• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1499-1506
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• 2008

To examine antitumor activity of the edible plant Zanthoxylum schinifolium, the cytotoxic effect of various organic solvent extracts of its stems on human acute leukemia Jurkat T cells was investigated. Among these extracts such as methanol extract (SS-7), methylene chloride extract (SS-8), ethyl acetate extract (SS-9), n-butanol extract (SS-10), and residual fraction (SL-11), SS-8 exhibited the most cytotoxic activity against Jurkat T cells. The methylene chloride extract (SS-8) possessed the apoptogenic activity capable of inducing sub-G1 peak along with apoptotic DNA fragmentation in Jurkat T cells. Western blot analysis revealed that SS-8 induced apoptosis via mitochondrial cytochrome c release into cytoplasm, subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and cleavage of PARP, which could be blocked by overexpression of Bcl-xL. Jurkat T cell clone I2.1 $FADD^{-/-}$) and Jurkat T cell clone I9.2 (caspase-$8^{-/-}$ were as sensitive as was the wild-type Jurkat T cell clone A3 to the cytotoxic effect of SS-8, suggesting no contribution of Fas/FasL system to the SS-8-mediated apoptosis. The GC-MS analysis of SS-8 showed that it was composed of 16 ingredients including 9,12-octadecanoic acid (18.62%), 2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-4- (1-methylethylidene)- 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-3H- pyrazol-3-one (14.97%), hexadecanoic acid (14.23%), (z,z)-6,9-pentadecadien- 1-ol (13.73%), 5,6-dimethoxy-2-methyl benzofuran (10.95%), and 4-methoxy-2-methylcinnamic acid (5.38%). These results demonstrate that the methylene chloride extract of the stems of Z. schinifolium can induce apoptotic cell death in Jurkat T cells via intrinsic mitochondria-dependent caspase cascade regulated by Bcl-xL without involvement of the Fas/FasL system.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.393-396
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• 2009

New protein secretion system was developed using Type III Secretion System of Salmonella. N-terminal region of SlrP and SptP effector proteins were fused with TliA and EstA-P lipases by overlapping PCR. Lipase activity of Salmonella with SptP-TliA fusion system increased by 2.6 fold compare with wild type Salmonella strain. This result showed that lipase secretion via the T3SS would be a useful protein secretion machinery.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.12a
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• pp.3-13
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• 2020

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous gram-negative bacterium causing serious infections. The P. aeruginosa T3SS is a syringe-like apparatus on the bacterial surface, with 4 effector toxins: ExoS, ExoT, ExoY, and ExoU. Here, we investigated the effect of ExoS and ExoT of the T3SS of P. aeruginosa K strain (PAK). The type three secretion system (T3SS) is a major virulence system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The effector protein Exotoxin S (ExoS) produced by P. aeruginosa is secreted into the host cells via the T3SS. For the purpose of screening the inhibitors with regard to ExoS secretion, we developed the sandwich-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system. PAK clinical strains induce proinflammatory cytokine production through the T3SS, and this involves NF-κB activation in pneumonia mouse models. We tried to confirm the role of the NF-κB transcription factor in ExoS- and ExoT-induced pneumonia mouse models. pro-inflammatory cytokines induction in response to ExoS and ExoT infection relied on NF-κB activation. Our findings highlight the roles of natural poduct in inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine expression during ExoS and ExoT exposure in PAK infections, paving the way for a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of pulmonary infections.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.524-524
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 홍천 자운지구 고랭지 농업지역을 대상으로 장기간의 유역조사와 하천 모니터링을 통해 관측된 축척 데이터를 이용하여 비점오염저감 효과를 정량화하고 추후 모니터링 자료로서 탁수와 비점오염원 저감시설의 저감효과와 비점오염원의 효율적인 관리를 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 모니터링 결과 소양호 유역의 오염부하(1차 강우사상) 중 홍천군 자운지구의 유역단위 비점오염 저감효과의 분석에는 강우량과 단위면적당 오염부하를 이용하였으며, 자운천은 SS 5,396,761 kg, COD 82,261 kg, BOD 57,329 kg, T-N 68,711 kg, T-P 3,091 kg이었으며, 오염부하(2차 강우사상)는 SS 320,293 kg, COD 34,588 kg, BOD 22,350 kg, T-N 48,954 kg, T-P 640 kg으로 나타났다. 또한 소양호 유역의 EMC(1차 강우사상) 중 자운천은 SS 829.9 mg/L, COD 12.7 mg/L, BOD 8.8 mg/L, T-N 10.567 mg/L, T-P 0.475 mg/L 이었으며, EMC(2차 강우사상)는 SS 68.6 mg/L, COD 7.4 mg/L, BOD 4.8 mg/L, T-N 10.487 mg/L, T-P 0.137 mg/L로 나타났다. 소양호 유역의 단위면적당 오염부하(1차 강우사상) 중 자운천은 SS 402.0 kg/ha/event, COD 6.1 kg/ha/event, BOD 4.3 kg/ha/event, T-N 5.118 kg/ha/event, T-P 0.230 kg/ha/event 이었으며, 오염부하(2차 강우사상)는 SS 23.9 kg/ha/event, COD 2.6 kg/ha/event, BOD 1.7 kg/ha/event, T-N 3.646 kg/ha/event, T-P 0.048 kg/ha/event로 나타났다. 오염부하에서는 1차 강우에 비해 2차 강우에서는 SS 5,076,468 mg/L, COD 47,673 mg/L, BOD 34,979 mg/L, T-N 19,757 mg/L, T-P 2451 mg/L로 1차 강우사상에 비해 오염부하가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 EMC에서는 1차 강우에 비해 2차 강우에서는 SS 761.3 mg/L, COD 5.3 mg/L, BOD 4.0 mg/L, T-N 0.080 mg/L, T-P 0.338 mg/L로 1차 강우사상에 비해 EMC가 저감되었다. 단위면적당 오염부하는 1차 강우에 비해 2차 강우에서는 SS 378.1 mg/L, COD 3.5 mg/L, BOD 2.6 mg/L, T-N 1.472 mg/L, T-P 0.182 mg/L로 1차 강우사상에 비해 EMC가 저감되었다. 강우량과 강우강도 그리고 영농활동의 시기에 따른 EMC와 단위면적당 오염부하는 큰 차이를 보였으며, 예년에 비해 적은 강수량으로 인해 탁수와 비점오염부하의 배출이 상대적으로 적었던 것으로 판단된다. 소양호 유역과 같은 넓은 유역에서 시행되는 비점오염원의 저감연구는 오랜 시간 동안 자료를 축적해야 유의미한 평가가 이루어질 수 있으므로 장기적이고 지속적인 모니터링을 통한 유량 데이터 자료구축과 수질분석뿐만 아니라, 발생되는 비점오염 물질의 관리를 위한 체계적인 연구가 지속되어야하며, 아울러 농민의 인식도 변화 등을 포함하는 많은 인자들을 정밀히 조사하고 다각도로 분석하여 저감효과에 대한 지속적인 연구가 필요하다.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.377-383
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• 1997

Yttria-stabilized TZP alloyed with pentavalent oxides $(Ta_2O_5,\;Nb_2O_5)$ were fabricated by the conventional sintering method at $1500^{\circ}C$ in air to construct the simplified ternary phase diagram. The phase stability of tetragonal -$ZrO_2$ from the quasi-binary system $ZrO_2-YTa(Nb)O_4$, which do not transform to monoclinic-$ZrO_2$ even for a wide range of grain size and annealing temperature, was investigated to determine composition region of the non-transformable $t-ZrO_2$ solid solution$(NT_{ss})$. Phase stability of $NT_{ss}$ was probably due to the enhanced stability of $_YTa(Nb)O4$ having the tetragonal fergusonite structure. It was experimentally found that mixtures having $NT_{ss}$ alloyed with $T_{ss}$ by weight%% showed both excellent phase stability of $t-ZrO_2$ and fracture toughness even though the calculated composition of the mixture /was located outside $NT_{ss}$ composition region.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.5363-5368
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• 2014

This study examined contribution rate on the Soyangho Lake watershed based on the flow regime, and seasonal change was evaluated by calculating the delivery pollution load of the drainage area of Soyangho Lake watershed. According to the contribution rate of the drainage area by the flow regime change, Inbukcheon Creek watershed's SS and T-P entry have recorded abnormal Six month flow and a contribution rate of 46% and 51% during the Low-water flow period. At the same time, the T-P recorded a 49.5% contribution rate and a contribution rate of 48.5% during the Low-water flow period. In sequence, Inbukcheon creek's SS entry recorded a comparatively higher contribution rate than the other drainage area, which are 39.6% and 44.3% during the entire season and 53.8% for T-P, as a result of observing the contribution rate based on the seasonal changes. The T-N at the Naerincheon Creek watershed for the entire season recorded a contribution rate between 39.6% and 44.3%. Overall, Inbukcheon Creek watershed's SS and T-P entry and Naerincheon creek's T-N had a high contribution rate on contaminant spill.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.92-97
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• 2000

The treatment of the washout from small scale incinerator was performed physically, chemically and biologically. The results are as follows. 1. SS, FS removal efficiency of washout wastewater from incinerator was 67.4%, 37.4%, while SS, FS of sewage wastewater was removed 63.2% 35.4% respectively. 2. The optimal conditions for chemical coagulation turned out to be pH 7.5, alum(Al2O3 10%) 30ml/ι and polyelectrolyte(A-601P 0.1%) 4ml/ι. SS 86%, FS 89.5%, BOD 42.5% and CODMn, 63.5% was removed and the removal efficiency of some metals are shown as Pb 93.5%, Zn 86.5% and Fe 80.6%. The concentration of the effluent was SS 9mg/ι, BOD 98.4mg/ι, and CODMn 138.4mg/ι. 3. The removal efficiency in treating washout wastewater of incinerator through HBC-briquet media was getting higher with increasing HRT, and mixed wastewater with 1:1, 1:2 ratio could be met up to the standard limit with higher HRT than 12hr. Under the condition of 1:2 mix ratio and HRT 24 hr, removal efficiency of SS, BOD, CODMn, T-N and T-P was 92.1%, 90%, 87%, 48.2% and 48%, respectively, and the concentration of treated wastewater was SS 2.9 mg/ι, BOD 10.3mg/ι, CODMn 14.1mg/ι, T-N 11.6 mg/ι and T-P 1.3 mg/ι, respectively.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2014

Sambucus sieboldiana (SS) is a member of the family Caprifoliaceae and has been recommended as a functional material because of its several bioactivities. Although numerous literatures are available on the pharmacological and biological activities, the biological activity of SS in bone regeneration process has not yet been well-defined. Therefore, in this study, the effect of SS was investigated in the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell line. The treatment of SS did not significantly affect the cell proliferation in MC3T3-E1 cells. SS significantly accelerated the mineralization and significantly increased the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) mRNAs, compared to the control, in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. SS significantly accelerated the decrease of osteonectin (ON) mRNA expression as compared with the control in a time-dependent manner in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. These results suggest that the SS facilitate the osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Therefore, there may be potential properties for development and clinical application of bone regeneration materials.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.289-296
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• 2020

Type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a contact-dependent secretion system, employed by most gram-negative bacteria for translocating effector proteins to target cells. The present study was conducted to investigate T6SS in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), which causes bacterial blight in rice, and to unveil its functions. Two T6SS clusters were found in the genome of Xoo PXO99^A. The deletion mutants, Δhcp1, Δhcp2, and Δhcp12, targeting the hcp gene in each cluster, and a double-deletion mutant targeting both genes were constructed and tested for growth rate, pathogenicity to rice, and inter-bacterial competition ability. The results indicated that hcp in T6SS-2, but not T6SS-1, was involved in bacterial virulence to rice plants. However, neither T6SS-1 nor T6SS-2 had any effect on the ability to compete with Escherichia coli or other bacterial cells. In conclusion, T6SS gene clusters in Xoo have been characterized, and its role in virulence to rice was confirmed.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.250-257
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• 2006

The objective of this study is to propose an alternative process for the small sewage treatment plants in rural communities. A biofilter has been used for biological wastewater treatment, which is becoming the alternative to the conventional activated sludge system. The proposed process used in this study, which is packed with floating media (i.e. expanded polystylene), has advantages of biofilter system and alternative flow system and they are incorporated into one process. Pilot and bench scale studies were performed using domestic wastewater. In the results of pilot plant study, it was observed that the stable effluent water quality was achieved and it met the present effluent criteria of suspended solid (SS), organic matters, T-N and T-P. In the study for determination of the cycle of backwashing, it was observed that the cycle of backwashing depended on BOD loading rates of influents. In the BOD loading rates of $0.5kg\;BOD/m^3{\cdot}day$ and $1.0kg\;BOD/m^3{\cdot}day$, the backwashing cycle of 28 hour and 16 hour were needed, respectively. The optimum backwashing time was 120~80 seconds at the media expansion rate of 50%. In the removal of SS, organic matters, T-N and T-P, SS removal was rather achieved by physical filtration than biological mechanism and the removal of organic matters except for SS, T-N and T-P were mainly rather achieved by biological mechanism than physical filtration. In bench-scale study, the effects of recirculation rate was investigated on removal of SS, TCOD, T-N and T-P. It was observed that the recirculation made removal efficiencies of SS, TCOD, T-N and T-P increased. Especially, in T-N removal, the increase of T-N removal efficiency of 40% was observed in the reicirculation rate of 1Q compared with 0Q.