• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.317-324
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• 2014

Background Burn infliction techniques are poorly described in rat models. An accurate study can only be achieved with wounds that are uniform in size and depth. We describe a simple reproducible method for creating consistent burn wounds in rats. Methods Ten male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and dorsum shaved. A 100 g cylindrical stainless-steel rod (1 cm diameter) was heated to $100^{\circ}C$ in boiling water. Temperature was monitored using a thermocouple. We performed two consecutive toe-pinch tests on different limbs to assess the depth of sedation. Burn infliction was limited to the loin. The skin was pulled upwards, away from the underlying viscera, creating a flat surface. The rod rested on its own weight for 5, 10, and 20 seconds at three different sites on each rat. Wounds were evaluated for size, morphology and depth. Results Average wound size was $0.9957cm^2$ (standard deviation [SD] 0.1845) (n=30). Wounds created with duration of 5 seconds were pale, with an indistinct margin of erythema. Wounds of 10 and 20 seconds were well-defined, uniformly brown with a rim of erythema. Average depths of tissue damage were 1.30 mm (SD 0.424), 2.35 mm (SD 0.071), and 2.60 mm (SD 0.283) for duration of 5, 10, 20 seconds respectively. Burn duration of 5 seconds resulted in full-thickness damage. Burn duration of 10 seconds and 20 seconds resulted in full-thickness damage, involving subjacent skeletal muscle. Conclusions This is a simple reproducible method for creating burn wounds consistent in size and depth in a rat burn model.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.677-685
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• 2011

In order to enhance public transportation and to maintain information credibility, improvement of accuracy regarding route and positional information of public transport is very significant. There have been a variety of methods using GPS to measure accuracy of location-based services. However, the researches of evaluation regarding kinematic position of linear objects measured by vehicle/kinematic GPS are still insufficient. That's why our paper aims to suggest method of evaluation accuracy on a real-time bus route surveyed by GPS by SBM(Single Buffering Method). To make it come true, we compared the findings on the static and dynamic positioning by using PP(Point Positioning), DGPS and GPS/INS integrated systems and analyzed the accuracy and error effects among them, focusing on Anyang city. Consequently, we can find out that in case of P.P. comparing positioning accuracy between RTK DGPS and GPS/INS, both of them have survey result within a margin of error of 5m. More importantly, we can evaluate positional accuracy of each GPS system based on the work provision of a public survey such as error for P.P.(14.5m, 18.1m), DGPS(16.9m, 18.5m), and GPS/INS(18.4m, 18.5m). We are expecting that proposed method in our paper can be utilized in a wide range of categories such as feasibility testing of GPS field survey and high accuracy of positioning for Bus Information System.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.163-221
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• 1983

Main aspects of this study are to clarify geochronology and petrogenetic processes of the so-called Hongjesa granite, which is a member of various intrusive rocks exposed in the northeastern part of the Ryongnam Massif, one of the Precambrian basements of South Korea. In this study, the Hongjesa grainte is divided into four rock units based on the geologic age, mineralogical and chemical constituents, and texture: the Precambrian Hongjesa granite gneiss (Hongjesa granite Proper) and leucogranite gneiss, the Paleozoic gnessic two mica granite, and the Jurassic muscovite granite. The Hongjesa granite gneiss is identified by its grayish color, slight foliation, and porphyroblastic texture. The leucogranite gneiss is distinct by its light gray color, sand medium to coarse grained texture. The gneissic two mica granite is distinguished from others by its strong foliation, containing gray-colored feldspar phenocrysts with biotite and muscovite in varying amounts. The muscovite granite occurs as a small stock containing feldspar phenocrysts along margin of the stock. These granitic rocks vary widely in composition, reflecting the facts that they partly include highly metamorphosed xenolith and schlierens as relics of magmatic and anatectic processes. In particular, grayish porphyroblasts of microcline perthite is characteristic of the Hongjesa granite gneiss, whereas epidote and garnet occur in both the Hongjesa granite gneiss and leucogranite gneiss. These minerals are considered to be formed by potassic metasomatism and contamination of highly metamorphosed rocks deeply buried under the level of the Hongjesa granite emplacement. The individual synchronous granitic rocks plotted on Harker diagram show mostly similar trends to the Daly's values. The plots of the Hongjesa granite gneiss and gneissic two mica granite concentrate near the end part of the calc-alkalic rock series on the AMF diagrams, whereas those of the leucogranite gneiss and muscovite granite indicate the trend of the Skaergaard pluton. These granitic rocks plotted on a Q-Ab-Or diagram (petrogeny's residua system) fall well outside the trough of the system. This can be attributed to the potassic matasomatism of these rocks. On the ACF diagram, these rocks appear to be dominantly I-type prevailing over S-type. The K-Ar ages, obtained from a total of 7 samples of the leucogranite gneiss, gneissic two mica granite, muscovite granite, porphyritic alkali granite, and rhyolitic rock, in addition to the Rb/Sr ages of the Hongjesa granite gneiss by previous workers, permit the rock units to be arranged in the following chronological order: The middle Proterozoic Hongjesa granite gneiss (1714-1825 m.y.), the upper proterozoic leucogranite gneiss (875-880 m. y.), the middle Paleozoic gneissic two mica granite (384 m. y.) the upper Jurassic muscovite granite (147 m. y.), the Eocene alkali granite (52 m. y.), and the Eocene rhyolitic rock (45 m. y.). From the facts and data mentioned above, it is concluded that the so-called Hongjesa granite is not a single granitic mass but is further subdivided into the four rock units. The Hongjesa granite gneis, leucogranite gneiss, and gneissic two mica granite are postulated to be either magmatic or parautochtonous, intrusive, and the later muscovite granite is to be magmatic in origion.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2007

Recently, due to narrow margin on design factor of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems or aging of systems, some problems such as decrease of $SO_2$ removal efficiency and difficulty on coping with unstable state are arising on FGD systems. On this study, to cope with these problems several methods such as adjustment of reagent pH, inlet $SO_2$ concentration, variation of units of operation pump, installation of liquid distribution ring (LDR) were attempted to increase the $SO_2$ removal using spray type simulated FGD system. Also, sulfite and Al/Fx ion effects on limestone blinding were experimented. When three absorber recirculation pumps were operated, $SO_2$ removal was increased by 12% in comparison with that of two pumps operation. $SO_2$ removal was increased by 2~7% after installation of LDR. Dissolved oxygen increased up to 0.5 ppm and limestone binding effect was alleviated after injection of dibasic acid (DBA) with the concentration of 500 and 1,000 ppm. When $Al^{3+}$ and $F^-$ ions were coexisting, the dissolution rate of limestone was decreased by 20%.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2014

PURPOSE. The accuracy of a gypsum model (GM), which was taken using a conventional silicone impression technique, was compared with that of a polyurethane model (PM), which was taken using an iTero$^{TM}$ digital impression system. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The maxillary first molar artificial tooth was selected as the reference tooth. The GMs were fabricated through a silicone impression of a reference tooth, and PMs were fabricated by a digital impression (n=9, in each group). The reference tooth and experimental models were scanned using a 3 shape convince$^{TM}$ scan system. Each GM and PM image was superimposed on the registered reference model (RM) and 2D images were obtained. The discrepancies of the points registered on the superimposed images were measured and defined as GM-RM group and PM-RM group. Statistical analysis was performed using a Student's T-test (${\alpha}=0.05$). RESULTS. A comparison of the absolute value of the discrepancy revealed a significant difference between the two groups only at the occlusal surface. The GM group showed a smaller mean discrepancy than the PM group. Significant differences in the GM-RM group and PM-RM group were observed in the margins (point a and f), mesial mid-axial wall (point b) and occlusal surfaces (point c and d). CONCLUSION. Under the conditions examined, the digitally fabricated polyurethane model showed a tendency for a reduced size in the margin than the reference tooth. The conventional gypsum model showed a smaller discrepancy on the occlusal surface than the polyurethane model.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.517-523
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• 2012

Double Stack Train(DST) is being used variously around USA and Canada. The greatest advantage of the DST is mass transportation without extending the length of freight train and number of cars. So the DST system can be a kind of innovative train to increase the competitiveness of rail logistic business. As the domestic rail logistic increase, for enhancement of environment friendly green transportation amount, the DST needs more for efficiency. In this study, as the alternative way to introduce the DST to the Kyungbu Line, it's investigated the extensibility of rail freight with the relation of rail fare discount and examined the necessity of pilot business to the Kyungjeon Line which was expected comparatively lower cost. If the DST system is introduced to the Kyungjeon Line, the cost of mass transportation can be much lower and then the comparativeness of rail transportation will be increased, therefore logistic companies can have some margin additionally. In the result of survey to the related companies, if rail transportation fare is 37.7 % cheaper than current road transportation fare, the modal shift can be transferred by maximum 100%.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2006

When routine behavior control is impossible, midazolam is often used for sedation, because it has wide margin of safety, relatively few side-effects and multiple route of administration. Although intramuscular administration of all administration route is frequently used, it is a major source of anxiety, discomfort, and trauma in children. To the contrary, oral administration of midazolam is easily administered and accepted by children. But, it's therapeutic drug concentration has not been established. The purpose of this study was to compare sedation effect and physiologic parameter of oral midazolam which palliate demerits of intramuscular administration in sedating young pediatric patients with intramuscular midazolam Twelve negative children, mean age 62.5 months, who needed at least two separate restorative visits, requiring local anesthesia participated in this study On every visit, one of the following 2 different sedative regimen was given : (1) 0.30mg/kg midazolam by intramuscular administration (2) 0.75mg/kg by oral administration. Physiologic parameter(oxygen saturation, heart rate) was recorded by ten procedure and behavior was videotaped and rated using Ohio State University Behavior Rating Scale and Automated Counting System by one investigator, blind to administration route The analyzed sedative effect of oral midazolam resulted in good sedative effect, comparing to intramuscular route, And there is no statistically difference between oral and intramuscular administration of midazolam (p>0.05).

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.655-662
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• 2018

To respond effectively to climate change following the launch of the new climate system, the government is seeking to expand the use of distributed power resources. Among them, the district heating system centered on Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is accepted as the most realistic alternative. On the other hand, the government recently announced the change of energy paradigm focusing on eco-friendly power generation from the base power generation through $8^{th}$ Basic Plan for Long-term Electricity Supply and Demand(BPE). In this study, we analyzed the quantitative effects of profit and loss on the CHP operating business by changing patterns of the heat production, caused by the change of energy paradigm. To do this, the power market long-term simulation was carried out according to the $7^{th}$ and $8^{th}$ BPE respectively, using the commercialized power market integrated analysis program. In addition, the CHP operating model is organized to calculate the power and heat production level for each CHP operation mode by utilizing the operating performance of 830MW class CHP in Seoul metropolitan area. Based on this, the operation optimization is performed for realizing the maximum operating profit and loss during the life-cycle of CHP through the commercialized integrated energy optimization program. As a result, it can be seen that the change of the energy paradigm of the government increased the level of the ordered power supply by Korean Power Exchange(KPX), decreased the cost of the heat production, and increased the operating contribution margin by 90.9 billion won for the 30 years.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.872-882
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• 1994

In this paper, the Low Noise Amplifier(LNA) is designed and fabricated to include a band pass filter characteristics considering the antenna system characteristics according to the transmitting and receiving signal level of communication satellite transponder. As an example, a 2-stage low noise amplifier and a 4-stage amplifier and designed, fabricated and measured at 14,0~14.5GHz of receiving frequency band. This fabricated LNA has shown the gain with very good flatness within pass-band, and its gain decreases rapidly out of band resulting in supperssion of the transmitting signal power leakage. It has shown the 20.3dB +- 0.1dB of pass-band gain, the 1.44dB +-0.04dB of noise figure and the 14dB rejection out of band(12.25~12.75GHz). The gain flatness, noise figure and group delay of this 2-stage LNA satisfactorily met the simulation results. And the fabricated 4-stage amplifier has shown the more than 42dB of pass-band gain, the +-0.25dB of flatness and the 28dB of the rejection effect for transmitting power leakage. The 2-stage LNA and 4-stage amplifier, in this paper, will bring a design margin for the input filter and also result in the system cost reduction.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.12B no.7 s.103
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• pp.829-840
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• 2005

Word Sense Disambiguation(WSD) is one of the most difficult problem in Korean information processing. We propose a WSD model with the capability to filter semantic information using the specific characteristics in dictionary dictions, and nth added information, useful to sense determination, such as statistical, distance and case information. we propose a model, which can resolve the issues resulting from the scarcity of semantic information data based on the word hierarchy system (thesaurus) developed by Ulsan University's UOU Word Intelligent Network, a dictionary-based toxicological database. Among the WSD models elaborated by this study, the one using statistical information, distance and case information along with the thesaurus (hereinafter referred to as 'SDJ-X model') performed the best. In an experiment conducted on the sense-tagged corpus consisting of 1,500,000 eojeols, provided by the Sejong project, the SDJ-X model recorded improvements over the maximum frequency word sense determination (maximum frequency determination, MFC, accuracy baseline) of $18.87\%$ ($21.73\%$ for nouns and inter-eojeot distance weights by $10.49\%$ ($8.84\%$ for nouns, $11.51\%$ for verbs). Finally, the accuracy level of the SDJ-X model was higher than that recorded by the model using only statistical information, distance and case information, without the thesaurus by a margin of $6.12\%$ ($5.29\%$ for nouns, $6.64\%$ for verbs).