• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.141-156
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• 2000

Cloves are the dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Mere et Perry (Myrtaceae). They have been successfully used for the management of various allergic disorders by oral administration in Korea. In this study, the author investigated the effect of an aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum on immediate-type hypersensitivity by anal administration. Anal administration of Syzygium aromaticum showed a marked inhibition rate in systemic hypersensitivity with a dose of 1 mg/kg 1 hr before intraperitoneal injection of compound 48/80. Anal administration of Syzygium aromaticum significantly reduced plasma histamine contents induced by compound 48/80. Anal administration of Syzygium aromaticum (1 mg/kg) also inhibited to $61.4\%$ (P<0.01) local a1lergic reaction activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE. In addition, Syzygium aromaticum dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from the peritoneal mast cells by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. When Syzygium aromaticum was added, the level of cAMP in peritoneal mast cells transiently and significantly increased about 47-fold at 10 second compared with that of basal cells. These results provide evidence that anal therapy of Syzygium aromaticum may be beneficial in the treatment of systemic and local immediate-type hypersensitivity by inhibition of histamine release from mast cells in vivo and in vitro.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.263-267
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• 1998

From the dried flower-buds of Syzygium aromaticum Merr. et Perry (Myrtaceae), seven compounds, i.e., eugenol (1), oleanolic acid (2), kaempferol 7-O-metylether (3), 3,3',4-tri-O-methylellagic acid (4), maslinic acid (5), ${\beta}-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside$ (6), and isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside (7) were isolated. Compound 1 showed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitory activity.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 2024

Objectives : This study aims to analyze the anti-obesity effect of Syzygium aromaticum L. (SA) in obese mice made by a 60% high-fat diet (HFD). Methods : The antioxidant activities of SA were evaluated in vitro. To assess the anti-obesity effect of SA, male C57BL/6 mice were divided into five groups: Normal, Control, GC100 (Garcinia cambogia 100 mg/kg/day), SA100 (SA 100 mg/kg/day), SA200 (SA 200 mg/kg/day). All groups underwent a 6-week regimen of HFD and oral administration, except for the Normal group. Subsequently, we performed blood analysis, western blotting, and histopathological staining. Results : SA demonstrated effectiveness in antioxidant measurements. SA treatment resulted in a significant decrease in body weight gain, along with reductions in liver and epididymal fat weights. Serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and leptin levels were reduced with SA treatment. Moreover, in the SA100 group, the reduction of both TG and TC synthesis was caused by inhibiting the sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP-1) and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 2 (SREBP-2) through the Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1)/phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) pathway. Furthermore, SA treatment at a dose of 100 mg/kg reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver and the adipocyte size of the epididymal fat. Conclusion : Our research reveals the anti-obesity effects of SA by demonstrating its ability to inhibit body weight gain and lipid accumulation, suggesting that SA might be promising for obesity treatment.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.460-465
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• 2007

This study was carried out in order to investigate the potential of using plant oils derived from Leptospermum petersonii Bailey and Syzygium aromaticum L. Merr. Et Perry as natural antifungal agents. The antifungal effects of essential oils at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 mg/ml on the dermatophytes Microsporum canis (KCTC 6591), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (KCTC 6077), Trichophyton rubrum (KCCM 60443), Epidermophyton floccosum (KCCM 11667), and Microsporum gypseum were evaluated using the agar diffusion method. The major constituents of the active fraction against the dermatophytes were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The antifungal activities of S. aromaticum oil (clove oil) against the dermatophytes tested were highest at a concentration of 0.2mg/ml, with an effectiveness of more than 60%. Hyphal growth was completely inhibited in T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, and M. gypseum by treatment with clove oil at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. Eugenol was the most effective antifungal constituent of clove oil against the dermatophytes T. mentagrophytes and M. canis. Morphological changes in the hyphae of T. mentagrophytes, such as damage to the cell wall and cell membrane and the expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum, after treatment with 0.11 mg/ml eugenol were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml, L. petersonii oil (LPO) was more than 90% effective against all of the dermatophytes tested, with the exception of T. rubrum. Geranial was determined to be the most active antifungal constituent of L. petersonii oil. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that clove and tea tree oils exhibited significant antifungal activities against the dermatophytes tested in this study.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2014

Objectives : In this report, we investigated the effect of ethanol extract of Syzygium aromaticum(L.) Merr. & Perry.(SAE) on the RBL-2H3 cell-mediated allergic response and studied its possible mechanisms of action. Methods : Cytotoxicity on RBL-2H3 cell was evaluated by MTT assay. Anti-allergic activity of SAE was assessed by ${\beta}$-Hexosaminidase and Histamine secretion, ${\beta}$- Hexosaminidase and Histamine secretion were measured by ELISA assay. Evaluate the mechanisms of effect of SAE on the secretion of degranulate mediators, we examined the effect of SAE on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases using western blot analysis. Results : SAE had no cytotoxicity on rat basophilic leukemia cell(RBL-2H3). Moreover SAE dose-dependently inhibited RBL-2H3 cell degranulation and histamine release. SAE specifically blocked the IgE-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Conclusions : Our findings provide evidence that Syzygium aromaticum ethanol extract inhibits mast cell derived allergic reaction, and also demonstrate the involvement of p38 MAPK phosphorylation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.196-210
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• 2024

Purpose: This study investigated the anti-obesity effects of a combination of Syzygium aromaticum L. and Sorbus commixta Hedl. (SS) in vitro and in vivo. Methods: The extracts of Syzygium aromaticum extract (SA) and Sorbus commixta extract (SC) were prepared individually using distilled water. They were mixed in a 1:2 ratio for use in the experiment. To assess the anti-obesity potential of SS in vitro, we examined cell proliferation, cellular triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) levels, as well as lipogenesis and β-oxidation in 3T3-L1 cells. To confirm its anti-obesity potential in vivo, C57BL/6J mice were fed a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity. SA alone, SC alone, and their combination compound, SS (at a dosage of 200 mg/kg) were orally administered for 6 weeks. Thereafter, to conduct a comparative evaluation, serum analysis, western blotting of liver tissues, and histopathological analysis were performed. Results: Both SS200 and SS400 significantly inhibited the cellular TG and TC contents in the 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, treatment of the cells with SS (at a dose 200 and 400 ㎍/mL) also led to a noticeable regulation of key lipogenic and β-oxidation factors. Treatment of obese mice with SS resulted in a greater reduction in serum leptin and TG levels compared to treatment with the individual compounds (SA and SC). Furthermore, activation of AMP-activated protein kinase α by SS treatment resulted in the suppression of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP)-1, leading to the inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) expression. Conclusion: Our results suggest that SS may have the potential to prevent obesity through a reduction in the TG and TC levels and regulation of lipogenesis and β-oxidation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.27-42
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• 2024

Purpose: This study examined whether regular moderate-intensity treadmill exercise (Ex) and Syzygium aromaticum L. (SA) administration can influence lipid and muscle metabolism in obese rats induced by a 60% high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: Rats, except those in the Normal group, were exposed to a 60% HFD for 4 weeks to induce obesity. The obese rats were assigned randomly to three groups: HFD control group, HFD+Ex group, and HFD+Ex+SA group. Treadmill exercise was conducted five times a week for 4 weeks, with a 5° incline and a speed of 18 m/min (Week 1: 20 minutes; Weeks 2: 25 minutes; Weeks 3-4: 30 minutes). Serum analysis was performed. Western blot analysis was conducted on the liver and soleus muscle, and histopathological analysis was carried out on the liver and adipose tissues. Results: The body weight change in the Ex groups was significantly lower than in the HFD control group, while the soleus muscle weight in the HFD+Ex group increased significantly. The histopathological examination in the Ex groups revealed a marked reduction in liver lipid accumulation and a decrease in adipocyte size in adipose tissue. Obesity induction increased leptin levels substantially, but Ex notably reversed these changes. Ex resulted in significant inhibition of ROS and ONOO^-, whereas the serum inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, and total cholesterol were reduced only by SA administration. Furthermore, the inflammatory proteins in the liver were inhibited more effectively when Ex was supplemented with SA. The expression of the muscle synthesis-related proteins and degradation proteins were modulated by Ex and Ex+SA. Conclusion: Ex significantly affected lipid and muscle metabolism, and adding SA alleviated the inflammation.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.1547-1556
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• 2023

This study was conducted to check the anti-bacterial ability against Malassezia furfur by mixing Szygium aromaticum and Coptis japonica extracts and to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ability by creating an optimal mixture. Szygium aromaticum and Coptis japonica were extracted with 70% ethanol, 100% methanol, and water to evaluate the antibacterial ability, and it was confirmed that 100% methanol extract of Szygium aromaticum and Coptis japonica water extract had the highest anti-bacterial ability. In addition, when the two extracts were mixed and the anti-bacterial ability was evaluated by ratio, the ratio of 9:1 showed the best activity, and it was confirmed that the antioxidant activity of the mixture was excellent. In Raw 264.7 cells, LPS was used to induce inflammatory responses and confirmed anti-inflammatory activity at 1, 10, 50, and 100 ㎍/mL that did not affect survival, and it was confirmed that NO-production inhibition and IL-6 expression inhibition and COX2 and iNOS protein expression inhibition activity were excellent at 10, 50, and 100 ㎍/mL. Through this study, it is thought that the mixture of Szygium aromaticum100% methanol extract and Coptis japonica water extract can be used as a natural ingredient in functional cosmetics because of its excellent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.190-197
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• 2010

To develop the safe and natural antimicrobial agents, the 68 ethanol extracts from the 61 different kinds of oriental herbal medicine were prepared and their antimicrobial activities were evaluated. The herbal medicine used were from China (46 kinds), South Korea (14 kinds), North Korea (5 kinds) and Vietnam (3 kinds), respectively, and the root (27 species) was popular part in this study. The average water content and extraction ratio for ethanol were 7.10% and 6.75%, respectively. Determination of antimicrobial activity by disc-diffusion assay at 0.5 mg/disc concentration showed that the extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai (china), Illicium verum, Junci medulla, Rhus javanica L., Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Syzygium aromaticum has strong antimicrobial activities against different food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Determination of MIC and MBC/MFC further showed that the extract of Syzygium aromaticum has MIC of 1.25 mg/mL and MBC/MFC of 1.25~5.00 mg/mL against Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. And, the extract of Junci medulla, Rhus javanica L. and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge showed strong antibacterial activities with MIC of 0.08~0.63 mg/mL and MBC/MFC of 0.08~2.50 mg/mL against the tested bacteria except E. coli and P. aeruginosa. In a while, the results of hemolytic activity of 68 different herbal extracts against human red blood cells showed that the extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai has hemolytic activity at 0.5 mg/mL concentration. Therefore, Illicium verum, Junci medulla, Rhus javanica L., Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Syzygium aromaticum were finally selected for natural antimicrobial resources. Further research on active substances and the mode of action of the selected herbal medicine is necessary.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.116-128
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• 2000

Anal therapy is another way of taking medicine It is a traditional pathway but not available in common situation. Nevertheless. It has many benefit and usefulness, it has not treated so much. The dried immature fruit of Poncirus trifoliata L(Ji-Sil) is widely used to treat urticaria, itch and indigestion in traditional Korean Medicine. So this study was carried out to examine the effect of an aqueous extract from immature fruit of Poncirus trifoliate L. on immediate-type allergic reaction by anal administration. Anal administration of Poncirus trifoliata L. showed a marked inhibition rate in systemic immediate-type allergic reaction with a dose of 0.1 - 1 g/kg 1 hr before intraperitoneal injection of compound 48/80. Anal administration of Poncirus tnjoliata L. (0.1 -1 g/kg) significant1y reduced plasma histamine contents induced by compound 48/80. Anal administration of Poncirus trifoliata L. (10 g/kg) also inhibited to $44.6\%$ (P<0.01) local allergic reaction activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE. In addition, Syzygium aromaticum dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from the peritoneal mast cells by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. These results provide evidence that anal therapy of Poncirus trifoliata L. may be beneficial in the treatment of systemic and local immediate-type hypersensitivity by inhibition of histamine release from mast cells in vivo and in vitro.