• Coupled systems mechanics
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.233-257
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• 2022

This work presents a comparative study between two different models: trapezoidal and T-shaped combined footings. The comparative study between trapezoidal and T-shaped combined footings presented in this paper generatesresultsthat have an unparalleled accuracy for all foundation engineering problems. The main part of this research is to obtain the optimal area, reinforcing steel, and thickness of the trapezoidal and T-shaped combined footings using the new models. The comparison is made for two trapezoidal combined footings and two T-shaped combined footings ofreinforced concrete subjected to the same load.Themain findings are: themodelfortrapezoidal combined footings can be used for rectangular and triangular, and the T-shaped combined footings can be used for rectangular. The structure of the paper is asfollowsfirst a very complete state of the art with extensive referencesthat describesthe methodology used for the different models clearly, presents different numerical examples, results and at the end conclusions.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 2004

Traditional forging of a hollow T-shaped part has been applied to forge a solid T-shaped product from a solid billet and then to machine the hollow in that. In a case, a hollow T-shaped part can be forged by backward-extruding from a solid billet. In this study, four types of forging were suggested for manufacture of hollow T-shaped parts. Forging simulations for each of these forging methods were carried out to investigate folding defect, metal flow pattern, effective strain, and forging loads. Experimental works were carried out to be compared with the simulation results. Here, the ratio of the thickness of the hollow tube to that of the flange was selected to investigate a forging defect like folding.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.367-379
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• 2024

Compared with traditional transmission towers, T-shaped angle towers have long cross-arms and are specially used for ultrahigh-voltage direct-current (UHVDC) transmission. Nevertheless, the wind loads of T-shaped towers have not received much attention in previous studies. Consequently, a series of wind tunnel tests on the T-shaped towers featuring cross-arms of varying lengths were conducted using the high-frequency force balance (HFFB) technique. The test results reveal that the T-shaped tower's drag coefficients nearly remain constant at different testing velocities, demonstrating that Reynolds number effects are negligible in the test range of 1.26 × 10⁴-2.30 × 10⁴. The maximum values of the longitudinal base shear and torsion of the T-shaped tower are reached at 15° and 25° of wind incidence, respectively. In the yaw angle, the crosswind coefficients of the tower body are quite small, whereas those of the cross-arms are significant, and as a result, the assumption in some load codes (such as ASCE 74-2020, IEC 60826-2017 and EN 50341-1:2012) that the resultant force direction is the same as the wind direction may be inappropriate for the cross-arm situation. The fitting formulas for the wind load-distribution factors of the tower body and cross-arms are developed, respectively, which would greatly facilitate the determination of the wind loads on T-shaped angle towers.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.521-526
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• 2002

The seismic performance of structural walls subjected to the cyclic lateral loads are influenced by various factors, like sectional shape, aspect ratio, reinforcement ratio, arrangement of reinforcement, and axial load ratio etc. In this research, reinforced concrete structural walls with the T-shaped cross section were selected. The seismic performance of T-shaped wall was affected by the many (actors because T-shaped wall is irregular wall composed to two rectangular walls. Especially the seismic performance of T-shaped wall varies with the flange condition and the various factors including the flange condition were determined. Therefore, the objective of this study is to understand the factors to improve seismic performance of RC T-shaded tv using sectional analysis.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.41-55
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• 2013

This paper presents a numerical study of axially loaded concrete-filled steel tubular columns with "T" shaped cross section (CFTTS) based on the ABAQUS standard solver. Two types of columns with "T" shaped cross section, the common concrete-filled steel tubular columns with "T" shaped cross section (CCFTTS) and the double concrete-filled steel tubular columns with "T" shaped cross section (DCFTTS), are discussed. The failure modes, confining effects and load-displacement curves are analyzed. The numerical results indicate that both have the similar failure mode that the steel tubes are only outward buckling on all columns' faces. It is found that DCFTTS columns have higher axial capacities than CCFTTS ones duo to the steel tube of DCFTTS columns can plays more significant confining effect on concrete. A parametric study, including influence of tube thickness, concrete strength and friction coefficient of tube-concrete interface on the axial capacities is also carried out. Simplified formulae were also proposed based on this study.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2022

In the 16~17th centuries, the construction of T-shaped pavilion in Gyeongsangbuk-do was centered on the families of the Goseong-Lee clan and Andong-Kwon clan, who had a lot of exchanges with each other near Andong. It can be presumed that the complex structure of the T-shaped pavilion was intended to represent the technology, economic power, and social influence of the clan. After the 18th century, construction areas spread and construction subjects were diversified, but the number of new constructions decreased. It can be seen that T-shaped pavilion was erected and used for public purposes rather than personal reasons in terms of layout or flat scale. The roof of the T-shaped pavilion is very diverse depending on the wooden structure, the height of the roof and the configuration of the apex. The T-shaped pavilion, which combines two parts, has been developed in a way that strengthens not only the appearance but also the structural bonding force. The bonding strength is strengthened through the process of "roof aligning", "roof bonding", "structure connection", and "structure integration", which shows a similar tendency to the age of actual cases.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.827-834
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• 2014

In this paper, a triple-band U-shaped monopole antenna with T-shaped stub for WLAN(Wireless Local Area Networks)/WiMAX(World interoperability for Microwave Access) applications. The proposed antenna is based on a planar monopole design, and composed of U-shaped of radiating patch, T-shaped strip in U-shaped, for triple-band operation. To obtain the optimized parameters, we used the simulator, Ansoft's High Frequency Structure Simulator(HFSS) and found the parameters that greatly effect antenna characteristics. Using the obtained parameters, the antenna is fabricated. The numerical and experiment results demonstrated that the proposed antenna satisfied the -10 dB impedance bandwidth requirement while simultaneously covering the WLAN and WiMAX bands. And characteristics of gain and radiation patterns are determined for WLAN/WiMAX application.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.133-136
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• 2010

Laser direct patterning is one of new methods which are able to replace a conventional photolithography. In order reduce the fabrication cost and to improve the luminous efficiency of AC plasma display panels (PDPs), in this experiment, a Q-switched Nd:$YVO_4$ laser was used to fabricate T-shaped indium tin oxide (ITO) display electrodes. For the laser beam scanning speed from 100 mm/sec to 800 mm/sec, T-shaped ITO patterns were clearly obtained and investigated. The experimental results showed that the optimized T-shaped ITO electrode was obtained when the lasers scanning speed was 300 mm/s.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.77-86
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• 2013

Uigwe is official reports of the Joseon dynasty. They published from early Joseon but remain from 17C. We can search many hidden informations in them. Ga-Jungjagak (temporary T-shaped house) is one of them. It is unique architecture of the Joseon dynasty but it doesn't exist now at all. We can see many drawings describing Ga-Jungjagak (temporary T-shaped house) located next to Jungjagak in Uigwe. Jungjagak (T-shaped house) was built in royal tombs for sacrifice. Ga-Jungjagak was built in royal tombs for sacrifice as Jungjagak but existed temporarily. In this study, I want to find the process of norms Ga-Jungjagak in old records, official reports and annals of the Joseon Dynasty. Results are as follows: Ga-Jungjagak is the sacrifice space for queens in royal tombs. It is need to avoid sacrifice of delight and sorrow at the same time. They sacrifice to represent sorrow after the death of kings and queens for three years. After three year, they sacrifice to represent delight for kings and queens became ancestral gods. Ga-Jungjagak was destroyed three years later to combined sacrifices. The shape of Ga-Jungjagak is similar to Jungjagak in the same tomb. But dimensions of Ga-Jungjagak are equal or smaller than Jungjagak and decorations are abstemious.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.93-110
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to identify the role of T-shaped skill between customer/supplier network and innovation performance of firms. To manage effectively the relationship between collaborative firms, firms need to have a prior related knowledge. The premise of absorptive capacity is that the organization needs prior related knowledge to recognize, assimilate, and apply new knowledge. In this context, T-shaped skill facilitates the learning of new related knowledge. The skill is thus a critical component of innovative capabilities. We found that T-shaped skill plays a mediating role in the relationship between networks and innovation performance. The conclusions and implications are discussed.