• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 1996

Forecasts of the monthly catches of anchovy in Korea were carried out by the seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model and spectral analysis. The seasonal ARIMA model is as follows: $$(1-0.431B)(1-B^{12})Z_t=(1-0.882B^{12})e_t$$ where: $Z_t=value$ at month $t;\;B^{p}$ is a backward shift operator, that is, $B^pZ_t=Z_{t-p};$ and $e_t=error$ term at month t, which is to forecast 24 months ahead the anchovy catches in Korea. The prediction error by the Box-Cox transformation on monthly anchovy catches in Korea was less than that by the logarithmic transformation. The equation of the Box-Cox transformation was $Y'=(Y^{0.58}-1)/0.58$. Forecasts of the monthly anchovy catches for $1991\~1992$, which were compared with the actual catches, had an absolute percentage error (APE) range of $1.0\~63.2\%$. Total observed annual catches in 1991 and 1992 were 170,293 M/T and 168,234 M/T respectively, while the predicted catches were 148,201 M/T and 148,834 M/T $(API\;13.0\%\;and\;11.5\%,\;respectively)$. The spectrum analysis of the monthly catches of anchovy showed some dominant fluctuations in the periods of 2.2, 6.1, 10.2 12.0 and 14.7 months. The spectrum analysis was also useful for selecting the ARIMA model.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 1983

Present study was carried out to find out an optimum interval for artificial insemination in aged and poor laying hens, Brown colored, hundred and twenty commercial laying hens at about 530 days old and 20 S. C. W. Leghorn males at 580 days old were adopted Egg production rate during the experiment was 61.6% and number of eggs examined was 2,283. The intervals for the insemination were 2, 4 and 6 days for experimental groups T-1, T-2 and T-3, respectively. Eggs were collected on every 6th day and examined for fertility by candling after 5 days of incubation. Average fertility rates for T-1, T-2 and T-3 groups appeared 87.5, 81.1, and 65.1%, respectively. The fertility of T-3 group was significantly lower than those of T-1 and T-2 groups(P＜0.05). The highest fertility rate was obtained on the second day after the insemination for all groups, i. e. 90.7, 84.0 and 71.7% for T-1, T-2 and T-3, respectively. Thereafter, a tendency of gradual decline in fertility was observed. This study suggests that the optimum interval for artificial insemination in aged hens is 2 days. The fertility tended to be improved by repeated injection. For the 2-day interval group, the highest rate (98.2%) was obtained on the 6th insemination.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.468-474
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• 2015

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare bacterial diversity on the removable partial denture (RPD) framework over time. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This descriptive pilot study included five women who were rehabilitated with free-end mandibular RPD. The biofilm on T-bar clasps were collected 1 week ($t_1$) and 4 months ($t_2$) after the RPD was inserted ($t_0$). Bacterial 16S rDNA was extracted and PCR amplified. Amplicons were cloned; clones were submitted to cycle sequencing, and sequences were compared with GenBank (98% similarity). RESULTS. A total of 180 sequences with more than 499 bp were obtained. Two phylogenetic trees with 84 ($t_1$) and 96 ($t_2$) clones represented the bacteria biofilm at the RPD. About 93% of the obtained phylotypes fell into 25 known species for $t_1$ and 17 for $t_2$, which were grouped in 5 phyla: Firmicutes ($t_1=82%$; $t_2=60%$), Actinobacteria ($t_1=5%$; $t_2=10%$), Bacteroidetes ($t_1=2%$; $t_2=6%$), Proteobacteria ($t_1=10%$; $t_2=15%$) and Fusobacteria ($t_1=1%$; $t_2=8%$). The libraries also include 3 novel phylotypes for $t_1$ and 11 for $t_2$. Library $t_2$ differs from $t_1$ (P=.004); $t_1$ is a subset of the $t_2$ (P=.052). Periodontal pathogens, such as F. nucleatum, were more prevalent in $t_2$. CONCLUSION. The biofilm composition of the RPD metal clasps changed along time after RPD wearing. The RPD framework may act as a reservoir for potentially pathogenic bacteria and the RPD wearers may benefit from regular follow-up visits and strategies on prosthesis-related oral health instructions.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2019

This study observed the effects of the double combination of temperatures-times (2 temperatures: 2 times combination, 2T2T) in sous vide cooking method on the physicochemical properties and collagen solubility (CS) of semitendinosus muscle from cattle and goat as a comparison to common sous vide treatment (1 temperature: 1 time combination, 1T1T). The new invention of sous vide cooking method (2T2T) cooked at the first temperature at $45^{\circ}C$ for 3 h, and the second temperature at $60^{\circ}C$, $65^{\circ}C$, and $70^{\circ}C$ for 3 h, and labeled as N45-60, N45-65, and N45-70, respectively. While, common sous vide treatment (1T1T) were cooked directly for 6 h at $60^{\circ}C$ (T60), $65^{\circ}C$ (T65), and $70^{\circ}C$ (T70). Results revealed that cooking with 2T2T treatment improved the water-holding capacity and reduced the cooking loss of both beef and goat meat. The $L^*$ values have no apparent changes between treatment in beef and goat meat, while $a^*$ values of N45-60 treated goat presented markedly higher values than other treatments but an only slight increase in beef at the same treatment (p>0.05). Again, 2T2T treatment tended to decrease mean shear force (SF) values for beef and goat meat with the lowest SF values recorded at N45-60, and the CS no or less influenced this value. Therefore, the application of innovative sous vides cooking method (2T2T) presented comparable values in the treated beef and goat meat as compared to common sous vide method (1T1T).

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.28-41
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify the change of perceptions related to E.M.T. profession of E.M.T. student and to provide the basic data for development of curriculum. The subjects of the survey were 216 students from 3 junior college by questionaire from November 25 to November 29, 1996 in Kwang-Ju, Cheong-Ju, and Kong-Ju. The results were analyzed using the SAS and can be summerized as follows : 1. The view on profession was a statistically significant difference inspecial knowledge & skill training (t=-1.686, P<.001), high income (t=-0.753, P<.05) 2. The view on competence as a E.M.T. was a statistically significant differncein sufficient professional knowledge on the E.M.T. (t=-1.144, P<.001), own's health (t=-0.808, P<.001), sincerity and responsibility (t=-1.429, P<.01), satisfaction and effort (t=-1.335, P<.01), boundary of affairs (t=-1.356, P<.01) 3. The view on E.M.T. profession was a statistically significant difference inprotect of pt. life & to relieve the pain (t=-2.388, P<.001) 4. The view on necessary knowledge of E.M.T. was a statistically significant difference in patient assessment (t=-2.168, P<.001), ACLS (t=1.678, P<.001), hemorrhage & shock (t=-3.252, P<.001), trauma (t=-4.284, P<.001), cardiopulmonary disturbance (t=-2.897, P<.001), acute abdomen (t=-4.284, P<.001), neonatal disease (t=-4.032, P<.001), OBGY disease(t=-4.151, P<.001), emergency delivery (t=-2.825, P<.001), infectious disease (t=-2.930, P<.001), environmental emergency (t=-3.123, P<.05), recording(t=2.22, P<.05) 5. The view on ideology of E.M.T. was a statistically significant difference in belief & faith (t=-2.344, P<.001), knowing of own (t=-2.142, P<.01), humanity (t=-2.581, P<.05), knowing of patient (t=-2.079, P<.05).

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.127-138
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• 2013

This study investigated the effects of feeding the broilers that are exposed to extreme heat stress (EHS, $33{\pm}2^{\circ}C$) with extreme heat stress diet (EHSD) containing adequate amount of soy oil and other nutrients on their growth performance. 500 broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomized into five dietary treatment groups according to a randomized block design on the day they were hatched. Each group was further divided into four repeat pens with each repeat pen comprising 25 chickens. The five dietary treatment groups were: T1 (Normal ambient condition + basal diet (BD), T2 (EHS +BCD), T3 (EHS + extreme heat stress diet (EHSD) prepared from BD with tallow replaced with soy oil and containing molasses 2%), T4 (EHS + EHSD prepared from BD with tallow replaced with soy oil and containing molasses 2% and methionine and lysine of 1.5 times greater quantities than in BD), and T5 (EHS + EHSD prepared from BD with tallow replaced with soy oil and containing molasses 2%, methionine and lysine of 1.5 times greater quantities than in BD, and vitamin C 200 ppm) with inverse lighting. The body weight gain of the broilers increased significantly in T4 and T5 as compared with that in T1 and T2. Weights of the lymphoid organ, bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen were similar between all groups. Serum concentrations of IgG, IgG and IgM were higher in T4 and T5 than inT1 and T2, but the corticosterone concentration decreased significantly in them. In T4 and T5, Lactobacillus in the cecum increased, but Escherichia, coliform, and total aerobic bacteria decreased rather significantly, compared with those in T1 and T2. Contents of acetic acid, propionic acid and total SCFA were significantly higher in T4 and T5 than in T1 and T2.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.177-182
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• 2009

Purpose : This study presents the optimization of flip angle (FA) to obtain higher contrast to noise ratio (CNR) and lower specific absorption rate (SAR). Materials and Method : T1-weighted images of the cerebrum of brain were obtained from 50$^\circ$ to 130$^\circ$ FA with 10$^\circ$ interval. Signal to noise ratios (SNRs) were calculated for white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), and background noise. The proper FA was analyzed by T-test statistics and Kruskal-wallis analysis using R1 = 1- exp ($\frac{-TR}{T1}$) and Ernst angle cos $\theta$ = exp ($\frac{-TR}{T1}$). Results : The SNR of WM at 130$^\circ$ FA is approximately 1.6 times higher than the SNR of WM at 50$^\circ$. The SNR of GM at 130$^\circ$ FA is approximately 1.9 times higher than the SNR of GM at 50$^\circ$. Although the SNRs of WM and GM showed similar trends with the change of FA values, the slowdown point of decrease after linear fitting were different. While the SNR of WM started decreasing at 120$^\circ$ FA, the SNR of GM started decreasing at less than 110$^\circ$. The highest SNRs of WM and GM were obtained at 130$^\circ$ FA. The highest CNRs, however, were obtained at 80$^\circ$ FA. Conclusion : Although SNR increased with the change of FA values from 50$^\circ$ to 130$^\circ$ at 3T SE T1WI, CNR was higher at 80$^\circ$ FA than at the usually used 90$^\circ$ FA. In addition, the SAR was decreased by using smaller FA. The CNR can be increased by using this optimized FA at 3T MR SE T1WI.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.08a
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• pp.264-264
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• 2011

1T-1C로 구성되는 기존의 dynamic random access memory (DRAM)는 데이터를 저장하기 위해 적절한 커패시턴스를 확보해야 한다. 따라서 커패시터 면적으로 인한 집적도의 한계에 직면해있으며, 이를 대체하기 위한 새로운 DRAM인 1T- DRAM이 연구되고 있다. 기존의 DRAM과 달리 silicon-on-insulator (SOI) 기술을 이용한 1T-DRAM은 데이터 저장을 위한 커패시터가 요구되지 않는다. 정공을 채널의 중성영역에 축적함으로서 발생하는 포텐셜 변화를 이용하며, 이때 발생하는 드레인 전류차를 이용하여 '0'과 '1'을 구분한다. 기존의 완전공핍형 평면구조의 1T-DRAM은 소스 및 드레인 접합부분에서 발생하는 누설전류로 인해 '0' 상태의 메모리 유지특성이 열화되는 단점을 가지고 있다. 따라서 메모리의 보존특성을 향상시키기 위해 소스/드레인 접합영역을 줄여 누설전류를 감소시키는 구조를 갖는 1T-DRAM의 연구가 필요하다. 또한 고유전율을 가지는 Si3N4를 이용한 oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO)구조의 게이트 절연막을 이용하면 동일한 두께에서 더 낮은 equivalent oxide thickness (EOT)를 얻을 수 있기 때문에 보다 저 전압에서 1T-DRAM 동작이 가능하여 기존의 SiO2 단일층을 이용한 1T-DRAM보다 동일 전압에서 더 큰 sensing margin을 확보할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 누설전류를 감소시키기 위하여 소스 및 드레인이 채널위로 올려진 recessed channel 구조에 ONO 게이트 절연막을 적용한 1T-DRAM을 제작 및 평가하고, 본 구조의 1T-DRAM적용 가능성 및 ONO구조의 게이트 절연막을 이용한 sensing margin 개선을 확인하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2004.05b
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• pp.800-803
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• 2004

This paper describes the design and implementation of the T=1 protocol based on lava Card. The T=1 protocol implemented in this paper complies with ISO/IEC 7816 standard. Also, JCOS(Java Card Operating Systems) including the contactless card protocol conforms to Java Card 2.2.1 specification and is running on 32-bit ARM7/TDMI processor. The protocol stack proposed and implemented in this paper is easy to maintenance of protocol independently. To verify the T=1 protocol implemented in this paper we tested the T=1 protocol scenarios defined in ISO/IEC 7816-3 Annex A. And we tested using USIM(Universal Subscriber Identity Module) cards, which include the implemented T=1 protocol. The T=1 protocol was tested and passed all against the specification 3GPP TS 31.122, which was the Conformance Test Specification for USIM cards including the test suites of both transmission protocols.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.61-65
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• 1999

The fluorescence properties and photoisomerization behavior of 1-(9-anthryl)-2-(n-quinolinyl)ethene (n-AQE, n=2-4) have been investigated in various solvents. t-3-AQE is strongly fluorescent, but does not accomplish photoisomerization, similar to parent hydrocarbon compound, t-1-(9-anthryl)-2-phenylethene (t-9-APE) or t-1-(9-anthryl)-2-(1-naphthyl)ethene (t-1-ANE). Fluorescence and photoisomerization oft-2-AQE and t-4-AQE are strongly affected by solvent polarity. Dependence of fluorescence quantum yield on the solvent polarity is moderate for t-2-AQE and large for t-4-AQE. In nonpolar solvent (in n-hexane), they exhibit relatively strong fluorescence, but do not isomerize to cis isomer on irradiation, even if inefficient isomerization is observed for t-4-AQE. However, as solvent polarity increases, their fluorescences become weak with efficient photoisomerization to corresponding cis isomer. Intramolecular charge-transfer excited state is presumed to contribute to photoisomerization. The S$_1$ decay parameters were found to be solvent-dependent due to the charge-transfer character of lowest S$_1$ state. In polar solvents, the activation barrier to twisting is reduced enhancing the isomerization of r-2-AQE and t-4-AQE in the singlet manifold.