• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.469-486
• /
• 2017

Economy-based urban redevelopment is the main priority in Malaysia, but has resulted in social problems such as gentrification, loss of heritage and identity, inequity, etc. Hence, it is crucial for the government to seek other alternatives rather than being solely reliant on urban redevelopment. Neighborhood renewal is a strategy involving the integration of redevelopment, rehabilitation, revitalization and preservation that aims to improve deprived areas using a more holistic approach. The aim of this paper is to review the neighborhood renewal policies in developed countries and to identify those elements that can be adopted in Malaysia. This study is conducted via a literature review. It was found that neighborhood renewal which integrates people-based, place-based and system-based policies highlights the importance of diversity, thereby aiming for resource optimization, community engagement and urban governance with the focal point of the fair, equity and systematic provision of resources. This paper concluded that neighborhood renewal in Malaysia should be initiated by locals with an emphasis on real local participation and a sustainable funding system. The government and local authorities should be observers rather than implementers.

• The Korean Nurse
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.53-62
• /
• 1998

ursing as a profession is characterized by its holistic, mind-body-spirit approach to the patient. Also, nurses have historically been the leaders in health education and promotion. Parish nursing has a great potential for providing primary preventive health care. services as well as assisting people to access the health care system. While working in the community, parish nurses see the church as the new arena for delivering health care services. The parish nurse program was introduced by Granger Westberg in 1984. The concept of parish nursing is based on several beliefs; health is multidimensional and affects all aspects of an individual-physical, psychological, social, and spiritaul being. Parish nursing is one model in which churches can cooperatively work with health care institutions to address the needs of their parishioners. The role of the parish nurse is emphasized in four basic area: a) health education, b) health counseling, c) referal services, and d) facilitation and organization of support groups within the congregation. The parish nurse programs work chiefly in congregation or commuity where a certain language of faith is ready at hand. This means that the parish nurse works in an ecology of meanings and care which encourages the drawing on the message of God's grace, the practices and habits it encourages. The parish nurse may be involved in the church's health ministries and may work on either paid or volunteer basis; however, one of the most important qualification of the parish nurse is to have the nursing knowledge and skills to practice within the standards of Nursing Practice Act. The completion of standards of practice for professional nurses practicing as parish nurses had been identified as a priority by the HMA Executive Board (1996, HMA). In conclusion, parish nursing promotes health and healing by empowering the faith community, family, or individual to incorporate health and healing practices. There are several preconditions that should proceed to establish the foundation for successful development of the parish nursing program in Korea. First, reciprocal relationship with home health nursing should be considered. Second, correct terms and concepts of parish nursing should be studied and understood. Third, systematic study and investigation should be followed for further development of parish nursing. Fourth, strengths and weaknesses of different models should be studied to develop proper model of parish nursing for Korean situation. Finally, consensus of standardized education program and corporation with various religious communities as well as health institutions should be established. When these preconditions are met, the role of parish nursing as a new program for the promotion of holistic health will be established.

• The Korean Nurse
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.49-69
• /
• 1997

The urgent needs to establish hospice care systems in Korea arise from the following reasons: 0) a drastic increase in chronically ill patients with the increase of aged population: (2) rapid changes in living environment from the traditional habitation (e. g., Many Koreans living in apartment complexes, which is the most popular form of modern residence in recent years, prefer to die in the hospital.): the overall increase in patients with advanced cancer: (4) recent trends in early discharge of terminally ill patients from the limited hospital facilities to accomodate other medical insurance beneficiaries; (5) easy acceptance of euthanasia owing to the recent social atmosphere that belittles the dignity of human life; (6) medical and nursing care of AIDS patient in terminal stage; (7) and the problem associated with inhumane medical care system, overtreatment, and groundless fears against narcotics. Terminally ill patients were used to be treated in the hospital in the past. In these days, however, they are forced to have home cares with little assistance from the qualified medical personnel because of insufficient hospital facilities, which are even short for the need of emergency patients and provide priority cares to medical insurance beneficiaries with other acute problems. And yet, neither are there any administrative organizations nor systematic medical studies that deal with the level of terminally ill patient's need, their family's problems and resources of hospice care systems in Korea. Thus, most patients are not able to get appropriate medical care at the terminal stage of their lives. The objective of this study is to make comprehensive database for various hospice care organization currently in operation, link them through medical information system, and develop an easily accessible hospice care model that meets the need of most Korean people. Our survey results may be summarized as follows: Nationally there are 40 organizations that provide partial or full hospice care. However, these organizations are not linked to any formal medical service network. Furthermore, the objective of hospice care, care principles, personnel with appropriate training, educational programs, standard for care, costs, consulting service to patients' family members, the extent of medical care from professional staff members, status of hospice facility, and management of those institutions are neither clearly defined nor organized compared to the international hospice care standards. The surveys on patients of terminal stage. grouped in hospice and non-hospice care patients. reveal what they want visiting nursing care to help their pain control. psychological. social and spiritual demands. While the more than 90% of hospice care patients want to reduce their pains. the non-hospice care patients. in addition to their desire for pain control. demanded more psychological. social and spiritual helps as well. The results of this research could be utilized to 0) define the standard of hospice care. (2) provide the guidance for hospice medical care costs. (3) establish the database of hospice care systems. (4) develop softwares. (5) build communication network through Medinet. and (6) provide an organized visiting home nursing care system. These information should be a valuable resource to many medical staffs who are involved in cancer therapy. nursing care. and social welfare programs.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2016

The Back garden in Wanggung-ri Site, Iksan clearly presents an aspect of the landscape gardening techniques of the Baekje, which are significantly unique in the landscape gardening history of East Asia as the structure connected to the main garden through a complex waterway system on a hill. The rear garden has a complex waterway system comprising a large inverted U-shape waterway and its branch waterways, sinuous waterway and water catchment system to enhance the landscape effect with a minimum amount of water on a hill, reducing damage by floods in the case of heavy rain and securing the amount of water required by the main space in the palace. A landscape element using various kinds and sizes of oddly shaped rocks decorated the water catchment area inside or around the large inverted U-shape waterway. On the top of the hill, the center in the Back garden, a building site in the size of 4 Kans each on the front and side was made on a square base surrounded by a round base stone. The building was identified on a space partially surrounded by the rectangular stonework on the left and right slope of the hill. While the functions and roles of the rectangular stonework are not accurately identified due to the poor conditions of the present site, the stonework may be related to the building inside it. The back garden in Wanggung-ri Site, Iksan has a winding pond-shaped waterway to pull or push water into or out of the garden in a rectangular pond shape, which was a conventional landscape gardening technique during the Baekje period. Since the main garden and the back garden in Wanggung-ri Site, Iksan form a systematic connection system, this paper tried to newly establish the main garden inside Iksan Wanggungseong as the 'royal garden'.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.27-34
• /
• 1999

The goal of oral anticoagulation therapy with warfarin is to maintain INR values within the therapeutic range in order to prevent complications such as bleeding and thrombosis. The purposes of this study were to investigate the current level of anticoagulation control using INR values, to investigate the incidences of thromboembolism and bleeding complications, and to compare the effect of low intensity INR regimen with therapeutic range recommended by ACCP (American College of Chest Physician). Two hundred three patients with mechanical heart valve replacement done at Yonsei University Cardiovascular Center between January 1994 and December 1996 were selected and reviewed retrospectively. The target INR ranges of $2.5\sim3.5$ (ACCP standard) and low intensity INR of $2.0\sim3.5$ were used for evaluation. According to ACCP standard, $51.2\%$ of patients and $31.1\%$ of INR values were within the therapeutic range when average INR and cumulative INR were used, respectively. Applying low intensity INR values of $2.0\sim3.5$, the therapeutic control was achieved in $57.4\%\;and\;90.1\%$, using average INR and total INR, respectively. The incidences of major and minor bleedings were $0.5\%\;and\;26.6\%$, respectively. The incidence of thromboembolism was $0.5\%$. There was no significant difference in terms of complication incidences between INR $2.0\sim2.5\;and\;INR\;2.5\sim3.5$ groups. However, INR values at the time of bleeding were generally high. In conclusion, the evaluation of patients with mechanical heart valve replacement showed low level of therapeutic control with warfarin therapy. This is partially explained by the fact that the physicians at Yonsei University Cardiovascular Center were using lower intensity INR values as a goal than recommended INR. Also, in the near future, systematic anticoagulation service should be implemented at various hospitals in Korea so that patients on anticoagulant therapy can be more closely monitored to be within the recommended INR by ACCP.

• Women's Health Nursing
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.365-374
• /
• 1998

Although the information related to health and nutrition continues to increase at an ever-increasing rate, systematic database which is necessary for self-management of woman health over the life cycle has been rarely found. The purpose of this study was to offer valuable information on woman health and nutrition through the computer, and, therefore, to enable Korean women to manage their health by themselves according to their life cycle, Prior to constructing the information system, a survey was conducted to verify the use and usefulness of the health information currently available through the PC communication and internet, and to identify the specific topics of the health and nutrition information Korean women need. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed through PC communication. The responses of 1,117 women were analyzed. Most of the subjects(72.8%) were at the age of twenties, and 14.6% at tens, 10.7% at thirties, and only 1.9% were over forties. The educational level of the subjects was high ; 44.8% were college graduates or above, 31.4% were college students. The greatest obstacles to the use of health information appeared to be the lack of expertise of the information on the PC communication and taking too much time to get information on the internet. The extent of the interest of the specific topic was determined by a 5-point scale. Out of the 22 topics of the health and nutrition information given on the questionnaire, stress management was ranked as the top over the whole range of age. The top three topics in which women had interests except stress management varied by age group ; diet for weight control and self-evaluation of the meal at the age of less than twenty-four ; health and nutrition management for preventing cancer and diet for weight control at the age of twenty-five to twenty-nine ; health and nutrition management for infants and children, and for preventing osteoporosis at the age of thirty to thirty-four ; health and nutrition management for preventing osteoporosis, and for preventing cancer at the age of over thirty-five. On the basis of these results an information system necessary to Korean women in order to manage their health by themselves according to the life cycle will be constructed through internet.

• Journal of Korean language education
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.1-24
• /
• 2017

This article explores the developmental history of TOPIK over the last 20 years and its recent trends. Over the last two decades, TOPIK underwent two major systematic reforms, achieving both quantitative and qualitative growth over the course of its 52 testing sessions. TOPIK has utilized a six-level evaluation system from its inception to the present. The evaluation system was amended from the earlier six-test set - whereby each level corresponded with a separate test (1997~2005: the $1^{st}{\sim}9^{th}$) - to the three-test set (2006~2014: the $10^{th}{\sim}34^{th}$), and finally to the two-test set (2014~present: the $35^{th}{\sim}42^{nd}$). In the earlier exams, abilities in Vocabulary Grammar, Writing, Listening, and Reading were assessed. However, beginning with the $35^{th}$ TOPIK, abilities in Listening, Reading, and Writing (only in TOPIK II) were assessed and the evaluation of the writing section was changed to a task-based process, improving TOPIK into a more qualified analysis of proficiency. Over the last 20 years, the number of countries TOPIK is administered in has greatly increased from 4 to 73 countries, and the annual number of test-takers has also significantly increased from 2,692 to 250,141. The distribution of proficiency levels of the test-takers has shifted over time - initially "Beginner>Intermediate>Advanced" in the earlier exams, to "Intermediate>Advanced>Beginner" after the mid 2000s - as the number of those studying the Korean language for specific purposes and continuing education increased. Test-takers have indicated a shift in their purpose for taking the exam, initially citing "to assess proficiency" and more recently selecting "to study abroad," and this could also correlate with changes in the proportion of test-takers' proficiency level. In general, 85~95% of beginner, 50~65% of intermediate, and 45~60% of advanced test applicants passed the respective proficiency level. To date, no practices have yet been implemented to standardize the difficulty level longitudinally across test sets.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.12-16
• /
• 2008

This study was carried out to produce haploid plants to verify a systematic breeding program and genetic analysis. Effect of developmental stage of pollen grains and pre-treatment temperature on production of haploid plants was investigated. Microscopic investigation of the explants (Lilium Asiatic hybrid 'reamland' revealed that the length of flower bud at 23.0-24.9, 25.0-26.9, and 27.0-28.9 mm long coincided with tetrad, uninucleate, and binucleate, respectively. When the efficiency of the anther culture from microgametogenetic stages was tested, late uninucleate to early binucleate stage, having the length of 23.0 to 28.0 mm long flower bud, was the best. The frequencies of the callus induction and plant regeneration from the stage mentioned above were 17.8 and 6.7%, respectively. When calli were cultured on the MS medium containing picloram and zeatin at $25^{\circ}C$, shoots were obtained. Roots of regenerated plantlets were confirmed as haploid through an microscopic observation.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.101-116
• /
• 1995

The fact that the demands on traffic data collection are imposed by economic and safety considerations raisese the question of the potential for complementing existing traffic data collection programs with satellite data. Evaluating and monitoring traffic characteristics is becoming increasingly important as worsening congestion, declining economic situations, and increasing environmental sensitivies are forcing the government and municipalities to make better use of existing roadway capacities. The present system of using automatic counters at selected points on highways works well from a temporal point of view (i.e., during a specific period of time at one location). However, the present system does not cover the spatial aspects of the entire road system (i.e., for every location during specific periods of time); the counters are employed only at points and only on selected highways. This lack of spatial coverage is due, in part, to the cost of the automatic counters systems (fixed procurement and maintenance costs) and of the personal required to deploy them. The current procedure is believed to work fairly well in the aggregate mode, at the macro level. However, at micro level, the numbers are more suspect. In addition, the statistics only work when assuming a certain homogenity among characteristics of highways in the same class, an assumption that is impossible to test whn little or no data is gathered on many of the highways for a given class. In this paper, a remote sensing system as complement of the existing system is considered and implemented. Since satellite imagery with high resolution is not available, digitized panchromatic imagery acquired from an aircraft platform is utilized for initial test of the feasibility and performance capability of remote sensing data. Different levels of imagery resolutions are evaluated in an attempt to determine what vehicle types could be classified and counted against a background of pavement types, which might be expected in panchromatic satellite imagery. The results of a systematic study with three different levels of resolutions (1m, 2m and 4m) show that the panchromat ic reflectances of vehicles and pavements would be distributed so similarly that it would be difficult to classify systematically and analytically remotely sensing vehicles on pavement within panchromatic range. Anaysis of the aerial photographs show that the shadows of the vehicles could be a cue for vehicle detection.

• (The)Korea Educational Review
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.113-138
• /
• 2017

Questions of why, what, and how represent the new perspective on goal construct. This paper proposed a novel approach toward the goal construct as a dynamic decision-making process. A number of researchers have agreed that goals initiate and sustain human motivation. In spite of the consistency in emphasis on goals, there are apparent inconsistencies in definitions of goal construct across theories and research. These inconsistences hinder interdisciplinary communication about goal construct, which in turn leads to jingle-jangle fallacy. Therefore, on the basis of systematic literature review, I defined the goal construct as a multifaceted and hierarchical decision-making process to structure desired end-states. The first process is generating goals, which can be also called "why" process. During this phase, individuals generate cognitive schema about general direction of desired end-states based on the conscious and nonconscious interpretation of subjective experience. The second process is goal setting, which can be called "what" process. Here, individuals clarify contents of multiple goals and structure hierarchy and priority of them. The last process is implementing goals, "how" process. This process contains decision making about whether he/she decides to implement the goal or not and how to execute goal-directed behaviors. In the last section of this paper, I tried to suggest several practical applications of this new perspective for adolescents, who struggle with why-what-how to have goals in learning context.