• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.171-175
• /
• 2006

Chitin compost and broth were used to suppress club root. Individual cabbage seedlings were transplanted into pots(3500 ml) containing a mixture of 3% chitin compost and 50 ml of chitin broth (T1) or the same quantity control compost and control compost broth(T2). The media in each pot was then infected with Plasmodiophora brassicae. Samples were taken at 6, 7 and 8 weeks after transplanting. The population of chitinase producing bacteria in T1 was consistently larger than that observed in T2. Chitinase activity in the T1 rhizosphere was two-fold greater than that of T2 at each time point observed. Shoot dry weight, leaf number and leaf area in T1 were enhanced 20%, 10% and 12% relative to those seen in T2, respectively. The disease index and root mortality at 8 weeks after transplanting were reduced by 50% and 25% in T1 compared to T2, respectively. Results presented in this study are strongly indicative that chitin compost and broth suppress clubroot in Chinese cabbage.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.225-230
• /
• 2004

We employed single cell gel electrophoresis method (comet assay) to analyze the degree of nucleus-DNA damage in the leaves of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings exposed to $^{60}$ CO v-radiation stress. Nucleus-DNA damage was measured as the ratio of tail length (T) to head length (H) in individual comet image isolated from pepper leaf cell. The T/H ratio of control-cells and treated-cells at 50 or 100 Gy were 1.28 and 3.54 or 3.39, respectively, suggesting that nuclei of pepper cells were severely damaged in the integrity of DNA strand by the treatment of enhanced v-radiation. The percentage of head-DNA in control-cells was 76.8%, whereas those of 50 and 100 Gy treated-cells were 55.9% and 59.9%, respectively. Pretreatment of low dose (4 to 20 Gy) radiation to seeds decreased DNA-damage in the leaves of seedlings treated with high dose radiation at 50 or 100 Gy. In this experiment, we developed a sensitive, reliable and rapid method for evaluating genotoxic effect in the nuclei of plant cells by employing comet assay.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.226-237
• /
• 2011

This study investigates the effects of chajogi (perilla frutescens) extracts on quality of vinaigrette dressing during storage. Vinaigrette dressing(VD) samples prepared with chajogi(perilla frutescens) extracts were divided into control(0% chajogi extracts) and the groups added chajogi extracts. VD samples prepared with chajogi extracts were divided into $T_1$(VD with 0.4% chajogi extracts), $T_2$(VD with 0.8% chajogi extracts) and $T_1$(VD with 1.2% chajogi extracts). The pH values during storage at 25 and $50^{\circ}C$ for 120 days in all samples ranged from 2.38 to 2.83 and form 3.21 to 3.36, respectively. As for total acidity, it decreased in all samples during storage while there wasn't significant difference in the samples of different storage temperature(25 and $50^{\circ}C$). L(lightness) value scores of all samples added with chajogi extracts during storage went higher and a(redness) and b(yellowness) value scores became lower. Escerichia coli forms were not detected in all samples. Antioxidant capacity by peroxide value of T1, T2 and T3 sample showed higher than that of the control sample. Crude Fat contents of the control sample during storage at $25^{\circ}C$ were the highest as compared to those of the other samples.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.51-53
• /
• 2003

This study was conducted to compare the bioavailability of a generic product of Sinil Atenolol Tablets (Sinil Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Korea) with the innovator product, $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ Tablets in 20 healthy Korean volunteers. The volunteers received a single 50 mg dose of each atenolol formulation according to a randomized, two-way crossover design. Plasma samples were obtained over a 24-hour interval, and atenolol concentrations were determined by HPLC with a fluorescence detector. From the plasma atenolol concentration vs time curves, the following parameters were compared: area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), peak plasma concentration $(C_{max})$, time to reach peak plasma concentration $(T_{max})$, and terminal first order elimination half-life $(t_{1/2})$. No statistically significant difference was obtained between the $T_{max}$ values, and the logarithmic transformed AUC and $C_{max}$ values of the two products. The 90% confidence for the ratio of the logarithmically transformed AUC and $C_{max}$ values of Sinil Atenolol Tablets over those of $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ Tablets were calculated to be between 0.99 and 1.07, and 1.04 and 1.16, respectively; both were within the bioequivalence limit of 0.80-1.25. The mean of $T_{max}$ in $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ Tablet group was 3.68 hour, and that in Sinil Atenolol Tablet group was 3.65 hour. The values of $t_{1/2}$ between the two products were found comparable, and the mean $t_{1/2}$ values of $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ Tablets and Sinil Atenolol Tablets were 5.9 and 6.0 hour, respectively. Based on these results, it was concluded that Sinil Atenolol Tablets were comparable to $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ Tablets in both the rate and extent of absorption, indicating that Sinil Atenolol Tablets were bioequivalent to the reference product, $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ Tablets

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.177-186
• /
• 1982

The effect of ethacrynic acid (EA) on the renal secretion of PAH was examined in cat kidney. $C_{PAH}$ and $T_{PAH}$ were measured before and after infusion of EA $(0.5{\sim}50mg/kg)$ through the femoral vein. The following results were obtained: 1) In the dosage range of 0.5 to 25 mg/kg, EA increased the urine flow, and sodium and potassium excretion in dose-dependent manner, but the glomelular filtration rate was decreased as the dosage of EA was increased. 2) $C_{PAH}$ and $T_{PAH}$ were decreased by EA in the dosage range of 3 to 25 mg/kg and 1 to 50 mg/kg, respectively, in dose·dependent manner with the dosage to cause 50% inhibition of about 5 mg/kg. 3) With dosage of 0.5mg/kg, EA appeared to exert a great effect on diuretic response without the influence on $T_{PAH}$. At 10min after infusion of EA, a potent diuretic effect appeared, while $T_{PAH}$ did not show a significant change. These results suggest that the action mechanism of EA on tubular secretion of PAH may be different from that on natriuresis. 4) With dosage of 5 mg/kg, EA did not inhibit the Na-K-ATPase activity in microsomal fractions from both cortex and medulla. 5) The double reciprocal plot ($l/T_{PAH}$ versus $l/P_{PAH}$) suggested that EA inhibited the P AH secretion by a competitive pattern. However, probenecid, a prototypic inhibitor of the organic acid pump, had no influence on both the inhibitory effect of $T_{PAH}$ and the natriuretic effect by EA. These results suggest that in vivo EA altered tubular secretion of P AH through interactions with receptors that are not identical with the Na-K-ATPase.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.273-279
• /
• 2021

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of a dietary addition of red ginseng marc, mineral^® and black sugar^® on the dry matter intake, daily gain, yield grade and quality grade of Holstein steers(Bos taurus). A total of 32 fattening Holstein steers(avg. BW 590kg) were assigned to four treatments which included a control diet(mixed concentrate and forage; namely, C) and three treatments diet(T1; control diet+red ginseng marc 200g, T2; control diet+red ginseng marc 100g+mineral 50g, T3; control diet+mineral 50g+ black sugar 20g). The results are summarized as follows; the total feed intake and daily feed intake were significantly(p<0.05) higher in T2 and T3 than in the other two treatments(C and T1). The daily gain was higher in T2 than in the other treatments, but there was no significant difference. The back fat thickness, longissimus muscle area and meat yield grade were no significant difference. The marbling score showed significantly(p<0.05) higher in order of T3(4.5) > T1(4.0) > T2(2.7) > C(2.5). The meat color, fat color, texture and maturity were no significant difference. The quality grade was higher in T3 than in the other treatments(C, T1 and T2), but there was no significant difference. T3, which numerically had a higher daily gain and carcass quality grade, showed higher economic efficiency, whereas C showed low economic efficiency. Based on the above results, T3 treatment compared to the other treatments improved the daily gain, carcass quality grade and economic efficiency.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.195-201
• /
• 2002

Several investigators have presented the effects of external magnetic fields on the dose distributions for clinical electron and photon beams. We focus the low energy electron beam with more lateral scatter In this study we calculated the beam profiles for an clinical electron beam of 6 MeV with longitudinal magnetic fields of 0.5 T-3.0 T using a Monte Carlo code. The principle of dose enhancements in the penumbra region is to deflect the laterally scattered electrons from its initial direction by the skewness of the laterally scattered electrons along the direction of magnetic field lines due to Lorentz force under longitudinal magnetic field. To discuss the dose enhancement effect on the penumbra area from the calculated results, we introduced the simple term of penumbra reduction ratio (PRR), which is defined as the percentage difference between the penumbra with and without magnetic field at the same depth. We found that the average PRR are 33%, and 49% over the depths of 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm, and 2.4 cm for the magnetic fields of 2.0 T and 3.0 T respectively. For the case of 0.5 T and 1.0 T the effects of magnetic filed were not observed significantly. In order to obtain the dose enhancement effects by the external magnetic field, we think that its strength should be more than 2 T approximately. We expect that the PRR would be saturated to 50-60% with magnetic fields of 3 T-5 T As a result of these calculations we found that the penumbra widths can be reduced with increased magnetic fields. This Penumbra reduction is explained as a result of electron lateral spread outside the geometrical edges of the beam in a longitudinal magnetic field. This means that the electron therapy benefits from the external magnetic fields.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.50 no.6
• /
• pp.2001-2011
• /
• 2013

Cho and Kim [4] have introduced the concept of the competition index of a digraph. Similarly, the competition index of an $n{\times}n$ Boolean matrix A is the smallest positive integer q such that $A^{q+i}(A^T)^{q+i}=A^{q+r+i}(A^T)^{q+r+i}$ for some positive integer r and every nonnegative integer i, where $A^T$ denotes the transpose of A. In this paper, we study the upper bound of the competition index of a Boolean matrix. Using the concept of Boolean rank, we determine the upper bound of the competition index of a nearly reducible Boolean matrix.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.159-166
• /
• 2005

The karyotypes of three species of Gobiobotia in Korea were investigated: G. macrocephala, G. brevibarba, and G. nakdongensis. In these species, the mitotic chromosomes from 25 groups with two chromosomes each indicated that it is a diploid. The karyotypes of Gobiobotia macrocephala are 2n = 50 (9M+7SM+9ST) with NF = 100, G. brevibarba 2n = 50 (10M+7SM+4ST+4T) with NF = 92, and G. nakdongensis 2n = 50 (5M+9SM+9ST+2T) with NF = 96. Chromosome sizes ranged from 3.3 to $7.5{\mu}m$, 2.7 to $6.3{\mu}m$ and 3.5 to $7.3{\mu}m$ in length, respectively. This is the first report on the chromosomes of G. macrocephala and G. nakdongensis.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.50 no.1
• /
• pp.52-62
• /
• 2020

This case report presents the orthodontic treatment of a 25-year-old patient with skeletal Class II and severe maxillary arch crowding, moderate mandibular arch crowding, anterior crossbite, and a missing lower incisor. He was treated with molar distalization using a modified C-palatal plate and temporary anchorage devices to create sufficient space for retraction. The total treatment duration was 21 months. After treatment, his occlusion and smile esthetics showed significant improvement. The modified C-palatal plate represents a treatment modality that enhances the prospects of non-extraction treatment and reduces the need for extraction.