• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.196-217
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• 2016

This study was conducted to identify the state of conservation of the national paper heritages and to seek ways of conservation management, focusing on regular monitoring directly performed by the government on the national movable cultural heritages. Subjects for the investigation were limited to investigations conducted by both the Cultural Heritage Conservation Center and the Artistic Heritage Division in 2014 and 2015. Paper heritages are easily affected by temperature, humidity, lighting, etc. due to the nature of the material and can easily be damaged by physical strength; therefore stable conservation environment is essential and regular investigation on movable cultural heritages conducted according to the Cultural Heritage Protection Act is necessary to protect from contamination, being torn, bending, friction, or loss. Losing a chance for timely proper treatment will bring irrevocable result therefore strict management is necessary; continuous monitoring is also needed after treatment. Analysis on the pigments, materials and structures, detailed investigation, data establishment for conservation of cultural heritages and regular investigation should be done. Detailed data on the national cultural heritages will be a base of more reasonable conservation management system for the national paper heritages and will realize continuous improvement on regular investigation practice.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.603-613
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• 2021

As a core policy for achieving the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the building sector, Korea has enforced the mandatory certification of zero energy buildings for new public buildings from 2020. This study suggests energy-saving technologies and economic factors that building officials can refer to for decision-making on the implementation of zero energy buildings. For this study, the construction cost for the energy item of a building was analyzed by collecting the building energy efficiency level certification data and detailed construction cost statement data from public institutions for the last three years. Based on the building energy efficiency certification data, each energy item of the baseline building was derived, and the energy performance of the zero energy building was derived through repetitive simulations by gradually increasing the energy performance value of the baseline building. By applying the analyzed construction cost, the construction cost for each energy item of the baseline and zero energy buildings was derived. As a result, the lighting equipment contributed up to 10.5% energy savings, and the increase in construction cost of the cooling and heating system was at least 9.1%.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.99-108
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• 2021

There are unrestricted conditions on the driver's face inside the vehicle, such as changes in lighting, partial occlusion and various changes in the driver's condition. In this paper, we propose a face identification system in an unrestricted vehicle environment. The proposed method uses a near-infrared (NIR) camera to minimize the changes in facial images that occur according to the illumination changes inside and outside the vehicle. In order to process a face exposed to extreme light, the normal face image is changed to a simulated overexposed image using mean and variance for training. Thus, facial classifiers are simultaneously generated under both normal and extreme illumination conditions. Our method identifies a face by detecting facial landmarks and aggregating the confidence score of each landmark for the final decision. In particular, the performance improvement is the highest in the class where the driver wears glasses or sunglasses, owing to the robustness to partial occlusions by recognizing each landmark. We can recognize the driver by using the scores of remaining visible landmarks. We also propose a novel robust rejection and a new evaluation method, which considers the relations between registered and unregistered drivers. The experimental results on our dataset, PolyU and ORL datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.446-452
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• 2021

As a higher standard for food consumption is required, the consumption of chicken meat that can satisfy the subdivided food preferences is increasing. In March 2003, the quality criteria for chicken carcasses notified by the Livestock Quality Assessment Service suggested quality grades according to fecal contamination and the size and weight of blood and bruises. On the other hand, it is too difficult for human inspection to qualify mass products, which is key to maintaining consistency for grading thousands of chicken carcasses. This paper proposed the computer vision algorithm as a non-destructive inspection, which can identify chicken carcass parts according to the detailed standards. To inspect the chicken carcasses conveyed at high speed, the image calibration was involved in providing robustness to the side effect of external lighting interference. The separation between chicken and background was achieved by a series of image processing, such as binarization based on Expectation Maximization, Erosion, and Labeling. In terms of shape analysis of chicken carcasses, the features are presented to reveal geometric information. After applying the algorithm to 78 chicken carcass samples, the algorithm was effective in segmenting chicken carcass against a background and analyzing its geometric features.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.267-274
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• 2023

In this paper, a method for estimating the illuminant chromaticity of a scene for an input image is proposed. The illuminant chromaticity is estimated using the illuminant reference region. The conventional method uses a certain number of reference lighting information. By comparing the chromaticity distribution of pixels from the input image with the chromaticity set prepared in advance for the reference illuminant, the reference illuminant with the largest overlapping area is regarded as the scene illuminant for the corresponding input image. In the process of calculating the overlapping area, the weights for each reference light were applied in the form of a Gaussian distribution, but a clear standard for the variance value could not be presented. The proposed method extracts an independent reference chromaticity region from a given reference illuminant, calculates the characteristic values in the r-g chromaticity plane of the RGB color coordinate system for all pixels of the input image, and then calculates the independent chromaticity region and features from the input image. The similarity is evaluated and the illuminant with the highest similarity was estimated as the illuminant chromaticity component of the image. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated using the database image and showed an average of about 60% improvement compared to the conventional basic method and showed an improvement performance of around 53% compared to the conventional Gaussian weight of 0.1.

• The Journal of Bigdata
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.73-82
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• 2023

With 78% of current fisheries workers being elderly, there's a pressing need to address labor shortages. Consequently, active research on smart aquaculture technologies, centered on object detection and tracking algorithms, is underway. These technologies allow for fish size analysis and behavior pattern forecasting, facilitating the development of real-time monitoring and automated systems. Our study utilized video data from cameras outside aquaculture facilities and implemented fish detection and tracking algorithms. We aimed to tackle high maintenance costs due to underwater conditions and camera corrosion from ammonia and pH levels. We evaluated the performance of a real-time system using YOLOv7 for fish detection and the SORT algorithm for movement tracking. YOLOv7 results demonstrated a trade-off between Recall and Precision, minimizing false detections from lighting, water currents, and shadows. Effective tracking was ascertained through re-identification. This research holds promise for enhancing smart aquaculture's operational efficiency and improving fishery facility management.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.267-273
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• 2024

Bridge lanterns are installed on bridges or piers to signal the presence of these structures on navigational routes and navigable waters, and they fall under the category of light wave signals in Aids to Navigation. In Korea, medium to large bridges installed over major rivers and seas are equipped with bridge lanterns, which are necessary for routes frequented by ships and require periodic inspections on a monthly or multi-month basis. However, most bridge lanterns are mounted externally on bridge railings as fixed or manual rotary supports, posing a high risk of fatal falls during inspections. Furthermore, high -traffic bridges demand quick maintenance works due to complaints about traffic disruption, thus increasing work hazards. Consequently, this study introduced a tailored automatic bridge lantern support concept based on different types of bridge lantern installations, aiming for safe and rapid inspections. Additionally, the study sought to achieve full automation of the bridge lighting system by integrating it with a management program for monitoring and controlling bridge lanterns, utilizing both wired and wireless communication technologies. These findings provide foundational design data for new and refurbished bridges that will be installed in the future.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.71-91
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• 1996

The objectives of thes study were to identify the need for equipment development in nursing, and to determine the priorities for that development. The study was descriptive study done between March 2 and May 30, 1995, in which the subjects, including 421 patients, 223 family members, and 198 nurses from neurosurgery, orthopedic, rehabilitation medicine, internal medicine and intensive care units of nine general hospitals in Seoul, completed a questionnarie developed by the research team. The questionnaire consisted of 35 open and closed questions. Data was analyzed using frequencies and percentages. The results ware summarized as follows: 1) The average age of the nurses was 27.9 years, 48% of the patients were between 20 and 40 years of age, and 17% were over 60. The average lingth of experience for the nurse subjects was four years five months with 36.9%. having over five years experience. The most frequent diagnoses of patients were spinal disc(35.9%), internal medicine disease(26.0%), cerebral vascular accident(16.6%) and spinal cord injury(10%) 2) Many of the nurses(96.4%) reported deficiencies with existing equipment and 96.5% of the nurses, but only 79.8% of the patients, nurses' time. Further, 82.3% of the nurses and 75.8% of the patients felt that the development of new equipment would lead to a decrease in the cost of nursing care. 3) Nurses felt that the greatest areas of inconvenience were patient feeding(71.7%), hygiene(71.2%), caring for a patient confined to bed(70.7%), patient clothing(67.2%), mobility transfers(63.5%) and urinary elimination(52.0%). However, patients and family members listed the following as being the most inconvenient: urinary elimination(58.7%), Hygiene(50.5), feeding(48.4%), mobility transfers(47.1%) and bed care(45.2%). 4) Generally the nurses listed more inconveniences and patients and family members listed more demands for the development of equipment. These included utensils with large handles, and regulators for tube feedings; mattresses that provide for automatic position change and massage, which have patient controlled levers and a place for bed pan insertion; automatic lifts or transfer from bed to wheelchair; equipment to facilitate washing and oral hygiene as well as equipment that will allow patients with spinal cord injuries easy access to showers; a bed pan/urinal for women that is comfortable and effective from which urine can be measured and disposed of easily; disposable dressing sets and tracheostomy care sets and a convenient way of measuring changes in wound size; a safe delivery system for oxygen, a variety of mask sizes and better control of humidity, tracheal material than at present, as well as a communication system for patients with tracheostomies; clothing that will allow access to various parts of the body for treament or assessment without patients having to remove all of their clothing; and finally a system that will allow the patient to control lighting, telephones and pagers. Priority areas for equipment development reported by the nurses were, urinary elimination(58. 7%), hygiene(50.5%), feeding(48.4%), mobility transfers(47..1%), bowel elimination(40.8%). Those reported by the patients family members were feeding(71.7%), hygiene(70.0%), bedcare(70.7%), clothing(67.2%), mobility transfers(63.6%), urinary elimination(52.9%) and bowel elimination(50.5%) Altogether, nurses, patients and family members listed the following as priorities; clothing (178), bed care(144), urinary elimination(92), environment(81), hygiene(70). Further, a health professional forum listed urinary elimination, oxygen delivery, medication delivery, mobility transfers, bed care and hygiene in that order as priority areas. From this study it can be concluded that the first need is to develop equipment that will address the problems of urinary elimination. To do (l)This nurses who are interested in equipment development should organize an equipment development team to provide a forum for discussion and production of equipment for nursing.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.322-326
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• 2012

Recently, researches related to plant factory system has been activated and production of Ssam-vegetables using artificial lighting has been increasing. In South Korea, Ssam-vegetables are very popular and the consumption is increasing every year. Because leaf vegetables cultivated under hydroponic systems are more preferable rather than those cultivated by soil culture in Korea, the plant factory system would be more effective in production of Ssam-vegetables. Therefore, this study was carried out in order to analyze the yield and vitamin C contents in red mustard (Brassica juncea L.) and pak-choi (Brassica campestris var. chinensis), which are used a lot for the Ssam-vegetables in South Korea, as influenced by different concentrations of the nutrient solution in a plant factory system. As a results, there was no significant differences in the plant height among the treatment of EC in the nutrient solution, but for red mustard plants, the number of leaves tended to decrease in the treatment with higher EC. Leaf area of pak-choi plants was significantly increased in the higher EC, while the fresh weight had a tendency to increase along with increasing EC in the nutrient solution for both crops. The photosynthetic rates did not show a distinct tendency by EC levels for red mustard plants, but for pak-choi plants, it tended to be higher at the high EC. The contents of ascorbic acid in leaves were higher with decreasing EC concentration in the nutrient solution for red mustard plants, while the content was the highest at EC $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ for pak-choi plants. In summary, considering the marketable yields and vitamin C at different nutrient concentrations in a plant factory, the optimal concentration for red mustard and pak-choi plants was thought to be EC $2.0{\sim}2.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.53-69
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• 2011

Vision and voice-based technologies are commonly utilized for human-robot interaction. But it is widely recognized that the performance of vision and voice-based interaction systems is deteriorated by a large margin in the real-world situations due to environmental and user variances. Human users need to be very cooperative to get reasonable performance, which significantly limits the usability of the vision and voice-based human-robot interaction technologies. As a result, touch screens are still the major medium of human-robot interaction for the real-world applications. To empower the usability of robots for various services, alternative interaction technologies should be developed to complement the problems of vision and voice-based technologies. In this paper, we propose the use of accelerometer-based gesture interface as one of the alternative technologies, because accelerometers are effective in detecting the movements of human body, while their performance is not limited by environmental contexts such as lighting conditions or camera's field-of-view. Moreover, accelerometers are widely available nowadays in many mobile devices. We tackle the problem of classifying acceleration signal patterns of 26 English alphabets, which is one of the essential repertoires for the realization of education services based on robots. Recognizing 26 English handwriting patterns based on accelerometers is a very difficult task to take over because of its large scale of pattern classes and the complexity of each pattern. The most difficult problem that has been undertaken which is similar to our problem was recognizing acceleration signal patterns of 10 handwritten digits. Most previous studies dealt with pattern sets of 8~10 simple and easily distinguishable gestures that are useful for controlling home appliances, computer applications, robots etc. Good features are essential for the success of pattern recognition. To promote the discriminative power upon complex English alphabet patterns, we extracted 'motion trajectories' out of input acceleration signal and used them as the main feature. Investigative experiments showed that classifiers based on trajectory performed 3%~5% better than those with raw features e.g. acceleration signal itself or statistical figures. To minimize the distortion of trajectories, we applied a simple but effective set of smoothing filters and band-pass filters. It is well known that acceleration patterns for the same gesture is very different among different performers. To tackle the problem, online incremental learning is applied for our system to make it adaptive to the users' distinctive motion properties. Our system is based on instance-based learning (IBL) where each training sample is memorized as a reference pattern. Brute-force incremental learning in IBL continuously accumulates reference patterns, which is a problem because it not only slows down the classification but also downgrades the recall performance. Regarding the latter phenomenon, we observed a tendency that as the number of reference patterns grows, some reference patterns contribute more to the false positive classification. Thus, we devised an algorithm for optimizing the reference pattern set based on the positive and negative contribution of each reference pattern. The algorithm is performed periodically to remove reference patterns that have a very low positive contribution or a high negative contribution. Experiments were performed on 6500 gesture patterns collected from 50 adults of 30~50 years old. Each alphabet was performed 5 times per participant using $Nintendo{(R)}$ $Wii^{TM}$ remote. Acceleration signal was sampled in 100hz on 3 axes. Mean recall rate for all the alphabets was 95.48%. Some alphabets recorded very low recall rate and exhibited very high pairwise confusion rate. Major confusion pairs are D(88%) and P(74%), I(81%) and U(75%), N(88%) and W(100%). Though W was recalled perfectly, it contributed much to the false positive classification of N. By comparison with major previous results from VTT (96% for 8 control gestures), CMU (97% for 10 control gestures) and Samsung Electronics(97% for 10 digits and a control gesture), we could find that the performance of our system is superior regarding the number of pattern classes and the complexity of patterns. Using our gesture interaction system, we conducted 2 case studies of robot-based edutainment services. The services were implemented on various robot platforms and mobile devices including $iPhone^{TM}$. The participating children exhibited improved concentration and active reaction on the service with our gesture interface. To prove the effectiveness of our gesture interface, a test was taken by the children after experiencing an English teaching service. The test result showed that those who played with the gesture interface-based robot content marked 10% better score than those with conventional teaching. We conclude that the accelerometer-based gesture interface is a promising technology for flourishing real-world robot-based services and content by complementing the limits of today's conventional interfaces e.g. touch screen, vision and voice.