• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

The aim of this study was development of natural antifungal compounds from softwood. We investigated antifungal activities of extracts from Pseudotsuga menziesii and Chamaecyparis obtusa against Tricholderma genus which is virus causing green mold disease and analyzed antifungal compounds by Gas chromatography -Mass Spetrometer. Extracts from P. menziesii had inhibition activities against Tricholderma genus on 1,000 ppm and had high antifungal activities against T. viride by 70.1%, T. harzianum by 67.3% and T. aggressivum by 64.7% on 4,000 ppm. And extracts from C. obtusa had antifungal activities against Tricholderma genus on 1,000 ppm and had high antifungal activities against T. viride by 63.2%, T. harzianum by 59.3% and T. aggressivum by 59.1% on 4,000 ppm. But mixing compounds which are made from P. menziesii and C. obtusa extracts by variety ratio had lower antifungal activities than original extracts. Main antifungal active components of P. menziesii extracts against Tricholderma genus were 2-Isopropoxy-ethylamine 46.5%, epifluorohydrin 8.6%, trans-2,3-Di-methyloxirane 7.6%, (IR)-(-)-Myrtenal 6.0%, 2-Methoxy-4-Vinylphenol 3.9% and benzaldehyde 2.8%. In case of C. obtusa extracts, they were ${\alpha}$-Terpinenyl acetate 14.9%, Sabinene 10.9%, dl-Limonene 9.6%, ${\alpha}$-Terpinolene 7.5% and ${\alpha}$-Pinene 7.1%. As mentioned above, these results revealed extracts from P. menziesii and C. obtusa of softwood could be used as potential agents to inhibit Trichoderma genus.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.92-98
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• 1987

Twelve species of fungi were isolated from rice straw media for oyster mushroom cultivation. Trichoderma, Aspergillus and Rhizopus were the predominant fungi. Seven species of Trichoderma were isolated and identified from the rice straw media and the order of their frequency in the media was pseudokonigii, aureoviride, viride, harzianum and koningii. Occurrence of harmful fungi in mushroom houses become more severe as the number of cultivation times increased, and that was more severe in spring culture than in autumn culture. Mycelial growth and sporulation of Trichoderma, Aspergillus and Rhizopus were fovorable on the media appended with extracts of rice straws and oyster mushrooms. This results indicate that the rice straw media and mushrooms give favorable conditions for the occurrence of the fungi in the mushroom houses. Mycelial growth of Trichoderma spp. was favorable on saw­dust extraction media and rice bran extraction media, and the spawns inoculated at the mushroom beds present media of the fungi.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.21-24
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• 1997

The hybrid peptides, CA-ME, CA-MA and CA-BO, with the N-terminal sequence 1-8 of cecropin A and the N-terminal sequences 1-12 of melittin, magainin 2 and bombinin, respectively, have more improved antibacterial activities. CA-MA was found to have stronger antifungal activity against Trichoderma sp than other hybrid peptides and their parental peptides. In order to elucidate the relationships between the peptide structure and antifungal activity, several analogues of CA-MA or CA-BO were also designed and synthesized by the solid phase method. An tifungal activity was measured against T. reesei and T. viride, and hemolytic activity was measured by a solution method against human red blood cells. The residue 16 of CA-MA, Ser, was found to be important for antifungal activity. When the residue was substituted with Leu, showed powerful antifungal activity was dramatically decreased. CA-MA, P1, P4 and P5 designed in this study showed powerful antifungal activity against T. reesei and T. viride with low hemolytic activity against human red blood cells. These hybrid peptides will be potentially useful model to further design peptides with powerful antifungal activity for the effective therepy of fungal infection and understand the mechanisms of antifungal actions of hybrid peptides.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.301-309
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• 2005

Trichoderma species/isolates exhibited varied degree of agglutination on sclerotial (Sc) and hyphal (Hy) surface of Macrophomina phaseolina. The agglutination efficiencies on Sc and Hy ranged from $11\;to\;57\%$. Isolates of T. harzianum (Th) and T. viride (Tv) showed greater agglutination on Sc ($23-57\%$) and Hy ($16-47\%$). Different enzymes (trypsin, pepsin, proteinase k, a-chymotrypsin, lyticase and glucosidase) and inhibitors (tunicamycin, cycloheximide, brefeldin A, sodium azide, dithiothreitol and SDS) reduced the agglutination potential of conidia of Th-23/98 and Tv-25/98; however, the extent of response varied greatly in different treatments. Different fractions of Th-23/98 and Tv-25/98 exhibited haemagglutinating reaction with human blood group A, B, AB and O. Haemagglutinating activity was inhibited by different sugars and glycoproteins tested. Crude haemagglutinating protein from outer cell wall protein fraction of Th-23/98 and Tv-25/98 were eluted on Sephadex G-100 column. Initially Th-23/98 and Tv-25/98 exhibited two peaks showing no agglutination activity; however, lectin activity was detected in the third peak. Similar to crude lectin, the purified lectin also exhibited haemagglutinating activity with different erythrocyte source. SDS-PAGE analysis of partially purified lectin revealed single band with an estimated molecular mass of 55 and 52 kDa in Th-23/98 and Tv-25/98, respectively. Trypsin, chymotrypsin and b-1,3-glucanase totally inhibited lectin activity. Similarly, various pH also affected the haemagglutinating activity of Th-23/98 and Tv-25/98. From the present observations, it can be concluded that the recognition/attachment of mycoparasite (T. harzianum and T. viride) to the host surface (M. phaseolina) may be most likely due to lectin-carbohydrate interaction.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.10 no.1 s.13
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• pp.21-30
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• 2001

The antibacterial and insecticidal properties of ethanol extracts and volatile components extracted from Eugenia caryophyllata, Boswellia carterii, Agastache rugosa, Aristolochia contorta, and Aquilaria agallocha were evaluated. The ethanol extract and volatile component of E. caryophyllata showed strong antimicrobial effect against all strains (Mucor hiemalis, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium funiculosum, Trichoderma viride) and the volatile component of B. carterii showed antimicrobial effect against all strains except T. viride. The ethanol extract of E. caryophyllata and A. contorta showed $100\%\;and\;32\%$ mortality against Reticulitemes spertus kyushuensis Morimoto for 48 hours and 72 hours, respectively. In the case of volatile component, E. aryophyllata showed $100\%\;and\;20\%$ mortality against R. spertus and Lyctus linearis GOZE, respectively. The main constitute, eugenol $(92\%)$ among nine components from volatile component of E. aryophyllata were identified as antibacterial active substance.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2003

Antimicrobial activities of plant extractives were investigated to develop a natural fungicide. Two stilbenoids and five flavonoids were isolated from wood extractives of Hovenia dulcis (Rhamnaceae) which had been selected due to its high antifungal activity among the tested species. The chemical structures of isolated compounds were determinded as : 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone, 5,7-dihydroxyflavone (chrysin), 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone (pinocembrin), 3,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone (pinobanksin), 3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (aromadendrin), 3-hydroxy-5-methoxystilbene and 3,5-dihydroxystilbene (pinosylvin) on the basis of Mass and NMR spectroscopic data. According to the results of antifungal test, 3-hydroxy-5-methoxystilbene was evaluated as the strongest antifungal compound among the tested compounds and next were pinocembrin and pinosylvin, but those also had high hyphal growth inhibition activities against C. parasitica, T. versicolor, T. palustris and T. viride. However, pinobanksin, 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone, chrysin and aromadendrin showed very low antifungal activity. In this regard, it could inferred that high antifungal activity of wood extractives of H. dulcis were derived from 3-hydroxy-5-methoxystilbene, pinocembrin and pinosylvin, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.390-399
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• 2012

Endoglucanase gene egIV was cloned from Trichoderma viride AS 3.3711, an important cellulose-producing fungus, by using an RT-PCR protocol. The egIV cDNA is 1,297 bp in length and contains a 1,035 bp open reading frame encoding a 344 amino acid protein with an estimated molecular mass of 35.5 kDa and isoelectronic point (pI) of 5.29. The expression of gene egIV in T. viride AS 3.3711 could be induced by sucrose, corn straw, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), or microcrystalline cellulose, but especially by CMC. The transcripts of egIV were regulated under these substrates, but the expression level of the egIV gene could be inhibited by glucose and fructose. Three recombinant vectors, pYES2-xegIV, $pYES2M{\alpha}$-egIV, and $pYES2M{\alpha}$-xegIV, were constructed to express the egIV gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae H158. The CMCase activity of yeast transformants $IpYES2M{\alpha}$-xegIV was higher than that of transformant IpYES2-xegIV or $IpYES2M{\alpha}$-egIV, with the highest activity of 0.13 U/ml at induction for 48 h, illustrating that the modified egIV gene could enhance CMCase activity and that $MF{\alpha}$ signal peptide from S. cerevisiae could regulate exogenous gene expression more effectively in S. cerevisiae. The recombinant EGIV enzyme was stable at pH 3.5 to 7.5 and temperature of $35^{\circ}C$ to $65^{\circ}C$. The optimal reaction condition for EGIV enzyme activity was at the temperature of $55^{\circ}C$, pH of 5.0, 0.75 mM $Ba^{2+}$, and using CMC as substrate. Under these conditions, the highest activity of EGIV enzyme in transformant $IpYES2M{\alpha}$-xegIV was 0.18 U/ml. These properties would provide technical parameters for utilizing cellulose in industrial bioethanol production.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.104-114
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• 1980

Fourteen species of the hyphomyceteous fungi isolated from Korean soils are described and illustrated. Among these, one species has teleomorphic state and is identified as Emericella nidulans var. nidulans, similar to Emericella spectabilis with the exception of size of the conidiophores as well as color and the arrangement of the hulle cells. Four species of hyphomyceteous fungi. Chrysosporium pannorum, Doratomyces microsporus, Trichoderma Roningii, T. viride, are reported here for the first time in Korea.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.15-26
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• 2009

This study was undertaken to determine inhibitory compounds from extracts of the softwood (larix leptolepis, Pseudotsuga menziesii) sawdust against Trichoderma spp. The sawdust of L. leptolepis and P. menziesii were hot water extracted, which were with fraction extracted organic solvents. The organic solvent extractions were carried out by n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate. The antifungal activity of hot water extracts of L. leptolepis sawdust was determined to be 20.6% inhibition at a concentration of 1,000 ppm against Trichoderma spp. The antifungal activity of P. menziesii sawdust was outstanding about 60.3% against Trichoderma spp. The yields of the fractions of n-hexane soluble, methylene chloride soluble and ethyl acetate soluble from the hot water extract of L. leptolepis sawdust were 4.0%, 6.0% and 8.0%, repectively. However, the yields of the fractions of three solvents of P. menziesii sawdust were 8.0%, 13.0 and 14.0% correspondingly. The antifungal activity of n-hexane soluble fraction from hot water extracts of L. leptolepis sawdust was highest to about 68.5% to 79.9% against Trichoderma spp. compared to others. The antifungal activities of n-hexane soluble fraction from hot water extracts of P. menziesii sawdust showed 68.5%, 71.4%. 71.9%, 75.7% and 82.3% against T. aggressivum, T. atroviride, T. harzianum, T. koningii and T.viride, respectively. The n-hexane soluble fraction revealed much higher antifungal activity than the other fractions did. This study demonstrated that the n-hexane fraction of the hot water extracts of L. leptolepis and P. menziesii exhibited the greatest antifungal activity against Trichoderma spp.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.5
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• pp.148-166
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• 1984

The Investigation of organisms damaged to papers and cellulose materials of Cultural Property in the Ch'ang Dok Palace The investigation of the airborne fungi, the attached fungi to the papers and cellulose materials of Cultural Properties in addition to the insects inhabiting at the Ku Sonwon Jon, Shin Sonwon Jon and Yonwa ch'anggo in the Ch'ang Dok Palace carried out from Jul. 10 to Jul. 21,1984.The results are summarized as follows ;1. Isolation and identification of the airborne fungi from the three storages were Cladosporium sp., Alternaria alternata, As pergillus cervinus, A. flavus, A. nidulance, A. oryzae, A. terreus, A. versicolor, A. wentii, Penicillium adametzii, P.albicans, P.canescens, P. citreo-viride, P. citrinums, P. decumbens, P. frequentans, P. funiculosum, P.herquei, P.implicatum, P.multicolor, P.nigricans, P.nonatum,P.purpurogenum, P.roqueforti, P.viridicatum, Trichodema viride, Geotrichumcandidum, Curvvlaria lunata, Torula hebarum, T.thermophila, Itersoniliasalmonicolor, Drechsclera avenue, Candida sp., Acremonium sp., and Botrytis sp., It was found that thirty five species in thirteen genera was isolated. Among them, the dominant species was Cladosporium sp., and the order was Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and so on.2. The attached fungi directly isolated from the papers and cellulose materials of Cultural Properties were twenty-nine species in fourteen genera, namely, Acremonium sp., Albertiniella sp., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus clavatus,A.niger, A.ornatus, A.versicolor, Botrytis sp., Bysochlamys sp., Carpenteles sp.,Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium sp., Eurotium sp., Mucor sp., Penicilliumcanescens, P.chermesium, P.citrinum, P.frequentans, P.funiculosum, P.herqueiP .implicatum, P.javanicum, P.luteum, P.purpurogenum, P.thomii, P.viridicatum, Torula thermophila, Trichoderma koningi and T.viride. Among them, the mostfungi distributed on the surface of the papers and cellulose materials was Penicillium and the order was Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Trichodermaand so on.3. The insects collected the three storages were ten genera and ten species including 916 specimens. By classifying the insects collected, the most species of the insects was Stenoscelodes hayashii of 857 specimens occupied about 93% of the total insect. And the other insects were collected as Microgamme costipennisAnobium pertinax, Xenomimetes alni, Anthrenus verbasci, Holoparmecus signatus,Thermobia domestica, Halyomorpha brevis, Drosophila coracine and Brattaorientalis. As described above, it could be known that the most airborne fungi was Cladosporium and the order was Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria in the three storages. And the most attached fungi distributed on the surface of papers and cellulose materials was Penicillium and the other fungi were Aspergillus, Alternaria Cladosporium, Trichoderma and so on. Accordingly, from the results, itwas assumed that the major part of airborne fungi were attached to the papers and cellulose materials of Cultural Properties. The paper and cellulose materials of Cultural Properties in Ch'ang Dok Palace were chiefly damaged by S.hayashii in Coleoptera.