• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.295-302
• /
• 2021

Microglial priming is the process of microglial proliferation and activation in response to neurodegeneration and abnormal protein accumulation. Priming makes microglia susceptible to secondary inflammatory stimuli and causes exaggerated inflammatory responses. In the present study, we established a microglial priming model in mice by administering a single injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 20 mg/kg). MPTP induced microglial activation without dopaminergic degeneration; however, subsequent treatment with a sub-toxic dose of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced an amplified inflammatory response and caused nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration. These pathological and inflammatory changes, including microglial activation and dopaminergic cell loss in the substantia nigra (SN) area were reversed by papaverine (PAP) administration. In addition, MPTP/LPS enhanced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression and processing via nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in the SN region of mice. However, PAP treatment suppressed inflammasome activation and subsequent IL-1β maturation. Moreover, PAP inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and enhanced cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) activity in the SN of MPTP/LPS mice. These results suggest that PAP inhibits the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by modulating NF-κB and CREB signaling pathways, which results in reduced microglial activation and neuronal cell death. Thus, PAP may be a potential candidate for the treatment of Parkinsons's disease, which is aggravated by systemic inflammation.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.49 no.2
• /
• pp.81-92
• /
• 2016

Insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 signaling (IIS) pathway regulates aging in many organisms, ranging from simple invertebrates to mammals, including humans. Many seminal discoveries regarding the roles of IIS in aging and longevity have been made by using the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In this review, we describe the mechanisms by which various IIS components regulate aging in C. elegans and D. melanogaster. We also cover systemic and tissue-specific effects of the IIS components on the regulation of lifespan. We further discuss IIS-mediated physiological processes other than aging and their effects on human disease models focusing on C. elegans studies. As both C. elegans and D. melanogaster have been essential for key findings regarding the effects of IIS on organismal aging in general, these invertebrate models will continue to serve as workhorses to help our understanding of mammalian aging.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.271-281
• /
• 2003

Virulent and avirulent H5N1 viruses were inoculated intranasally to BALB/c and immunodeficient mice, and compared the pathogenesis by histology and immunohistochemistry. All of mice infected with virulent virus died by systemic infection at 6 to 7 days postinfection (PI). BALB/c mice infected with avirulent virus survived from the infection, whereas immunodeficient mice showed nervous symptoms in addition to respiratory disease and died at 13 days PI. Viral positive antigens was detected from multiple organs including central nervous system in immunodeficient mice infected with avirulent virus. These results suggest that avirulent H5N1 influenza virus can aquire the multiple tissue tropism under immunosuppresed condition and host immune system is a important factor to protect the development of disease.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
• /
• v.50 no.8
• /
• pp.465-473
• /
• 2012

Prognosis is an anticipation of the probable response to periodontal therapy and a long-term prospect for maintaining a functional dentition. Hopeless cases or cases of simple gingivitis without systemic diseases generally have little problem to establish definite prognoses. However, it might become somewhat challenging to determine their prognoses in borderline cases. A risk factor for periodontal disease may be environmental, behavioral, or biologic factors that can be defined as an occurrence has been associated with destructive periodontitis. Some risk factors are modifiable, while others cannot be modified. Modifiable risk factors are environmental or behavioral in nature in contrast non-modifiable risk factors are usually intrinsic to the individual and therefore not easily changed. In this review, we will assess the various modifiable or non-modifiable risk factors for susceptibility 10 periodontal diseases.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
• /
• 2005.11a
• /
• pp.995-998
• /
• 2005

A task in imprecise computation consists of mandatory part and optional part. The optional part can be executed partially and the quality of service is measured by the amount of the execution. Many paper showed that multimedia systems are good applications of imprecise computation. It is important to guarantee QoS which is a critical factor in multimedia systems. Previous works didn't consider QoS and processor slack were assigned randomly to tasks. This paper presented a systemic slack assignment method according to QoS levels of tasks. A simulation result showed that our method can be a good choice for multimedia systems with QoS requirement.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.69 no.3
• /
• pp.153-162
• /
• 2010

Smoking is the most important risk factor of many pulmonary diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer, cardiovascular disorders and other malignancies. Therefore, smoking cessation is a practical way to prevent and treat smoking-related diseases. Also, the clinicians who care the patients with smoking-related disease should pay attention to it. This article reviews briefly recent publications focused on the influence of smoking cessation in some smoking-related diseases and strategies to improve smoking cessation such as pharmacotherapy or systemic behavioral approach programs. In addition, it reviews personalized therapy based on gene typing for smoking cessation.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• no.25
• /
• pp.272-279
• /
• 2000

It can be characterized that contemporary architects intend to establish architectonics which can make it possible to reinterpret the attribute of movement in space and its programming differed from the traditional perception in moving in and out any space through disjoining and reorganizing human behavior and event. This intends reflect new paradigm for subjugating the compelled fuctioning of modern Architecture. This Study review those intends focused on programming as a pre-disign schema. In those intends, it connotes the effort of establishing more systemic and logical approach through deconstruction and disprogramming the existing from, space, elements and human on the basis of his own schematic conception as substitution of function in modern architecture.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.135-139
• /
• 2015

Desquamative gingivitis (DG) is a gingival manifestation of systemic mucocutaneous disorders such as mucous membrane pemphigoid, oral lichen planus, and pemphigus vulgaris. The lesion is very painful, so affects the patient's ability to do proper oral hygiene practices. This may be a potential risk factor for long-term periodontal health. However, there is some controversy about the relationship between the existence of DG and periodontal status. Although the correlation between DG-associated diseases and periodontal status is not to be certain, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment including adequate plaque control and removal of local factors is very important for preventing the progression of diseases and destruction of periodontal tissues.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
• /
• v.38 no.1 s.368
• /
• pp.86-93
• /
• 2000

Water fluoridation in conjunstion with wide use of fluoride dentifrices has been a major factor responsible for the decline in dental caries during the second half of the 20th century throughout the world. The history of water of water fluoridation is a classic public health program leading to epidemiologic investigation and community-based public health dentistry program. Although other fluoride-containing products are available, water fluoridation remains as the most safe and cost-effective method of delivering fluoride to omost communities. regardless of age. educational attainment. or income levels,. This review deals with pros and cons of water fluoridation and prospective analysis of state-of-the-art on issues related to the use of fluoride. An "optimal" fluoride concentration of 0.7-1.2 ppm has been recommended for preventing dental caries with a minimal dental fluorosis and no systemic health consequences.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.77-89
• /
• 1996

Data collected to date indicate that sleep apnea syndrome is a risk factor in the development of cardiovascular dysfunction such as systemic hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension, right heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Several reports suggest that untreated patients with sleep apnea syndrome have a higher long-term mortality than treated patients and than normal subjects. But there are many controversies concerning the treatment of sleep apnea syndrome, and there is no universally accepted standard for effective treatment. We reviewed the current approaches and options in the medical treatment of sleep apnea syndrome.