• Stress
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.239-245
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• 2017

Background: A quasi-experimental study with non-equivalent control groups was performed to determine an effect of aromatherapy foot bath on stress and autonomic nervous activity. Methods: To confirm the effect of aromatherapy foot bath, aromatherapy foot bath group was asked to have a bathing by dropping 0.5 cc in 18 L water after blending with a ratio of 6:3:1 with essential oil lavender, lemon, and tea tree and a foot bath group was asked for bathing only by water. Results: Aromatherapy foot bath group showed significant decrease in subjective stress score (t=3.465, p=0.001) and stress index (t=3.021, p=0.004) in addition to simultaneous increase in sympathetic nervous activity (t=-2.913, p=0.005). However, no significant stimulation of parasympathetic nervous system was observed (t=-1.831, p=0.072). Conclusions: As aromatherapy foot bath is a possible effective intervention for stress relief, it can be applied as an effective method to relieve the stress for healthy adults and patients.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.479-486
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• 2023

This study is a descriptive research study to determine differences in conflict management types according to MBTI preference indicators among nursing students. Data collection was from August 30 to September 30, 2023. Data analysis was performed using independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Scheffe's. As a result of the study, among the MBTI indicators showing significant differences in conflict management types, 'i' had higher avoidance than 'E' in the energy direction (t=-3.776, <0.01). In the case of decision-making function, F had higher concession (t=-3.478, <0.01) and avoidance (t=-3.389, <0.01) than T, and T had higher dominance than F (t=2.070, <0.5). In terms of external life coping style, J had higher cooperation (t=2.756, <0.01) and compromise (t=2.044, <0.5) than P. In MBTI's psychological function types, the NF type had higher concessions than the ST type (F=4.174, <0.05), and the SF type had higher avoidance than the ST type (F=4.202, <0.05). The results of analyzing the differences in conflict management types by combining the MBTI decision-making function type and external life coping style showed that the FJ type was more cooperative than the FP type (F=2.907, <0.05), and the FJ type was more cooperative than the TP type (F =4.662, <0.01), and the FJ type had higher avoidance than the TJ type (F=3.327, <0.05). MBTI's attitude index showed that the EJ type had higher cooperation than the EP type (F=2.817, <0.05), and the IP type had significantly higher avoidance than the EP type (F=4.551, <0.01). This study is significant in confirming differences in conflict management types by combining MBTI decision-making function types (F, T) and external life coping styles (J, P), which have not been studied in Korea to date. In the follow-up study, we propose research on conflict management types by MBTI personality type by reflecting the results of this study and expanding the number of subjects, development of conflict management programs by MBTI indicators and personality types, and analysis of program effectiveness.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2018

A preliminary study into the protective mechanisms of adaptive immunity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in piglets (n = 9) born to a gilt challenged intranasally with a type-2 PRRSV. Immune parameters (neutralizing antibodies, $CD3^+CD4^+$, $CD3^+CD8^+$, $CD3^+CD4^+CD8^+$ T-lymphocytes, and PRRSV-specific interferon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$ secreting T-lymphocytes) were compared with infection parameters (macro- and microscopic lung lesion, and PRRSV-infected porcine alveolar macrophages ($CD172{\alpha}^+PRRSV-N^+\;PAM$) as well as with plasma and lymphoid tissue viral loads. Percentages of three T-lymphocyte phenotypes in 14-days post-birth (dpb) peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) had significant negative correlations with percentages of $CD172{\alpha}^+PRRSV-N^+\;PAM$ (p < 0.05) as well as with macroscopic lung lesion (p < 0.01). Plasma and tissue viral loads had significant (p < 0.05) negative correlations with $CD3^+CD4^+CD8^+$ T-lymphocyte percentage in PBMC. Frequencies of $CD3^+CD8^+$ and $CD3^+CD4^+$ T-lymphocytes in 14-dpb PBMC had significant negative correlations with of lymph node (p = 0.04) and lung (p = 0.002) viral loads. $IFN-{\gamma}$-secreting T-lymphocytes frequency had a significant negative correlation with gross lung lesion severity (p = 0.002). However, neutralizing antibody titers had no significant negative correlation (p > 0.1) with infection parameters. The results indicate that T-lymphocytes contribute to controlling PRRSV replication in young piglets born after in-utero infection.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.369-382
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• 2013

Purpose: This study aimed to develop an educational program on nursing records especially focused on legal issues, and to test the effects of the educational program on nurses' knowledge, performance, and behavior. Methods: A textbook on legal issue-focused nursing records and an instrument with 36 items rated on a 5-point scale (1-5) for measuring the nurses' charting-related performance and behavior were developed from November 2007 through March 2008. A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was employed to test the effects of the education program. Knowledge was self-reported by the Nurse Charting Knowledge Scale, while performance and behavior were measured by their nurse managers. The pretest and posttest were conducted from March through May in 2008. A total of 226 Korean nurses participated in this study. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, Chi-square, paired t-test, Spearman's coefficient, and multiple regression. Results: Nurses who received the intervention showed greater levels of knowledge (t=10.28, p<.001), performance (t=2.53, p=.013), and behavior scores (t=3.07, p=.002) than those of the control group. The factors influencing the improvement of knowledge were 'job attitude' (t=-3.32, p=.001) and 'career in present unit' (t=2.95, p=.004). The factor influencing the improvement of performance was 'career in present unit' (t=-3.39, p=.001). The factor influencing the improvement of behavior was 'job attitude' (t=-3.46, p=.001). Conclusion: The educational program on legal issue-focused nursing records was effective in improving nurse charting-related knowledge, performance, and behavior.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.249-258
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• 2024

The purpose of this study was to investigate the somatic symptoms, trait anger, and anger expression styles perceived by cancer patients, examine their relationships, and identify variables influencing somatic symptoms. The mean of patients' somatic symptoms was 8.59 ± 5.34, trait anger was 1.78±0.53, and anger suppression was 2.02±0.36, which is the highest. In terms of differences in somatic symptoms according to the general characteristics of the subjects, stage 3 cancer stage was the highest compared to other stages(F=2.745, p=.045), and the presence of cancer-related pain was significantly higher compared to its absence(t=5.046, p<.001). Differences in trait anger according to the general characteristics of the patients were found to be significant based on monthly income(F=3.952, p=.004). Differences in anger expression styles were found by age(F=4.186, p=.017), monthly income(F=3.302, p=.012), and experience of cancer-related pain(t=2.715, p=.007) in anger suppression, while differences were observed by age(F=3.637, p=.028), employment status(t=2.563, p=.011), monthly income(F=3.580, p=.008), and duration of treatment(F=3.726, p=.026) in anger regulation. The somatic symptoms perceived by the patients had positive correlations with trait anger(r=.209, p=.006), anger suppression(r=.206, p=.006), anger expression(r=.199, p=.008), and anger regulation(r=.194, p=.009). It was found that a greater presence of cancer-related pain was related with a higher level of somatic symptoms of patients among other variables.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.633-637
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• 2004

The experiment of silage for preservation of fresh Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) was carried out to examine whether the fermentation quality and microbial degradation in the rumen can be altered by the treatment of amino acids fermentation byproduct (AFB). The plant was ensiled for 40 days with 4 treatments of different ratios of AFB and sugarcane molasses (SCM) mixture. The treatment 2 (T2, AFB:SCM=100:0) and treatment 3 (T3, AFB:SCM=40:60) silages showed higher (p<0.05) concentrations of lactic acids, lower (p<0.05) pH and dry matter (DM) losses than the Control (T1, none additive) and treatment (T4, AFB:SCM=0:100) silages. The treatments 2 and 3 contained higher (p<0.05) DM and crude protein contents in silages compared to treatments 1 and 4 silages. The NDF, ADF and cellulose contents were also lower (p<0.05) in T2, T3 and T4 silages than T1 silage and fresh material before ensiled. The in situ rumen DM, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose degradability was also higher (p<0.05) in T2, T3 and T4 silages than T1 silage, while the highest improvement was achieved with addition of AFB:SCM at level of 40:60 at ensiling. The result in this study indicates that the addition of AFB and SCM additives improved the silage fermentation and cell wall degradability of Italian ryegrass silage.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the effect of pH adjustment and addition of sodium chloride (NaCl) on quality characteristics of pork leg surimi. The pork leg surimi was manufactured with one of following pH 3.0 or pH 11.0 adjustment and contained 2% NaCl or not; C (Alaska pollack surimi, two times washing, 0% NaCl), T1 (pork leg surimi pH 3.0 adjustment, 0% NaCl), T2 (pork leg surimi, pH 3.0 adjustment, 2% NaCl), T3 (pork leg surimi, pH 11.0 adjustment 0% NaCl), T4 (pork leg surimi, pH 11.0 adjustment, 2% NaCl). The $L^*$ and W values was increased with increasing of pH value, but the $a^*$ and $b^*$ values lower. The W values were higher (p<0.05) as addition of NaCl, but $a^*$ and $b^*$ values were lower. In textural properties, the cohesiveness was increased with increasing of pH value, however with the exception of springiness all traits were higher (p<0.05) as addition of NaCl. The breaking force and gel strength was increased with increasing of pH value. The breaking force, gel strength and breaking force u deformation were higher as addition of NaCl, but shear force lower. In sensory evaluation, the tenderness was increased with increasing of pH value and all traits of sensory evaluation also were higher (p<0.05) as addition of NaCl. There were no differences in interaction of pH adjustment and without or with NaCl on color, textural properties, breaking force, deformation, gel strength, shear force and sensory evaluation of pork leg surimi. The color, textural and physical characteristics and sensory evaluation ot T2 and T4 were similar to treatment C. Therefore, the pH 11.0 and 2% NaCl addition on process of manufacture of pork leg surimi would be recommended.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.261-268
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• 2013

This study presents a descriptive research on the degree of self-care related to the prevention of radiation exposure after radioactive iodine therapy and on the relations between self-efficacy and social support to propose nursing interventions required for patients after radioactive iodine therapy. The research period lasted from March to May, 2013. The subjects included 108 patients that were receiving radioactive iodine therapy after thyroidectomy at a cancer hospital in Gyeonggi Province. The subjects scored mean 52.10 on self-care out of full 56 and as for the general characteristics of the subjects, there were significant differences in their self-care according to whether they had a child or not(t=-2.312, p=.023) and interest in health(t=5.689, p<.001). There were significant positive correlations between their self-care and their self-efficacy(r=.610, p<.001), family support(r=.646, p<.001), and medical staff support(r=.276, p=.004). Interest in health(t=5.301, p<.001) was predictor on level 1 of hierarchical regression and interest in health(t=2.140, p=.035) and family support(t=3.353, p=.001) turned out to influence the self-care of the subjects, recording total 46.3% explanatory power. The most important predictor was interest in health(${\beta}$=1.309, p=.035) of self-care.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.267-282
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• 1997

This study was to test the relationship between regular physical exercise and physical fitness in nursing students. These subjects were 54 volunteers who agreed with intention of this study and were composed of 24 active group and 30 non-active group. The selected physical fitness tests were grip strength and back strength for measuring muscular strength, sargent jump and standing broad jump for measuring power, push-up, sit-up, and heart rate for measuring total endurance, reaction time and side step test for measuring agility, stick test and stork stand for measuring balance, and trunk flexion and trunk extension for measuring flexibility. The conclusion acquired was as follows : 1) Grip strength had significant difference between active group of $29.5{\pm}5.9kg$ and non-active group $25.4{\pm}7.2kg$(t=2.283, p=.027), and back strength between active group of $54.1{\pm}13.7kg$ and non-active group of $44.7{\pm}15.7kg$(t=2.310, p=.025), 2) Sargent jump was lower with non-active group($44.9{\pm}8.6cm$) than with active group($45.3{\pm}8.8cm$), however, was not significant(t=.182, p=.856). Standing broad jump was significantly lower with non-active group of $161.3{\pm}28.7cm$ than with active group of $191.4{\pm}27.0cm$(t=3.939, p=.000). 3) Push-up showed significant difference between active group of $25.3{\pm}12.3times$ and non-active group of $11.5{\pm}5.1times$(t=5.572, p=.000), and sit-up between active group of $21.8{\pm}7.4times$ and non-active group of $17.1{\pm}5.8times$(t=2.631, p=.011), and heart rate between actvie group of $110.5{\pm}12.8$beats/min and non-active group of $121.5{\pm}9.5$beats/min(t=-3.648, p=.001). 4) Reaction time was significantly higher with non-active group of $.300{\pm}.051sec$ than with active group of $.341{\pm}.041sec$(t=-3.285, p=.002). Side step test was lower with non-active group($8.8{\pm}1.1times$) than with active group($9.2{\pm}1.2times$), however, was not significant (t=1.309, p=.196). 5) Stick test showed not significant difference between active group of $25.8{\pm}14.8sec$ and non-active group of $30.7{\pm}17.9sec$(t=-1.058, p=.295), and stork stand between active group of $4.5{\pm}3.2sec$ and non-active group of $3.7{\pm}3.5sec$(t=.918, p=.363). 6) Trunk flexion came out not significant difference between active group of $14.2{\pm}5.0cm$ and non-active group of $15.8{\pm}7.3cm$(t=-.927, p=.358), and trunk extension between active group of $67.1{\pm}6.5cm$ and non-active group of $67.3{\pm}6.6cm$(t=-.140, p=.889). 7) Power was shown to be significantly related to total endurance(r=.717, p=.000 ; r-.739, p=.000). 8) Total endurance was shown to be significantly related to agility(r=-.752, p=.000 ; r=.684, p=.000 ; r=-.664, p=.000 ; r=.598, p=.002 ; r=.864, p=.000 ; r=-.536, p=.007). These results suggest that regular physical exercise is effective in promoting and maintaining physical fitness. As the further study, it is necessary to reinvestigate the effect with more refined design.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.93-102
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• 1989

With an objective to provide basic information for the management and the prediction of eutrophication in lentic water Systems, total amount of Kjeldahl nitrogen(T-N) and phosphorous(T-P) from irrigated water and drained water from flooded paddies were investigated during the rice growing period of 1988. A 29.3 ha paddies near Jungnam-myun, HwaSung-gun, Gyungi Province, Korea was instrumented for measuring runoff and sampling irrigated water and drained water from paddies. The following conclusions may be drawn from the result of this study. 1.During 115 days of investigation, T-N load for paddies was 362.6kg and T-P 63.44kg.These would be converted to 12.4kg T-N/ha and 2.17kg T-P/ha, respectively. 2.The T-N and T-P loadings in different periods showed a significant difference. The 25% of T-N loading was drained soon after fertilization period and 60% was drained during the rainy season from July 5 to July 24. 3.Annual loadings from paddies could be calculated to 30kg T-N/ha/year and 52kg T-P/ha/year considering non-measurement periods. 4.After the rainy season, the nutrient loads from drained water showed much less than those from irrigated water, and it may be suggested that the paddies would act as a stabilization pond. 5.The average concentrations of nutrients at 0.9km downstream from investigated paddies were 2.02(T-N) mg/l and 0.52(T-P) mg/I, which were 1.82(T-N) mg/l and 0.056(T-P)mg/l lower than those of drained water from paddies.