• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.95-98
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• 2014

The baroreflex is one kind of homeostatic mechanisms to regulate acute blood pressure (BP) changes by controlling heartbeat interval (HBI). To quantify the effect of baroreflex, we suggested a new approach of analyzing Granger causality between systolic BP (SBP) and HBI. The index defined as baroreflex effectiveness (BRE) was generated by the hypothesis that more effectual baroreflex would be related to more effective Granger causal influence of SBP on HBI. Six obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients (apnea-hypopnea index, AHI ${\geq}5$ events/hr) and six normal subjects participated in the study. Their SBP and HBI during nocturnal sleep were obtained from a non-invasive continuous BP measurement device. While the BRE ($mean{\pm}SD$) of normal subjects was $47.0{\pm}4.0%$, OSA patients exhibited the BRE of $34.0{\pm}3.8%$. The impaired baroreflex function of OSA patients can be explained by the physiological mechanism associated with recurrent hypoxic episodes during sleep. Thus, the significantly lower BRE in OSA patients verified the availability of Granger causality analysis to evaluate baroreflex during sleep. Furthermore, the range of BRE obtained from normal subjects was not overlapped with that obtained from OSA patients. It suggests the potential of BRE as a new helpful tool for diagnosing OSA.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.107-120
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• 2010

Objectives : The aim of this study is to measure pulse waveforms by applying 5-level graded pressure, and selecting optimum pulse waveforms. Also to proposing the possibility of using AW(Area of the 1/3 upper height of h1) rate in respect to AT(Total Area) for risk assessment of hypertension or arteriosclerosis is another aim of the study. Methods : Pulse waveforms of normotensive were measured by 5-level graded pressure. The pulse waveforms well reflecting properties of blood vessel(having the largest h1) were selected for optimum pulse waveforms. Various parameters(h-parameter, t-parameter, and others) of optimum pulse waveforms were analyzed. AIx(Augmentation index) was calculated by height-parameters to assess arterial stiffness. The area rate of the 1/3 upper height for h1 in respect to total area was analyzed according to aging. Results : According to aging 1. in height-parameter, h2 and h3 were increased but h5 was decreased. 2. In time-parameter, t2, t3, and t5 were getting short. 3. Area of systolic period was increased, and that of diastolic period decreased. 4. AIx rose by aging. 5. AW was significantly increased despite no changes in AT. Conclusions : By analyzing optimum pulse waveforms of 5-level graded pressure method, we could complement weakness of single graded pressure method. Also, possibility of applying the AW rate to risk assessment of hypertension or arteriosclerosis was confirmed in normotensive population which might not be assessed by AIx.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.5
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• pp.695-700
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of an energy restriction program on the weight loss and changes of the biochemical nutritional status for 35 obese women. The energy restriction program took place over a 3-week period that was devided into two parts. The first part consisted of 750-800kcal diet and the second part of 800-1000kcal. Subjects were provided a low energy formula and a menu for the recommended diet. Anthropometric and biochemical measurement before and after the energy restriction program were estimated. Mean weight loss was 3.0kg, accordingly the obestiy rate was lowered from 40.2 to 34.4, BMI from 29.2 to 28.9 and fat weight from 23.3kg to 21.0kg( <0.01. <0.05). Waist circumference loss was most prominent(4.4%) compared to triceps(21% loss)and hip circumference(2.2%loss). Mean RBC count, hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly lowered( <0.01) but they were in the normal range. Systolic blood pressure was significantly decreased from 124.1mmHg to 113.1mmHg . Mean SGOT and SGPT were lowered from 29.3u/L to 20.0u/L and from 28.7u/L to 16.6u/L, respectively. It seems that the 3 weeks of energy restriction program used in this study was effective in improving anthropometric measurements without producing deficiency of iron or other susceptible nutrients.(Korean J community Nutrition 2(5) : 695-700,1997)

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2000

The present study was conducted to investigate the possible role of the sympathetic nervous system in two-kidney, one clip (2K1C) and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension. 2K1C and DOCA- salt hypertension were made in Sprague-Dawley rats. Four weeks after induction of hypertension, systolic blood pressure measured in conscious state was significantly higher in 2K1C $(216{\pm}18\;mmHg)$ and DOCA-salt $(205{\pm}29\;mmHg)$ groups than that in control $(128{\pm}4\;mmHg).$ The third branches (＜300 ${\mu}m$ in outer diameter) of the mesenteric artery were isolated and cut into ring segments of $2{\sim}3$ mm in length. Each ring segment was mounted in tissue bath and connected to a force displacement transducer for measurement of isometric tension. The arterial rings were contracted by application of norepinephrine (NE) in a dose-dependent manner. The amplitude of the NE-induced contraction of the vessels was significantly larger in hypertension than in control. The NE-induced contraction was significantly enhanced by neuropeptide Y (NPY) in hypertension. Reciprocally, NPY-elicited vasocontraction was increased by NE in hypertension. These results suggest that the sympathetic nervous system contributes to the development of 2K1C and DOCA-salt hypertension.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2024

PURPOSE: This study examined the distribution dynamics and proposed determinants, including morphological measurements, clinical laboratory tests, and lifestyle factors among young Korean men aged 20 to 29 years with the coexistence of age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and obesity (CALSMO). METHODS: Six hundred and sixty-six participants were divided into two groups based on their skeletal muscle mass index, with 12 individuals categorized in the CALSMO group and the remaining 654 in the normal group. The proposed determinants variables consisted of three main components: morphological measurements, clinical laboratory tests, and lifestyle factors. The morphological measurement variables were height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and skeletal muscle mass index. The clinical laboratory tests were fasting glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol levels, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The lifestyle factors considered were alcohol consumption and tobacco use. Complex sampling analysis was performed for the evaluation. RESULTS: The distribution dynamics were determined to be 1.81(1.02-3.18) %. Morphological factors, such as height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and skeletal muscle mass index, showed significant differences (p < .05). The clinical laboratory test variables, specifically the fasting glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels, also exhibited significant differences (p < .05). The lifestyle factor, alcohol consumption, also showed a significance (p < .05). CONCLUSION: This study provides insights into the distribution dynamics. The proposed determinants in young Korean individuals with CALSMO are height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, skeletal muscle mass index, fasting glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol levels, and alcohol consumption.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.989-995
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate variation of cardiopulmonary function by use of building stairs, a questionnair survey and measurement was carried out for 50 students of department of physical therapy Andong Junior College from 20th September to 3rd October, 1995. The result were as follows: The average systolic blood pressure(SBP) of stability for 50 college students who were measured was 121.3 mmHg, the average diastolic blood pressure(DBP) of stability was 78.5 mmHg, the average pulse frequency of stability was 71.8(frequency/min), the average breathing frequency of stability was 20.4(frequency/min), and the body temperature of stability was $36.8^{\circ}C$. SBP among the second, third, and fourth floors was 129.0 mmHg, 127.0 mmHg, and, 132.0 mmHg (p=0.1919), DBP was 80.1 mmHg, 76.5 mmHg, and, 82.0 mmHg (p=0.4229), the pulse frequency was 74.0, 73.1, and 74.0(frequency/min). The breathing frequency among the second, third, and fourth floors was statistically gradually increased according to 21.4, 23.1 and 24.6(frequency/min)(p=0.0071). The body temperature among the second, third, and fourth floors was statistically less and less decreased according to $36.8^{\circ}C,\;36.6^{\circ}C$ and $36.5^{\circ}C$(p=0.0040). It was revealed by this study, the breathing frequency among the second, third, and fourth floors was statistically significant increased, the body temperature was statistically significant decreased.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.377-388
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of music therapy on changes in the vital signs of patients about to undergo an operation. The patients listened to the music at a time when they were feeling preoperative anxiety up until the preanesthesia was given in the operating room. The subjects for this study were selected from sixty patients to undergo operations, who were hospitalized at Dong Eui hospital in Pusan city. They were assigned to two groups, thirty to the experimental group and thirty to the control group. The subjects were from 20 years old to 69 years old, and had no other problem except the one requiring the operation, and no premedication. The data were collected during the period from July 1 to September 30, 1993. The method used in this study was to measure state-anxiety on the ward in the morning of the operation, and vital signs immediately before leaving for the operating room. Vital signs were measured immediately before the anesthesia was given and after the experimental group had listened to the music during the ten minutes needed to prepare the operation setting. The control group just waited during ten mimutes. Vital signs were check again before the anesthesia was given. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, mean±SD, p-value, and t-test using the SPSS progrom. The results of this study are : 1. Systolic blood pressure taken in the operating room was elevated, over the level measured on the ward, by 5.00 ± 15.26㎜Hg in experimental group and 18.67±14.56㎜Hg in control group. (t=-3.5496, p=.0008) 2. Diastolic blood pressure was elevated by 6.67±12.95㎜Hg in experimental group and 18.67±12. 79㎜Hg in control group. (t=-3.6100, p=.0006) 3. Pulse was elevated by 2.931±9.44 / min in experimental group and 8.03±8.37 /min in control group. (t=-2.2144, p=.0307) 4. Respiration was elevated by 0.60±1.35 /min in experimental group and 1.57±1.48 /min in control group. (t=-2.6409, p=.0106) 5. Body temperature was down by 0.13±1.91'c in experimental group and elevated by 1.13±1.11'c in control group. (t=-3.1471, p=.0026) Thus, in this study there was a statistically significant difference in the change in the vital signs between the experimental group treated with music therapy and the control group which received no treatment. Because music therapy is valuable to decrease the anxiety of patients facing operations, the result of this study support its effect in relieving anxiety as a valuable nursing intervention. From this study, the following recommendations can be made : First, it is necessary to further study music therapy to develope a better system and determine optimal time. Second, it is necessary that more detailed re-search on measurement of changes in vital signs be done to determine changes over time intervals.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.39-46
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• 2013

Purpose: Non-invasive blood pressure measurement is widely used as a pre-hospital triage tool for blunt trauma patients. However, scant data exits for using the mean arterial pressure (MAP), compared to the systolic blood pressure, as a guiding index. The aim of this study was to determine the association between adverse outcomes and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and to exhibit the therapeutic range of the MAP in adult blunt trauma patients. Methods: The electronic medical records for all trauma patients in a single hospital from January 2010 to September 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients below 17 years of age, patients with penetrating injuries, and patients with serious head trauma (injuries containing any skull fractures or any intracranial hemorrhages) were excluded. Adverse outcomes were defined as one of the following: death in the Emergency Department (ED), admission via operating theater, admission to the intensive care unit, transfer to another hospital for emergency surgery, or discharge as hopeless. Results: There were 14,537 patients who met entry criteria. Adverse outcomes occurred for MAPs in range from 90 to 120 mmHg. Adverse outcomes were found, after adjusting for confounding variables, to occur increasingly as the MAP declined below 90 mmHg or rose above 120 mmHg. Conclusion: Not only lower but also higher mean arterial pressure is associated with increased adverse outcomes in adult blunt trauma patients. Thus, patients with a MAP above 120 mmHg should be considered as a special group requiring higher medical attention, just as those with a MAP below 90 mmHg are.

• 한국노년학
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.969-983
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• 2011

The purposes of this study were to identify the degree of postprandial blood pressure reduction and the prevalence of postprandial hypotension by 3 different mealtimes of elderly people diagnosed with hypertension in nursing homes. After the informed and written consent, a total of 187 elderly people were recruited in the study. Systolic BP, diastolic BP were measured with ambulatory BP monitor every 15 minutes interval from 30 minutes before a meal until 120 minutes after each meal. The maximum SBP reduction was significantly bigger at breakfast than lunchtime or dinnertime. Among 187 elders, 137(73.4%) showed PPH at breakfast, 103(54.2%) at lunchtime, and 96(50.2%) at dinnertime. The most prevalent time point of PPH was 90 minutes after the initiation of a meal in all of 3 mealtimes. Among 8 measurement times, the prevalence of PPH was significantly higher in breakfast (3.0±2.7 times) than both lunchtime (2.1±2.5 times) and dinnertime (1.9±2.4 times). Although the occurrence of PPH by every mealtime should be taken into account in caring for the elderly, postprandial BP measurements need more attention after breakfast. Nurses should develop appropriate nursing interventions that can prevent postprandial blood pressure reduction in elderly people with hypertension.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.433-442
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• 2010

The study aim was to examine the effect of sensory responses of subjects after 6-month dietary sodium reduction with the aid of nutritional education. Fourteen female college students voluntarily restricted their sodium intake for 6 months, during which time they received nutritional education on the low sodium diet. As a control group, 10 students, whose anthropometric measurement, sodium intake behavior, and blood pressure were not different from those of the experimental group, were maintained on a normal diet. For the sensory responses of subjects, the salt taste perception and pleasantness for graded (0.15-1.3%) NaCl solutions were measured by a 9-point hedonic scale. The optimum sodium concentration, urinary sodium excretion, and blood pressure were measured. All the measurements were done at the beginning and end of the experiment. The sensory evaluation revealed an absence of any difference between the two groups in salt taste perception and pleasantness responses at the beginning. After 6-month adaptation, the experimental group subjects showed higher responses to low NaCl solution (0.15, 0.3, 0.5%) in salt taste perception and pleasantness evaluation while the control group subjects exhibited the opposite response. The optimum sodium concentration was reduced from 105.6 mmol to 80.7 mmol (p = 0.015) and the urinary sodium excretion was also reduced from 1,398 mg to 906 mg (p = 0.041) only in the experimental group. Systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced in the experimental group, although there was no correlation between the urinary sodium excretion and blood pressure. The optimum sodium concentration was negatively correlated with the urinary sodium excretion (r = 0.418, p = 0.053), indicating that adaptation to low sodium diet can reduce sodium intake. Further study on the individual responses of subjects on a low sodium diet by periodical evaluation may provide useful data for setting the duration needed to stabilize a lowered appetite for sodium.