• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.520-539
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• 1996

Based upon Shennong's Ancient Chinese Medical Textbook and Tsorngji Mingyi Byelu. Ginseng has been widely used for over 2,000 years in oriental countries. Scientific basic medical study or clinical study on ginseng was seal·toed 1910's in Eastern countries and from the 1950's in Western countries To obtain kotvledge of clinical studies on Korean ginseng. I investigated the following items 1) Oriental pharmacological documents. 2) the start and corrent state of ginseng research. 3) Clinical studies, 4) epidemiological studies. 5) non-medical human studies. 6) Foreign evaluation in published papers, and 7) future perspectives of clinical study. Although wide and profound research has been carried on the effect of ginseng (diabetes cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, liver diseases. gastrointestinal disorders soress, bram function. aging, antiradiation effect. anemia. hemopoiesis. immuomodulating effect. and tonic effect). Systemic clinical study to determine the therapeutic effects of speciblc disease have hardly been done even in other countries Clinical study or researches with human as the target. on ginseng has been performed in the field of body tenperazure. Pulse, clinical symptoms and hematological findings . fatigue, porformances. anemia. essential hypertension. blood sugar. serum cholesterol. lipid and prolactin. adrenocortical function. impotence. hypospermia. male sterility, climacteric disorder. anticancer effects. cancer preventive effects. and viral hepatitis. adverse effects. and prefered type of ginseng. At the same time as trying preventives or therapeutics from dietary oi natural products scientific research to support that ginseng is not a mystery. should be porformad to prove the effectiveness of Korean ginseng in the treatment of certain diseases using scientific methods or epidemiological approach.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.291-296
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• 2004

Sparganium stoloniferum Buch.-Ham. (Sparganiaceae) is a perennial herb which has been used as treatments for menstrual disorder, galactagogue and endometriosis in folk remedies. The Sparganii Rhizoma processed, heated with vinegar, used to different purpose compared with origin in medicine. In order to estimate the different effects between processed (PSR) and unprocessed (USR) Sparganii Rhizoma, extraction and systemic fractionation of the rhizomes were archived. Inhibitory effects of the extracts as well as the fractions of PSR and USR on rat lens aldose reductase and on rat platelet aggregation were investigated for the prevention or the treatment of chronic diabetic complications. Their antioxidant effects, measured using lipid peroxidation of liver tissue and radical scavenging activities on 1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl in vitro, were evaluated. The most of biological activities tested except rat platelet aggregation, fractions from PSR were shown to exhibit stronger activities than those from USR. It seems that caused by changing of the chemical components by heating process in conditioned with acetic acid. Compounds isolated were shown to significant inhibitory activity on rat lens aldose reductase. Inhibitory activity of compounds isolated on rat lens aldose reductase have been tested in vitro. $IC_{50}$/ (6.31 $\mu$M) of cerebroside I (V) was nearly equal to that (6.32 $\mu$M) of a reference compound, tetrametbylene glutaric acid (TMG).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.6 s.65
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• pp.955-961
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• 1997

Nicotine is one of the major components of cigarette smoking which causes various systemic and local diseases to human body. Mitogenic effects of nicotine to systemic disease are interesting factors in the results of cellular Proliferation especially to vascular and pulmonary tissue or cells. The study of local effects concerns with destruction of tissue and delayed healing rate after various surgical treatment. Platelet-Derived Growth factor(PDGF) and Insulin-like growth factor(IGF) are blown as major mitogens to human PDL cells. The purpose of this study was to investgate the mitogenic effects of nicotine to human PDL cells. We studied the expression of PDGF-$\alpha$ receptor, PDGF-$\beta$receptor, and IGF-l receptor mRNA from the nicotine treated human PDL cells by northern analysis. The experimental groups were divided into different serum($1\%,\;10\%$) and nicotine (100ng/m1,1000ng/m1) concentrations and each group was studied by time course. The results of this study showed upregulation of PDGF-${\alpha},\;{\beta}$ receptor and IGF-l receptor mRNA at 100ng/ml nicotine concentration and $10\%$ serum group to the time course. These results suggest that physiologically attainable nicotine concentrations may stimulate the mitogenic gene synthesis to human PDL cells in vitro.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2020

Various processing methods have a great impact on the physiochemical and nutritional properties of meat that are of health concern. Hence, the postmortem processing of meat by different methods is likely to intensify the potential effects on protein oxidation. The influence of meat protein oxidation on the modulation of the systemic redox status and underlying mechanism is well known. However, the effects of processed meat proteins isolated from different sources on gut microbiota, oxidative stress biomarkers, and metabolomic markers associated with metabolic syndromes are of growing interest. The application of advanced methodological approaches based on OMICS, and mass spectrometric technologies has enabled to better understand the molecular basis of the effect of processed meat oxidation on human health and the aging process. Animal studies indicate the involvement of dietary proteins isolated from different sources on health disorders, which emphasizes the impact of processed meat protein on the richness of bacterial taxa such as (Mucispirillum, Oscillibacter), accompanied by increased expression of lipogenic genes. This review explores the most recent evidences on meat processing techniques, meat protein oxidation, underlying mechanisms, and their potential effects on nutritional value, gut microbiota composition and possible implications on human health.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.3 no.2 s.5
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• pp.87-91
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• 2003

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the availability of propofol and fentanyl (P + F) with diazepam and morphine (D + M) for intravenous conscious sedation during third molar surgery. Methods: Forty patients without systemic disease were operated under IV conscious sedation administered by either of the two techniques. Monitoring consisted of continuous observation of pulse rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and the respiratory rate and were recorded every 15 minutes. Cooperation score was measured 5 and 15 minutes after induction of IV sedation. Following the operation, the surgeon and patients completed questionnaires including pain visual analog scale, amnesia, and side effects. Results: The P + F group was significantly more cooperative than the D + M group. The side effects of D + M group included pain on injection, nausea/vomiting and abdominal pain. The side effects of P + F group included talkativeness, nausea/vomiting, temporary apnea, pain on injection and vertigo. Conclusions: In this study, there were following benefits in the P + F group; more cooperative status and less pain perception. But respiratory depression developed in some patients.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.191-196
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• 1994

Higenamine is a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid which was isolated as a cardiotonic principle from Aconiti tuber. 1.v. injection of higenamine was reported to increase the cardiac output and heart rate and to decrease the blood pressure and the systemic vascular resistance presumably by stimulating the adrenergic ${\beta}-receptors$. The anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic effects of higenamine were investigated in this paper. Higenamine(0.5 mg/ml) showed mild inhibitory effect against collagen induced platelet aggregation in vitro and the inhibito교 effect was increased with the pre-incubation$(5{\sim}30\;min)$ of platelet rich plasma(PRP) with higenamine. With the 30 min incubation, the platelet aggregation was almost completely inhibited. And the oral administration of higenamine$(50{\sim}200\;mg/kg)$ enhanced the survival in the mouse model of thrombosis and that of endotoxic shock. The anti-thrombotic and anti-septic effects of higenamine thus appear to be due to the ${\beta}-agonistic$ and the anti-platelet effects of this compound.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2002

In our study, the several cytokines were determined in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of Adamantiades-Behcets patients. Adamantiades-Behcets disease (ABD) is a systemic inflammatory disorder and might involve immune dysfunction. High levels of $TNF-\alpha,\;IL-1\beta$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$ indicate the activation of inflammatory reactions and immune system in ABD. Gami-Phedoc-San (GPS) is an Oriental herbal medication, which has been used in Korea for the treatment of ABD. GPS (1 mg/ ml) significantly inhibited the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, $TNF-\alpha\;and\;IL-1\beta$, compared to absence of GPS (by $50.5{\pm}1.9%$ inhibition for $TNF-\alpha$ and $106.9{\pm}16.8%$ for $IL-1\beta$). GPS also inhibited the production of $IFN-\gamma$, immunoregulatory Th1 cytokine, by $78.4{\pm}2.8%$. The inhibitory effects of GPS on cytokine secretion showed dose-dependent manner, and the pre-treatment of 1 mg/ml GPS had better effects than immunosuppressive drug for treatment of ABD, cyclosporin A. Our results suggest that GPS treatment for ABD patients might have pharmacological activity of immune and inflammatory responses through the cytokine modulation.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.74-83
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• 2014

Mercury exists naturally and as a man-made contaminant. The release of processed mercury can lead to a progressive increase in the amount of atmospheric mercury, which enters the atmospheric-soil-water distribution cycles where it can remain in circulation for years. Mercury poisoning is the result of exposure to mercury or mercury compounds resulting in various toxic effects depend on its chemical form and route of exposure. The major route of human exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) is largely through eating contaminated fish, seafood, and wildlife which have been exposed to mercury through ingestion of contaminated lower organisms. MeHg toxicity is associated with nervous system damage in adults and impaired neurological development in infants and children. Ingested mercury may undergo bioaccumulation leading to progressive increases in body burdens. This review addresses the systemic pathophysiology of individual organ systems associated with mercury poisoning. Mercury has profound cellular, cardiovascular, hematological, pulmonary, renal, immunological, neurological, endocrine, reproductive, and embryonic toxicological effects.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2014

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are becoming increasingly popular worldwide and their cellular effects warrant further evaluation. In this study, we investigated the effects of an e-cigarette cartridge solution on allergen related asthmatic airway inflammation (AI) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), when it is delivered by intratracheal route in mice. Asthmatic AI and AHR were induced by systemic sensitization to ovalbumin (OVA) followed by intratracheal, intraperitoneal, and aerosol allergen challenges in BALB/c mice. The cartridge solution of e-cigarette (containing 16 mg/ml nicotine) was diluted 50 times and $100{\mu}l$ of the diluted solution was intratracheally instilled to OVA-sensitized (OVA-S) mice two times a week for 10 weeks. Long-term e-cigarette inhalation elicited no remarkable changes in the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in serum, however, increased infiltration of inflammatory cells including eosinophils, into airways from blood, aggravated the asthmatic AI and AHR, and stimulated the production of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13, and OVA-specific IgE production. Our data suggest that the inhalation of e-cigarette solutions can function as an important factor to exacerbate the allergy-induced asthma symptoms. Further studies are needed to address the effects of e-cigarette solutions on human health.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.1270-1281
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• 2018

Periodontal disease is triggered by the host immune response to pathogens in the microbial biofilm. Worsening of periodontal disease destroys the tooth-supporting tissues and alveolar bone. As oral inflammation can induce systemic diseases in humans, it is important to prevent periodontal disease. In this study, we demonstrated that Curcuma xanthorrhiza supercritical extract (CXS) and its active compound, xanthorrhizol (XAN), exhibit anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated human gingival fibroblast-1 cells and anti-osteoclastic effects on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)-treated RAW264.7 cells. LPS-upregulated inflammatory factors, such as nuclear factor kappa B p65 and $interleukin-1{\beta}$, were prominently reduced by CXS and XAN. In addition, RANKL-induced osteoclastic factors, such as nuclear factor of activated T-cells c1, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and cathepsin K, were decreased in the presence of CXS and XAN. CXS and XAN inhibited the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/activator protein-1 (AP-1) signaling pathway. Collectively, these results provide evidence that CXS and XAN suppress LPS-induced inflammation and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by suppressing the MAPK/AP-1 pathway.