• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.246-256
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the association of total dietary antioxidant capacity (TAC) with oxidative stress and metabolic markers among patients with metabolic syndrome according to gender. Methods: A total of 346 subjects aged 30~59 years with two or more risk factors of metabolic syndrome were recruited from a general hospital near Seoul in South Korea between 2010 and 2012 based on data from the medical checkup. Biochemical indices for oxidative stress and metabolic markers were measured. Food consumption data from 3-day food records were linked with the antioxidant capacity database for commonly consumed Korean foods to estimate individual's TAC. Results: Average dietary TAC of the study subjects was 132.0 mg VCE/d/1,000 kcal in men and 196.4 mg VCE/d/1,000 kcal in women. Levels of ${\gamma}$-glutamyltransferase (GGT), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and blood triglycerides were reduced significantly according to increasing TAC in men, but there was no significant trend in women. Intakes of total flavonoids and carotenoids were significantly negatively correlated with GGT (p < 0.05) and d-ROMs (p < 0.01) in men, whereas those of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (p < 0.05) and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol (p < 0.05) were positively correlated with biological antioxidant potential (BAP) in women. The odds ratio of high oxidative stress indices and abnormal metabolic markers according to TAC level were not significant in either men or women. Conclusion: The results show that dietary TAC was partially associated with oxidative stress and metabolic markers among patients with metabolic syndrome. Further research is required for elucidating the association between dietary TAC and incidence of metabolic syndrome and chronic diseases within a large population in prospective studies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.409-419
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate dietary sodium sources at the dish level in 228 university students (71 men, 157 women) in Gyeonggi-do. Daily sodium intake was estimated from a validated 125-dish frequency questionnaire. In men, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and sodium intake were significantly higher than in women. Men showed higher sodium intake from soups, fish or shellfish dishes, meat dishes, and soybean dishes than women. The dishes that most largely contributed to daily sodium intake were Napa cabbage kimchi and ramen in both men and women. In addition, relatively higher amounts of sodium from ramen were consumed in men, whereas cookies were the 5th highest sodium source in women. In both men and women, the high sodium intake groups consumed more sodium from kimchi, dishes cooked with kimchi, dishes with broth, and salted mackerel than the low sodium intake group. There were significant differences in major dishes contributing to between-person sodium intake variations between men and women. Short rib soup for men and Korean sausage for women were the largest contributors to sodium variations, which are common dishes served with salt. Men consumed more drinks and also more sodium from drinks than women. In conclusion, there were significant differences in major dishes contributing to absolute and between-person sodium intake variations in university students between men and women. Further studies on effects of gender on blood pressure, sodium and drink intake, and obesity are necessary.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.206-217
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• 1995

Background: In patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS), there are several factors increasing upper airway resistance and there is a predisposition to compromised respiratory function during waking and sleep related to constitutional factors including a tendency to obesity. Several recent studies have suggested a possible relationship between sleep apnea(SA) and systemic hypertension. But the possible pathophysiologic link between SA and hypertension is still unclear. In this study, we have examined the relationship among age, body mass index(BMI), pulmonary function parameters and polysomnographic data in patients with OSAS. And also we tried to know the difference among these parameters between hypertensive OSAS and normotensive OSAS patients. Methods: Patients underwent a full night of polysomnography and measured pulmonary function during waking. OSAS was diagnosed if patients had more than 5 apneas per hour(apnea index, AI). A careful history of previously known or present hypertension was obtained from each patient, and patients with systolic blood pressure $\geq$ 160mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure $\geq$ 95mmHg were classified as hypertensives. Results: The noctural nadir of arterial oxygen saturation($SaO_2$ nadir) was negatively related to AI and respiratory disturbance index(RDI), and the degree of noctural oxygen desaturation(DOD) was positively related to AI and RDI. BMI contributed to AI, RDI, $SaO_2$ nadir and DOD values. And also BMI contributed to $FEV_1,\;FEV_1/FVC$ and DLco values. There was a correlation between airway resistance(Raw) and AI, and there was a inverse correlation between DLco and DOD. But there was no difference among these parameters between hypertensive OSAS and normotensive OSAS patients. Conclusion: The obesity contributed to the compromised respiratory function and the severity of OSAS. AI and RDI were important factors in the severity of hypoxia during sleep. The measurement of pulmonary function parameters including Raw and DLco may be helpful in the prediction and assessment of OSAS patients. But we could not find clear difference between hypertensive and normotensive OSAS patients.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.205-212
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• 2007

To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a pulsatile aortic aneurysm phantoms for in-vitro study. The phantoms consisted of a pulsating motor part(heart part) and an aortic aneurysm part, which mimicked true physiologic conditions. The heart part was created from a high-pressured water pump and a pulsatile flow solenoid valve for the simulation of aortic flow. The aortic aneurysm part was manufactured from paper clay, which was placed inside a acrylic plastic square box, where liquid silicone was poured. After the silicone was formed, the clay was removed, and a silicone tube was used to connect the heart and aneurysm part. We measured the change in pressure as related to the opening time(pulse rate, Kruskal-Wallis method) and pressure before and after the stent-graft implantation(n = 5, Wilcoxon's signed ranks test). The changes in blood pressures according to pulse rate were all statistically significant(p<0.05). The systolic/diastolic pressures at the proximal aorta, the aortic aneurysm, and the distal aorta of the model were $157.80{\pm}1.92/130.20{\pm}1.92$, $159.40{\pm}1.14/134.00{\pm}2.92$, and $147.20{\pm}1.480/129.60{\pm}2.70\;mmHg$, respectively, when the pulse rate was 0.5 beat/second. The pressures changed to $161.40{\pm}1.34/90.20{\pm}1.64$, $175.00{\pm}1.58/93.00{\pm}1.58$, and $176.80{\pm}1.48/90.80{\pm}1.92\;mmHg$, respectively, when the pulse rate was 1.0 beat/second, and $159.40{\pm}1.82/127.20{\pm}1.48$, $166.60{\pm}1.67/138.00{\pm}1.87$, and $161.00{\pm}1.22/135.40{\pm}1.67\;mmHg$, respectively, when it was 1.5 beat/second. When pulse rate was set at 1.0 beat/second, the pressures were $143.60{\pm}1.67/90.20{\pm}1.64$, $147.20{\pm}1.92/84.60{\pm}1.82$, and $137.40{\pm}1.52/88.80{\pm}1.64\;mmHg$ after stent-graft implantation. The changes of pressure before and after stent-graft implantation were statistically significant(p<0.05) except the diastolic pressures at the proximal(p =1.00) and distal aorta(p=0.157). The aortic aneurysm phantoms seems to be useful for the evaluation of the efficacy of stent-graft before animal or clinical studies because of its easy reproducibility and ability to display a wide range of pressures.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.320-328
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• 2008

Background: Numerous surgical devices for mitral repair have been used in the past with good results. In this study we describe a simple annuloplasty technique with using a new device ($Mitracon^{(R)}$). The aim of this study was to assess its efficacy and surgical results with using $Mitracon^{(R)}$. Material and Method: From May 2003 to October 2005, 46 patients (21 women and 25 men (mean age of $51.4{\pm}17.8$ years) with mitral regurgitation from various causes were treated with either the $Mitracon^{(R)}$ (the $Mitracon^{(R)}$ group) or the Capentier Edward rigid ring (the CE group). The median follow-up duration was 18.9 months. Result: The mean grade of mitral regurgitation before and immediately after surgery in the $Mitracon^{(R)}$ group and the CE group decreased from $3.2{\pm}0.8$ to $0.6{\pm}0.7$ and $3.4{\pm}0.7$ to $0.3{\pm}0.5$, respectively. There were no significant changes in the ejection fraction either between the two groups or before and immediately after surgery. No deaths were seen in either group. Early postoperative echocardiography of all 46 patients showed only trivial mitral regurgitation or none at all. Echocardiography at a median of 18.9 months also showed no progression in mitral regurgitation. The mean grade of mitral regurgitation in the $Mitracon^{(R)}$ group at this time point decreased from $3.2{\pm}0.8$ to $0.8{\pm}0.7$ (p<0.05). The CE group also showed a similar degree of decrease from $3.4{\pm}0.7$ to $0.3{\pm}0.6$ (p<0.05). The mitral valve area in the $Mitracon^{(R)}$ group at 1 year follow-up was $3.3{\pm}0.9cm^2$. The mitral valve area in the CE group was $2.7{\pm}0.6cm^2$. The mean mitral pressure gradient in the $Mitracon^{(R)}$ group at 1 year follow-up was $3.1{\pm}1.3$ mmHg. The mean pressure gradient in the CE group was $4.5{\pm}2.1$ mmHg, although any statistical significant difference for this between the groups was not reached. Conclusion: The present study showed the described technique to be safe and effective in the intermediate term. Because long term results are unavailable, a more extensive prospective randomized multicenter trial may be warranted to determine whether this procedure should be generally applied for repair of mitral valve disease.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.24 no.3 s.35
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• pp.363-372
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• 1991

We used the health screening data of some rural and urban residents to examine the cross-sectional association between leukocyte count and hypertension. The 206 male and 203 female rural residents were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method in Kyungsan-Kun area of Kyungbuk province in 1985 and 600 urban residents were selected by the same sampling method as the rural residents in Daegu city of the same province in 1986 compatible with age-sex distribution of Daegu city of 1985 census, but of whom 384 actually responded. The rest of 600 were replaced by age and sex with those who were members of the medical insurance plan visiting the health management department of the university hospital to get the biannual preventive medical checkups. Excluded in the analysis were those having hypertensive history, diseases and extreme outlying values of the screening tests, leaving 373 rural and 571 urban residents. Leukocyte count was measured with ELT-8 Laser shadow method and the unit $cells/mm^3$, Blood pressures were determined with an aneroid sphygmomanometer with pre-standardized method and hypertensives were defined as those showing systolic blood pressure more than 140mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure more than 90mmHg. Total residents pooled (N=944) showed a significant difference between hypertensives and normotensives ($6965.93{\pm}1997.01\;vs\;6490.61{\pm}1941.32,\;P=0.00$) and in rural residents was noted the similar significant difference (P=0.03). None of significant differences were noted in any stratum stratified by residency and sex. Compared to the lowest quintile of WBC, 2/5 quintile showed odds ratio 0.99 (95% Confidence interval, Ci 0.62-1.59), 3/5 quintile 1.41 (95% CI 0.90-2.21), 4/5 quintile 1.76 (95% CI. 1.14-2.72), and highest quintile 1.80 (1.15-2.82) in the total residents. Likelihood ratio test for linear trend for it indicated a significant trend ($X^2_{trend}=5.53,\;df=1,\;P<0.05$). There were no other significant odds ratios compared to the lowest quintile of WBC in strata stratified by residency and sex. The odds ratios in total residents which had showed significant odds ratios became nonsignificant and of reduced magnitude after controlling age, frequency of smoking and drinking with multiple logistic. regression. In each stratum, it changed magnitudes of odds ratios slightly and unstably. None of the trend tests showed any significant trend. These results suggest that the Friedman et al's finding of association between leukocyte count and hypertension may be due to an statistical type I error resulting from the data dredging in an exploratory study, in which more than 800 variables were screened as possible predictors of hypertension.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.218-230
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• 2010

This study was conducted to survey isoflavone intake among adult women in menopause with diseases such as metabolic syndrome and osteoporosis and to analyze the relationship between each of these chronic diseases followed by isoflavone intake and the related health risk index. The average age of the subjects was 49.97 years old, while that of the pre-menopausal subjects was 45.14 years, and the post-menopausal subjects was 55.99 years. The average body mass index (BMI), waist-hip circumference, body fat percentage, blood pressure, blood sugar and blood lipid content of the post-menopausal subjects were higher in significant difference than those of the pre-menopausal subjects. The bone density of the hip and spine in post-menopausal subjects was lower in significant difference than that of the pre-menopausal subjects. After menopause, the subjects had a lower ratio of individuals at risk of anemia when compared with the subjects before menopause, but had higher health risk ratio related to each type of chronic disease, including obesity, hypertension, high cholesterol and osteoporosis than the subjects before menopause. The intake frequency of each soybean food was similar among subjects before/after menopause. The most common soybean based foods consumed by the subjects were soybean, soybean curd and soybean paste. The average daily intake level of isoflavone among subjects before menopause was 25.48 mg, while that of subjects after menopause was 32.25 mg. Evaluation of the distribution of the isoflavone level revealed that the pre-menopausal subjects consumed 3.29~78.36 mg and the post-menopausal subjects consumed 3.18~116.59 mg. The intake level by each individual varied greatly. The pre-menopausal subjects had a low BMI index and systolic blood pressure as much as their isoflavone intake level was high. Additionally, the post-menopausal subjects had a low menarche age and high menopause age when their isoflavone intake level was high, the BMI index and waist-hip circumference ratio was highest among individuals with lowest isoflavone intake level. This study showed that there was a possible relationship between soybean isoflavone intake and health problems such as obesity, high cholesterol, and osteoporosis in women after menopause with diseases such as metabolic syndrome and osteoporosis, even if this relationship was not great.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.65-76
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• 2008

This study was performed to identify association between nutritional status and health risks of the elderly. This was a cross-sectional study involving low income elderly women in Gwangju, Korea (${\geq}$65y, n = 92). Socio-demographics, life style characteristics, health conditions, dietary intakes based on 24h-recall method, anthropometric measures, and clinical biochemistry parameters were examined. Anthropometric and clinical parameters included wt, ht, waist, hip, body protein, body fat, abdominal fat, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, albumin, hemoglobin, hematocrit, fasting blood glucose, ferritin, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, CRP, TAS, TBARS, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. The subjects were divided into three groups based on age (65-74y, 75-84y, 85y${\leq}$) and were divided into two groups according to the sum of the Nutrition Screening Initiative (NSI) checklist score (adequate nutritional status, NSI score ${\leq}$3; at risk of malnutrition, NSI score >3). Mean and frequency of variables were estimated. Analysis of Variance, Tukey test, Chi-square test, and Multiple linear regression analyses were performed. Mean BMI and body fat were 25.1 $kg/m^2$ and 40.0%, respectively. However, for over 80% of subjects, the intakes of energy, fiber, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, Ca, K, and Zn were less than the Korean DRI (EAR or AI). The subjects who had lower NSI score tended to have better health status, eat meals frequently, have less depression, and exercise regularly. The subjects who had higher NSI score tended to have tooth problems, to eat alone most of time, and to be physically unable to cook or feed. Serum IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ were significantly related with nutritional status which suggested higher tendency of inflammatory response. Serum IL-2, TAS, and glucose were significantly correlated with body fat (%) or abdominal fat (%). These results suggest that improving the nutritional status, increasing regular exercise, maintaining normal weight are beneficial to health care of low income elderly women.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.456-458
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• 2013

The aim of this study is to evaluate the reference value for electrocardiogram in healthy captive raccoon dogs. Forty-one free-ranging adult raccoon dogs rescued from Wildlife rescue centre, Kangwon National University were enrolled in this study. The 6-lead electrocardiogram was obtained in all raccoon dogs without any chemical restraints. The mean heart rate was $146.10{\pm}43.31$ beats/min (95% confidence interval 132.84~159.36 beats/min). The mean respiration rate was $35.73{\pm}11.56$ breaths/min (95% confidence interval 32.19~39.27 breaths/min). The mean systolic blood pressure was $136{\pm}29.26$ mmHg (95% confidence interval 127.99~145.91 mmHg). Electrocardiographical features were also evaluated in all raccoon dogs. The mean duration and amplitude of P-wave were $38.2{\pm}4.0$ ms (range 28-40 ms) and $0.128{\pm}0.039$ mV (range 0.09~0.20). The mean duration and amplitude of QRS complexes were $48.5{\pm}7.2ms$ (range 36-60 ms) and $1.330{\pm}0.650$ mV (range 0.15~2.30). The range of the mean electrical (QRS) axis was $-91^{\circ}{\sim}+96^{\circ}$ ($10^{\circ}{\sim}60^{\circ}$; 95% of confidence interval). The mean corrected QT (QTc) interval was $273.7{\pm}32.7ms$ (range 212-333 ms), while the mean PR interval was $76.1{\pm}10.0ms$ (range 50-82 ms). To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to provide references in electrocardiogram (ECG) in healthy captive raccoon dogs.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.64-76
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• 1970

This report will present a clinical and statistical analysis of 210 case of Ectopic pregnancies who were treated at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Chung Nam Medical Center from January, 1966 to March, 1970. The results obtained are as follows; 1. The total number of Ectopic pregnancies was 8.22%. 2. The occurrence of Ectopic pregnancy was high in June(13.81%), low in October(2.98%). There was a higher occurrence of Ectopic pregnancy in the summer than in the winter. 3. The average age of all patients was 33.25 years. The most frequent age for this type of pregnancy was 31-35 years (32.86%) . The youngest patient was 18 years old and the oldest was 50. 4. Multipara occurred in 82.38% of the cases; Mulipara in 17. 62% and the occurrence of primipara was especially high, 20.95%. 5. 48.09% of the women had previously experienced normal deliveries; 42.8% had received artificial abortions and 5.23% had experienced spontaneous abortions. 3.8% had a previous history of Ectopic pregnancy. It was found that the occurrence of Ectopic pregnancy was more frequent in those women who had a D & C in the Past. 6. The average length of infertility was 21.7 months. The shortest length was 60 days; longest period of infertility was 19 years. 7. The occurrence of Ectopic pregnancy is higher (29.27%) in patient who have experienced only one previous D & C. The total number of patients who received a D & C was 58.57%. 3. Ectopic symptoms appeared during the first 4.7 weeks (mean) and most frequently occurred between the 5th and 6th weeks (48.57%) of pregnancy. The Symptoms were: -99.04% complained of lower abdominal pains. -80.95% experienced abnormal uttering bleeding. -42.38% experienced bleeding before the occurrence of pain. -18.57% experienced pain before the occurrence of bleeding. -8.57% experienced both pain and bleeding. -7.62% experienced only bleeding. -22.86% experienced only pain. 9. In-77.62% of the cases the annexal mass palpated. 91.42% complained of abdominal tenderness. 42.38% complained of pain when the cervix was examined. 10. Culdocentesis was performed in 86.19% of the cases. In 92.82% of the cases the presence of an Ectopic pregnancy was accurately diagnosed 11. 71.90% of the Ectopic pregnancies occurred in the ampule portion of the ovarian tube, of the total number of gestations, 40.95% were tubal abortions and 59.05% were ruptured. The ruptured group occurred more frequently in the islamic portion and interstitial portion of the tube than the aborted group. The aborted group occurred more frequently in the fimbrial extremities of the tube. 12. The blood pressure (systolic) was noted at 119-80mmHg in 81.89% of the total cases. Hemoglobin value was noted at over 8gm/㎗ in 58.57% of the cases. The average blood transfusion was 2.3 pints. 13. In 52.86% of the Ectopic pregnancies the right side of the ovarian tube was affected. The left side of the tube was affected in 47.14% of the cases. 14. 3.33% of the patients were not given an accurate diagnosis. 15. The kinds of operation performed were as follows; Salpingectomy, 41.43%; Adnectomy, 38.57% and Adnectomy with total hysterectomy, 19.05%. 16. The patient mortality rate was significantly small; only 1 case out of 210 died. This patient most likely had a profuse hemorrhage because of a ruptured tube before her admission to the hospital. 17. The patients personal feelings and attitudes must be treated with care. Particularly patients who are concerned about vaginal bleeding or the impossibility of another pregnancy.