHT extracts were once a day dosed for 28 days at a dosage 1000, 500, and 250mg/kg/5ml from 25 days after STZ-dosing, and the changes on blood glucose levels, liver and kidney weight, serum AST, ALT, BUN and creatinine levels were observed with histological changes on the liver and kidney. Results : Increased blood glucose levels, and diabetic hepatopathy & nephropathy including increased serum AST, ALT, BUN and creatinine levels, histological changes after STZ-dosing were dose-dependently reduced by SJYHT extract-dosing. Conclusions : 'SJYHT' water extracts have favorable hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective effects on the STZ-induced diabetic SD rats. Therefore, it is expected that 'SJYHT' has potential for use in the management of diabetes and diabetic complications.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.694-699
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• 2002

In autobody assembly, thin-wall, tubular connections have been used for the frame structure. Recent interest in light materials, such as aluminum or magnesium alloys, has been rapidly growing for weight reduction and fuel efficiency. Due to higher thermal expansion coefficient, low stiffness/strength, and low softening temperature of aluminum and magnesium alloys, control of welding-induced distortion in these connections becomes a critical issue. In this study, the material sensitivity to welding distortion was investigated using a T-tubular connection of three types materials; low carbon steel (A500 Gr. A), aluminum alloy (5456-H116) and magnesium alloy (AZ91C-T6). An uncoupled thermal and mechanical finite element analysis scheme using the ABAQUS software program was developed to model and simulate the welding process, welding procedure and material behaviors. The predicted angular distortions were correlated to the cumulative plastic strains. A unique relationship between distortion and plastic strains exists for all three materials studied. The amount of distortion is proportional to the magnitude and distribution of the cumulative plastic strains in the weldment. The magnesium alloy has the highest distortion sensitivity, followed by the other two materials with the steel connection having the least distortion. Results from studies of thin-aluminum plates show that welding distortion can be minimized by reducing the cumulative plastic strains by preventing heat diffusion into the base metal using a strong heat sink placed directly beneath the weld. A rapid cooling method is recommended to reduce welding distortion of magnesium tubular connections.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.97-101
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• 2004

W $O_{x}$-based semiconductor type thin film gas sensor was fabricated for the detection of N $O_{x}$ by reactive d.c. sputtering method. The relative oxidation state of the deposited W $O_{x}$ films was approximately compared by the calculation of the difference of the binding energy between Ols to W4 $f_{7}$2/ core level XPS spectra in the standard W $O_3$ powder of known composition. As the annealing temperature increased from 500 to 80$0^{\circ}C$, relative oxygen contents and grain size of the sputtered films were gradually increased. As the results of sensitivity ( $R_{gas}$/ $R_{air}$) measurements for the 5 ppm N $O_2$ gas, the sensitivity was 110 and the sensor showed recovery time as fast as 200 s. The other sensor properties were examined in terms of surface microstructure, annealing temperature, and relative oxygen contents. These results indicated that the W $O_3$ thin film with well controlled structure is a good candidate for monitoring and controlling of automobile exhaust.haust.t.t.t.