• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.191-197
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• 1999

Stomach contents of hairtail, Trichiurus lepturus collected in the Nakdong River Estuary were examined quantitatively. T. lepturus was a carnivore which consumed mainly fishes, crustaceans (such as copepods, euphausiids and shrimps) and chaetognaths. Its diets included small quantities of small squids. T. lepturus showed ontogenetic progression of three feeding stages : an initial feeding stage was a planktivorous stage in which copepods were the major food item, followed by a mixed feeding stage in which euphausiids, mysids, shrimps, chaetognaths and fishes were the major food items, and finally a piscivorous stage in which fishes were the major food item. Especially anchovies were heavily selected by large T. lepturus.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.09a
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• pp.1522-1529
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• 2009

When a shaft is excavated in Korea, the mechanized method such as RBM(Raise Boring Machine) or RC(Raise Climber) is used independently of depth. But usually, the mechanized method is useful for the deep depth. On the contrary, when the depth of shaft is short, the cost of excavation increase. So in the case of shaft constructon less than 100m, we need to consider more suitable method of shaft construction such as Stage-cut which is one of blasting methods. Stage-Cut is widely used in the field of shaft construction in Japan as a tool of rock excavation. The main purpose of this study is to provide technical guidance for design and construction of shafts in rock, using Stage-cut method which is suitable for 20m~80m depth shaft. In this study, Blasting tests was performed in field, according to rock classification. Finally, the stage-cut method which is suitable for the geology of Korea was developed.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.1366-1377
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to confirm the effect of the Havruta-based teaching and learning method on the academic self-efficacy, critical thinking tendency, learning satisfaction, and academic stress of nursing students. This study was conducted with 90 2nd graders of nursing department with one-group pretest-posttest design. The Havruta-based instructional design consists of five stages: the 1 stage is the pre-learning stage, the 2 stage is the introduction and development stage, the 3 stage is the organization of the class content, the 4 stage is the question and teaching stage, and the 5 stage is organized and integrated. Four weeks of Havruta-based teaching and learning method was applied. The data were analyzed by SPSS 25.0. The general characteristics of the subjects were frequency and percentage, and The dependent variable for measuring the effect of experimental treatment was analyzed by paired t-test. As a result of the study, the application of the Havruta-based teaching and learning method showed statistically significant results on academic self-efficacy(t=-3.711, p<.000), learning satisfaction(t=-2.580, p=.012), and academic stress(t=6.500, p<.000). The Havruta-based teaching and learning method has been confirmed to be an effective teaching method that increases the subject's academic self-efficacy, learning satisfaction, and lowers academic stress, so it can be applied to other major subjects in the future.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 1995

Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) larvae of pre-metamorphic and early metamorphic stage were treated with different concentrations of triiodothyroxine $(T_3)\;and\; thyroxine\;(T_4)$ by immersion (0.02, 0.04, 0.08 and 0.16 ppm) for 11 days. Although $T_3$ was more potent than $T_4,\;both\;T_3\;and\;T_4$ accelerated the settlement time of fish larvae. Duration upto complete settlement in hormone-treated groups was significantly shorter than that in controls. Survival of hormone-treated groups at the pre-metamorphic stage decreased as hormone concentrations increased, however groups treated at the early metamorphic stage were not differ from control. Growth rates of groups treated with high concentration of hormone were slightly lower than that of control except 0.02ppm $T_4$ treated group.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.516-524
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• 1997

Background : Cancer invasion and metastasis require the dissolution of the extracellular matrix in which several proteolytic enzymes are involved. One of these enzymes is the urokinase-type plasminogen activator(u-PA), and plasminogen activator inhibitors(PAI-1, PAI-2) also have a possible role in cancer invasion and metastasis by protection of cancer itself from proteolysis by u-PA. It has been reported that the levels of u-PA and plasminogen activator inhibitors in various cancer tissues are significantly higher than those in normal tissues and have significant correlations with tumor size and lymph node involvement. Here, we measured the concentration of plasma u-PA and PAI-1 antigens in the patients with lung cancer and compared the concentration of them with histologic types and staging parameters. Methods : We measured the concentration of plasma u-PA and PAI-1 antigens using commercial ELISA kit in 37 lung cancer patients, 21 benign lung disease patients and 24 age-matched healthy controls, and we compared the concentration of them with histologic types and staging parameters in lung cancer patients. Results : The concentration of u-PA was $1.0{\pm}0.3ng/mL$ in controls, $1.0{\pm}0.3ng/mL$ in benign lung disease patients and $0.9{\pm}0.3ng/mL$ in lung cancer patients. The concentration of PAI-1 was $14.2{\pm}6.7ng/mL$ in controls, $14.9{\pm}6.3ng/mL$ in benign lung disease patients, and $22.1{\pm}9.8ng/mL$ in lung cancer patients. The concentration of PAI-1 in lung cancer patients was higher than those of benign lung disease patients and controls. The concentration of u-PA was $0.7{\pm}0.4ng/mL$ in squamous cell carcinoma, $0.8{\pm}0.3ng/mL$ in adenocarcinoma, 0.9ng/mL in large cell carcinoma, and $1.1{\pm}0.7ng/mL$ in small cell carcinoma. The concentration of PAI-1 was $22.3{\pm}7.2ng/mL$ in squamous cell carcinoma, $22.6{\pm}9.9ng/mL$ in adenocarcinoma, 42 ng/mL in large cell carcinoma, and $16.0{\pm}14.2ng/mL$ in small cell carcinoma. The concentration of u-PA was 0.74ng/mL in stage I, $1.2{\pm}0.6ng/mL$ in stage II, $0.7{\pm}0.4ng/mL$ in stage IIIA, $0.7{\pm}0.4ng/mL$ in stage IIIB, and $0.7{\pm}0.3ng/mL$ in stage IV. The concentration of PAI-1 was 21.8ng/mL in stage I, $22.7{\pm}8.7ng/mL$ in stage II, $18.4{\pm}4.9ng/mL$ in stage IIIA, $25.3{\pm}9.0ng/mL$ in stage IIIB, and $21.5{\pm}10.8ng/mL$ in stage IV. When we divided T stage into T1-3 and T4, the concentration of u-PA was $0.8{\pm}0.4ng/mL$ in T1-3 and $0.7{\pm}0.4ng/mL$ in T4, and the concentration of PAI-1 was $17.9{\pm}5.6ng/mL$ in T1-3 and $26.1{\pm}9.1ng/mL$ in T4. The concentration of PAI-1 in T4 was significantly higher than that in T1-3. The concentration of u-PA was $0.8{\pm}0.4ng/mL$ in M0 and $0.7{\pm}0.3ng/mL$ in M1, and the concentration of PAI-1 was $23.6{\pm}8.3ng/mL$ in M0 and $21.5{\pm}10.8ng/mL$ in M1. Conclusions : The plasma levels of PAI-1 in lung cancer were higher than benign lung disease and controls, and the plasma levels of PAI-1 in T4 were significantly higher than T1-3. These findings suggest involvement of PAI-1 with local invasion of lung cancer, but it should be confirmed by the data on comparison with pathological staging and tissue level in lung cancer.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.2 s.259
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• pp.106-110
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• 2006

Background: Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) is an uncommon primary malignancy of the lung, and it accounts for $2{\~}14\%$ of all pulmonary malignancies. According to World Health Organization (WHO) categorisation, BAC is a subtype of adenocarcinoma. The current definition of BAC includes the following: malignant neoplasms of the lung that have no evidence of extrathoracic primary adenocarcinoma, an absence of a central bronchogenic source, a peripheral parenchymal location, and neoplastic cells growing along the alveolar septa. Previous reports had demonstrated a better prognosis following surgery for patients affected by BAC than those affected by other type of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aim to analyse Asan Medical Center experiences of BAC. Material and Method: Between 1990 and 2002, 31 patients were received operations for BAC. We analyse retrosepectively sex, age, disease location, preoperative clinical stage, postoperative pathologic stage & complications, survival according to medical record. Result: There were 12 men and 19 women, the average age was 61.09$\pm$10.63 ($31{\~}79$) years. Tumor locations were 7 in RUL, 1 in RML, 4 in RLL, 8 in LUL, 11 in LLL. Operations were 28 lobectomies, 2 pneumonectomies. Postoperative pathologic stage were 12 T1N0M0, 15 T2N0M0, 1 T1N1M0, 1 T1N2M0, 1 T2N2M0, 1 T1N0M1. Mortality were 4 cases ($12.9\%$) and there were no early mortality. Cancer free death was 1 cases, other 3 were cancer related deaths. All of them were affected by distal metastasis and received chemotherapy and each metastatic locations were right rib, brain, and both lung field. The average follow up periods were 50.87$\pm$24.77 months. The overall 3, 5-year survival rate among all patients was $97.1\%,\;83.7\%$, stage I patients overall 2, 5year survival rate was $96.3\%$. The overall disease free 1, 2, 5-year survival rate among all patients was $100\%,\;90\%,\;76\%$ and 2, 5-year survival rate in cases of stage I was $96.4\%,\;90.6\%$. 7 cases ($22.58\%$) were chemotherapies, 1 case ($3.22\%$) was radiation therapy, and 2 cases ($6.45\%$) were chemoradiation therapies. Metastatic locations were 3 cases in lung, 1 case in bone, 1 cases in brain. Conclusion: BAC has a favourable survival and low recurrence rate compare with reported other NSCLC after operative resections.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2004

The Horvitz-Thompson(H-T) estimator is less efficient than PPS estimators in some cases. We use the two-stage variable transformation in order to remove the drawbacks and increase the efficiency of H-T estimator. We transform the auxiliary variable to use the Midzuno-Sen sampling scheme at the first stage. And the next stage, we also transform the study variable to reduce the variance of H-T estimator using the inclusion probability obtained from the first transformation. We compare the efficiency between a suggested modified H-T estimator and PPS estimators.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.241-247
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• 2001

Boundary line method was adopted to analyze the relationships between rice yield and meteorological conditions during rice growing period. Boundary lines of yield responses to mean temperature($T_a$) and sunshine hour( $S_{h}$) and diurnal temperature range($T_r$) were well-fitted to hyperbolic functions of f($T_a$) =$$\beta$_{0t}$(1-EXP(-$$\beta$_{1t}$ $\times$ ($T_a$) ) and f( $S_{h}$)=$$\beta$_{0t}$((1-EXP($$\beta$_{1t}$$\times$ $S_{h}$)), to quadratic function of f($T_r$) =$\beta$$_{0r}$(1-($T_r$ 1r)$^2$), respectively. to take into account to, the sterility caused by low temperature during reproductive stage, cooling degree days [$T_c$ =$\Sigma$(20-$T_a$] for 30 days before heading were calculated. Boundary lines of yield responses to $T_c$ were fitted well to exponential function of f($T_c$) )=$\beta$$_{0c}$exp(-$$\beta$_{1c}$$\times$$T_c$ ). Excluding the constants of $\beta$$_{0s}$ from the boundary line functions, formed are the relative function values in the range of 0 to 1. And these were used as yield indices of the meteorological elements which indicate the degree of influence on rice yield. Assuming that the meteorological elements act multiplicatively and independently from each other, meteorological yield index (MIY) was calculated by the geometric mean of indices for each meteorological elements. MIY in each growth period showed good linear relationship with rice yield. The MIY's during 31 to 45 days after transplanting(DAT) in vegetative stage, during 30 to 16 days before heading (DBH) in reproductive stage and during 20 days after heading (DAH) in ripening stage showed greater explainablity for yield variation in each growth stage. MIY for the whole growth period was calculated by the following three methods of geometric mean of the indices for vegetative stage (MIVG), reproductive stage (HIRG) and ripening stage (HIRS). MI $Y_{I}$ was calculated by the geometric mean of meteorological indices showing the highest determination coefficient n each growth stage of rice. That is, (equation omitted) was calculated by the geometric mean of all the MIY's for all the growth periods devided into 15 to 20 days intervals from transplanting to 40 DAH. MI $Y_{III}$ was calculated by the geometric mean of MIY's for 45 days of vegetative stage (MIV $G_{0-45}$ ), 30 days of reproductive stage (MIR $G_{30-0}$) and 40 days of ripening stage (MIR $S_{0-40}$). MI $Y_{I}$, MI $Y_{II}$ and MI $Y_{III}$ showed good linear relationships with grain yield, the coefficients of determination being 0.651, 0.670 and 0.613, respectively.and 0.613, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.860-869
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• 2016

This study was a report on 60 heads of Hanwoo steers(5 treatments ${\times}$ 4 heads ${\times}$ 3 repeats). Their start weights were $361.2{\pm}14.39kg$ to $380.5{\pm}27.33kg$; 12.7 to 13.6 months of age. The aim was to investigate the effect of herbal probiotic supplementation on the weight, blood composition, meat quality and immunity in beef. In case of body weight gain, con. 1 plot(183.8 kg) in the early fattening stage, T3 plot(115.1 kg) in the middle fattening stage, and T2 plot(163.3 kg) in the late fattening stage significantly increased(p<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the blood content of T-Cho and IgG: con. 1 plot and T1 plot in the early fattening stage, T3 plot and T2 plots in the middle fattening stage, and con. 2 plot and T1~T3 plots in the late fattening stage had higher blood content than that of other treatment plots (p<0.05). In addition, the carcass weight was highest in the T1 plot and T2 plot among the total treatment plots(p<0.05). However, no statistical significant difference was observed in the different treatments; all individual treatment plots(T1~T3 plots) were somewhat higher than the control plots(con. 1~con. 2 plots) with respect to the carcass quantity and carcass quality. Combining and analyzing all results revealed that the dietary addition of herbal probiotics for Hanwoo steers had a positive effect on the improvement of weight, amount of meat, meat quality and immunity.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.370-380
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• 2022

Objective: To compare pneumonic-type invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (pIMA) confined to a single lobe with clinical T2, T3, and T4 stage lung cancer without pathological node metastasis regarding survival after curative surgery and to identify prognostic factors for pIMA. Materials and Methods: From January 2010 to December 2017, 41 patients (15 male; mean age ± standard deviation, 66.0 ± 9.9 years) who had pIMA confined to a single lobe on computed tomography (CT) and underwent curative surgery were identified in two tertiary hospitals. Three hundred and thirteen patients (222 male; 66.3 ± 9.4 years) who had non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without pathological node metastasis and underwent curative surgery in one participating institution formed a reference group. Relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with the survival of patients with pIMA. Results: The 5-year RFS and OS rates in patients with pIMA were 33.1% and 56.0%, respectively, compared with 74.3% and 91%, 64.3% and 71.8%, and 46.9% and 49.5% for patients with clinical stage T2, T3, and T4 NSCLC in the reference group, respectively. The RFS of patients with pIMA was comparable to that of patients with clinical stage T4 NSCLC and significantly worse than that of patients with clinical stage T3 NSCLC (p = 0.012). The differences in OS between patients with pIMA and those with clinical stage T3 or T4 NSCLC were not significant (p = 0.11 and p = 0.37, respectively). In patients with pIMA, the presence of separate nodules was a significant factor associated with poor RFS and OS {unadjusted hazard ratio (HR), 4.66 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.95-11.11), p < 0.001 for RFS; adjusted HR, 4.53 (95% CI, 1.59-12.89), p = 0.005 for OS}. Conclusion: The RFS of patients with pIMA was comparable to that of patients with clinical stage T4 lung cancer. Separate nodules on CT were associated with poor RFS and OS in patients with pIMA.