• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.232-242
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a safety education program for elementary school students by comparing elementary school teachers and students on their demands for safety education. Method: The data were collected from 1,754 1-6th grade elementary school students and 335 elementary school teachers (6 elementary schools) using self- report questionnaires. Results: 1) The mean score for level of demand for safety education by elementary school teachers was 4.43 ({\pm}.44$) and for students, 4.01({\pm}.65$). 2) There was a significant difference in the level of demand for safety education between the elementary school teachers and students (t=-14.46, p=.000). 3) There were significant differences in the level of demand for safety education according to teachers' gender (t=-4.36, p=.000), teachers' concern about a safe life (t=5.14, p=.000), teachers' perception of a safe life (t=3.08, p=.002), students' gender (t=-3.89, p=.000), students' grade (t=5.06, p=.000), students' concern about safe life (t=13.09, p=.000), students' safe life practices (t=11.64, p=.000), students' previous experience of safety education (t=2.02, p=.045), and students' recognition of the importance of safety education (F=67.31, p=.000). Conclusion: To develop effective safety education programs for elementary school students, it is necessary to give precedence to demands and interest in safety education of the students.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.118-125
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• 2019

Objective: This study investigated the effects of soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi) shell powder (SSP) on serum hormone level, egg quality, semen characteristics and reproductive performance of broiler breeders fed with a maize-soybean meal based diet. Methods: Ninety six female and twenty four male CARIBRO-VISHAL broiler breeders, 38-week old, were individually caged and randomly allocated to four treatment groups (24 female breeders/treatment and 6 male breeders/treatment): an un-supplemented control (T1) and three groups with 0.0176% SSP (group T2), 0.026% SSP (group T3) and 0.0528% SSP (group T4), to have supplementary saponin at 0, 50, 75, and 150 ppm, respectively, for 42 days. Results: The results indicated that serum (p<0.001) and seminal plasma (p<0.05) testosterone level, semen volume (p<0.001), mass motility (p<0.001), and live spermatozoa count (p<0.001) was increased in groups T3 and T4 compared to T2 and control groups. Compared with control group, total sperm count was increased (p<0.001) and dead spermatozoa count was decreased (p<0.001) in SSP supplemented groups. Supplementation of SSP did not affected the quality of egg lay. Compared with control group, fertility (p<0.01) and hatchability (total eggs set and fertile eggs set) (p<0.001) were significantly improved in SSP supplemented groups with the highest improvement in T3 treatment group. Embryonic death was decreased (p<0.001) in SSP supplemented groups compared to control; lowest embryonic death was recorded in T3 treatment group. Conclusion: Thus, it was concluded that dietary supplementation of 0.026% SSP (saponin equivalent 75 ppm) improved the reproductive performance of broiler breeders.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify related factors of stress, social support and rehabilitation motivation of stroke survivors and analyze their relationship. Method: A sample of 106 stroke survivors completed face-to-face interviews. The levels of stress, social support and rehabilitation motivation were measured by the Neuman's stress, Multidimentional Scale Perceived Social Support and Han's Rehabilitation Motivation, respectively. The t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation were conducted using the SPSS 17.0. Results: The mean scores of stress, social support and rehabilitation motivation were 3.3 (SD=0.76), 3.2 (SD=0.88), and 3.4 (SD=0.49) respectively. Compared to stroke survivors who had no spouses, those with spouses had a lower level of stress (t=9.52, p=.003), a higher level of social support (t=7.32, p=.008) and a higher level of rehabilitation motivation (t=15.39, p=.001). The rehabilitation motivation was significantly higher in stroke survivors with higher education (F=5.00, p=.001), more monthly income (F=15.39, p=.001), greater income satisfaction (F=3.80, p=.026), shorter duration of disease (F=3.64, p=.030) and absence of dysarthria (t=6.81, p=.010). Stress, social support and rehabilitation motivation are significantly related with each other. Conclusion: The findings suggest that these significant factors should be considered when caring for stroke survivors.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.1077-1091
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• 2022

This study was conducted to determine the rumen fermentation dynamics of lupin flakes and elucidate the effects of lupin flake supplementation on the growth performance, blood metabolites, and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. In vitro and in situ trials of lupin grains and lupin flakes were conducted using three Hanwoo cows with rumen fistulas. The feeding trial included 40 early-fattening Hanwoo steers randomly divided into four groups: control, T1, T2, and T3. Their formula feed contained 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% lupin flakes, respectively. In vitro rumen pH and ammonia concentrations were lower in the lupin flake group than in the lupin grain group after 6 and 24 h of incubation, respectively (p < 0.05). Concentrations of propionate, butyrate, and total volatile fatty acids were higher in the lupin flake group than in the lupin grain group after 12 h of incubation (p < 0.05), as was the crude protein disappearance rate at 9 and 12 h of rumen fermentation (p < 0.05). Supplementation with lupin flakes did not affect the average daily gain. Compared to that in the control group, dry matter intake was lower in the lupin flake-supplemented groups (p < 0.05); the feed conversion ratio was lower in T2 and T3 (p < 0.05); and plasma total protein concentration in 29-month-old steers was lower in T1 and T3 (p < 0.05). Plasma triglyceride concentration was lower in the lupin flake-supplemented groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). The incidence rate of yield grade A was higher in T1 and T2 than in the control group; the incidence rate of meat quality 1⁺ grade or higher was highest in T2. The carcass auction price was higher in T2 than in the other groups. Overall, compared to whole lupin grains, lupin flakes seem to more substantially affect rumen ammonia concentrations and crude protein disappearance rate. Additionally, we suggest that supplementation with 6% lupin flake formula feed exerts positive effects on the feed conversion ratio, yield grade, and quality grade of Hanwoo steers.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.689-695
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and to predict of eutrophication in lakes by using Vollenweider-OECD model and total phosphorus concentration and inflow rate which were measured in 1993∼2001. The results of study were as follows. The annual total phosphorus loading from the watershed was calculated to be 55∼195tP/yr at lake Soyang, 221∼466tP/yr at lake Taechong, 123∼278tP/yr at lake Andong, 57∼109tP/yr at lake Seomjin. These are discharged, far the most parts, from population and fishfarm facility. TP loading on the surface area at lake Soyang was 3.01gP/㎡/yr, 2.82gP/㎡/yr, 2.84gP/㎡/yr, 3.03gP/㎡/yr, 2.34gP/㎡/yr, 1.78gP/㎡/yr, 0.91gP/㎡/yr, 0.89gP/㎡/yr, 0.86gP/㎡/yr, lake Taechong was 6.71gP/㎡/yr, 7.25gP/㎡/yr, 7.24gP/㎡/yr, 6.53gP/㎡/yr, 6.50gP/㎡/yr, 7.06gP/㎡/yr, 7.04gP/㎡/yr, 4.05gP/㎡/yr, 3.44gP/㎡/yr and TP loading on the surface area of lake Andong, lake Soemjin were 5.39gP/㎡/yr, 4.47gP/㎡/yr, 4.56gP/㎡/yr, 4.45gP/㎡/yr, 3.33gP/㎡/yr, 2.38gP/㎡/yr, 2.53gP/㎡/yr, 2.46gP/㎡/yr, 2.54gP/㎡/yr, 4.09gP/㎡/yr, 4.10gP/㎡/yr, 3.98gP/㎡/yr, 3.73gP/㎡/yr, 2.80gP/㎡/yr, 3.46gP/㎡/yr, 3.22gP/㎡/yr, 2.19gP/㎡/yr, 2.13gP/㎡/yr respectively. The tropic states of four lakes can be assessed as eutrophy because phosphorus leading exceeds the critical phosphorus loading by Vollenweider-OECD model.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.33-48
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• 2012

Objectives : This study aimed to assess the effects of incense smokes of 'Cheung-Woon' on the concentration and EEG in healthy individuals. Methods : A total of 48 healthy volunteers participated in this study. The volunteers were examined with K-MAS, CBT(Corsi block tapping task), and EEG before and after smelling the incense smokes of 'Cheung-Woon'. K-MAS measured the recalled words, and CBT measured the recalled positions and orders of the color boxes. EEG measured the relative power of ${\theta}$ wave, ${\alpha}$ wave, SMR wave, mid-${\beta}$ wave, high-${\beta}$ wave, ${\gamma}$ wave and T(concentraion index T = (SMR wave + mid-${\beta}$ wave) / ${\theta}$ wave). 'Cheung-Woon' consists of 7 herbal powder, known as a useful effect on the concentration and memory. Results : After smelling 'Cheung-Woon', K-MAS were increased significantly(p<0.05). In relative power of ${\theta}$ wave, F4, T3, and P4 were decreased significantly(p<0.05) and P3 was also decreased significantly(p<0.01). In the relative power of ${\alpha}$ wave, SMR wave, and mid-${\beta}$ wave, the values were not significant. In the relative power of high-${\beta}$ wave, Fp1, and P4 were increased significantly(p<0.05). In relative power of ${\gamma}$ wave, T3 were increased significantly (p<0.05). In T value, F4, T3, T4, and P4 were increased significantly(p<0.05) and P3 were also increased significantly(p<0.01). Conclusions : This results show that smelling incense smokes of 'Cheung-Woon' is an effective way of increasing concentration and memory.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.251-261
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• 2004

Purpose: To investigate the degree and sources of stress which fathers of infants in NICU experience. Method: Eighty-five fathers of NICU infants at 5 university hospitals in Seoul volunteered to complete the Parental Stressor Scale for NICU (PSS: NICU) from September 1, to October 15, 2002. Result: Total perceived stress was 3.50±0.76. The highest score were in Parental Role Alteration (3.76±0.83) and Appearance and Behavior (3.65±1.04). The total perceived stress score (PSS), correlated significantly with method (t=3.50, p=.01), and route (F=5.30, p=.00) of feeding. Light & Sound correlated significantly with birth weight (F=3.39, p=.02), medical diagnosis(F=2.30, p=.03), plan of operation(t=2.50, p=.01), operation (t=3.80, p=.02), method (F=4.90, p=.003), and route (F=4.70, p=.00) of feeding. Infant Appearance and Behavior correlated significantly with birth weight (F=5.12, p=.01), plan of operation (t=2.50, p=.01), method (F=3.50, p=.01), and route (F=7.80, p=.00) of feeding. Parental Role Alteration correlated significantly with care of incubator (t=-.68, p=.03), method of feeding (F=2.80, p=.04) and education level of father (F=3.00, p=.05). Conclusion: Father with NICU infants were concerned mostly with parental role alteration and infant appearance. Nursing intervention should include fathers of NICU infants.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2003

The two experiments in this study compared litter nitrogen (N) contents after broiler chicks were raised for 42 days. Experiment I compared litter treated with aluminum sulfate (alum) [Al$_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$ㆍ14$H_2O$] (T$_1$) with nontreated litter (T$_2$) when the broiler chicks were fed the same levels of dietary protein (23% for 0∼3 weeks, 21% for 4∼6 weeks) Experiment 2 compared the alum treated litters of broiler chicks fed high protein diets (T$_3$) having 20.4% protein for 0∼3 weeks and 19.3% for 4∼6 weeks, with lower protein diets (T$_4$) having protein levels of 18.0% for 0∼3 weeks and 17.0% for 4 6 weeks. Each treatment had four replicate cages. As shown in Table 1, T$_1$ had a significantly (P<0.0l) lower pH and significantly (P<0.05) higher total N (TN), NH$_4$-N and inorganic N (IN) than T$_2$. T$_1$ and T$_2$ had similar moisture, organic carbon (OC), NO$_3$-N and organic N (ON). Alum treatment increased available N (AN) significantly (P<0.05) from 13.75$\pm$0.0l mg/g to 14.90$\pm$0.01 mg/g and predicted available N (PAN) significantly (P<0.05) from 15.00$\pm$0.0l to 16.50$\pm$0.02. The C : N ratios were 18.84$\pm$0.40 (T$_1$) and 19.46$\pm$0.10 (T$_2$) while the C : ON ratios were 28.49$\pm$1.15 (T$_1$) and 28.34$\pm$0.20 (T$_2$) although C : N ratios or C : ON ratios did not show any difference between T$_1$ and T$_2$. In Table 2, T$_3$ had significantly (P<0.05) higher moisture, TN, NH$_4$-N, ON and IN than T$_4$, while the pH, OC and NO$_3$-N were similar in both groups. The AN of T$_3$ increased significantly (P<0.05) from 10.99$\pm$0.0l mg/g to 12.98$\pm$0.03 mg/g, while the PAN increased significantly (P<0.05) from 12.39$\pm$0.10 mg/g (T$_4$) to 14.68$\pm$ 0.30 mg/g (T$_3$). The C : N ratios increased significantly (P<0.0l) from 20.07$\pm$0.20 (T$_3$) to 24.40$\pm$0.10 (T$_3$). The C : ON ratios also increased significantly (P<0.0l) from 28.99$\pm$1.15 (T$_3$) to 35.51$\pm$0.20 (T$_4$). These current research results show increased AN contents and PAN contents in alum treated litter or with increased CP levels regardless of alum treatment. However, none of the litters in this study could initially increase mineralization.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.413-418
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• 2014

It has been proved that the union of two linear star-configurations in $\mathbb{P}^2$ of type s and t for either $3{\leq}t{\leq}10$ or $\(\frac{t}{2}\)-1{\leq}s$ with $3{\leq}t$ has maximal Hilbert function. We extend the condition to $\[\frac{1}{2}\(\frac{t}{2}\)\]{\leq}s$, so that it is true for either $3{\leq}t{\leq}10$ or $\[\frac{1}{2}\(\frac{t}{2}\)\]{\leq}s$ with $3{\leq}t$, which extends the result of [6].

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.231-235
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the change of the body surface temperature during socialization of weaning pigs. A total of 108 piglets (Landrace 60 and Yorkshire 48) aged 31 (${\pm}1.1$) day was used for this study. Experiment was designed as follows; familiar group (T1), randomly mixed with unfamiliar piglets (T2), mixed based on weight of unfamiliar piglet (T3). The transport and mixing of pigs were performed at 10:00, and then body surface temperature was taken by thermo-graphic camera after 4 hours (14:00). Average surface temperature and hot-spot-temperature, which is the hottest spot of the body surface, were analyzed using Testo IRsoft 3.1 software. Average temperature of body surface were 36.0, 38.2, and 37.5 in T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Average of body surface temperature in T2 and T3 were higher (p<0.001) than T1, and average temperature of body surface of T3 was greater (p<0.001) than that of T2. The hot-spot-temperature of T1, T2, and T3 were 38.7, 39.5, and 39.6, respectively. The hot-spot-temperature of T2 (p<0.01) and T3 (p<0.001) were significantly higher than that of T1. Above results demonstrate that grouping unfamiliar pigs leads to increase in the body temperature possibly by pigs aggressive behavior during social conflict. By the result on average body temperature, this study suggests that the mixing with similar body weight would increase the struggle time and frequency.