• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.14-30
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• 2024

Objectives: Research on the general prescription patterns of insured herbal preparations in Korea has been limited. This study aimed to analyze prescription patterns of insured herbal preparations, utilizing the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) sample cohort 2.0 data from 2010 to 2019. Methods: NHIS sample cohort 2.0 database, which represents a sample of 2.2% of the Korean population, was analyzed. We analyzed data related to prescriptions recognized as insured herbal preparations. Variables included patient demographics, diagnosis codes, prescription details, and healthcare institution characteristics. We examined trends over the decade, focusing on herbal formulae and single herb extracts. Results: During the study period, 275,358 patients visited Korean traditional medicine clinics and received at least one prescription of herbal preparations, representing 27.5% of the total sample. The number of prescriptions increased by 209%, from 34,621 in 2010 to 72,553 in 2019. Females accounted for 67% of these prescriptions, and 77% were for patients aged 70 and older. The top ten herbal formulae (TTHF), including Ojeok-san and Gungha-tang, constituted 76% of all prescriptions. Herbal formulae were used more frequently than single herb extracts, with certain prescriptions being commonly utilized. There was a notable focus on musculoskeletal disorders, with low back pain being the most common diagnosis. Conclusion: The study demonstrates a significant increase in the use of insured herbal preparations, primarily in small clinics and among the elderly. Prescription patterns showed a preference for specific single herb extracts and herbal formulae, with consistent trends over time. These findings provide valuable insights for future clinical research and policy development, particularly as herbal medicine's role in the national healthcare system continues to expand.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.54-64
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• 2024

Objectives: Tonifying herbal medicines are used to nourish and balance the body's qi, blood, yin, and yang, targeting deficiencies. They are the second most frequently used category by consumers visiting Korean medicine clinics, following prescriptions for back pain. This study aimed to analyze the adverse events associated with herbal medicine products classified as tonics through a national pharmacovigilance database. Methods: We investigated 11 types of tonifying herbal medicine products (466 product codes) in the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System (KAERS) database from 2012 to 2021. Extracted adverse event reports were analyzed based on information of reports, patient demographics, classification of adverse events, reported herbal medicine products, and causality assessment results. Results: A total of 31 individual case safety reports were identified, covering 33 adverse events. The annual number of reports has increased over the study period. Most reports were filed by physicians and pharmacists, with the majority of patients being adults or elderly. Gastrointestinal disorders were the most frequently reported adverse events, accounting for 48.5% of cases. Of the 33 adverse events, 93.9% were classified as non-serious, while 6.1% were classified as serious. The most frequently reported herbal medicine products were Bojungikgi-tang, Yukmijihwang-tang, and Palmijihwang-tang. Conclusions: Although the study found that adverse events associated with tonifying herbal medicine products are generally not serious, it highlights the importance of systematic monitoring and reporting. The findings underscore the need for improved adverse event reporting systems within traditional Korean medicine to ensure patient safety and guide future research.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.382-390
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• 2016

Since it is favorable to include the incipient caries lesion in the diagnostic criteria in adolescence, this study had surveyed dental caries status of adolescents at ages of 13 and 16 by using WHO basic methods and ICDAS-II codes. In this study, mean DMFT index was 3.71, and mean DT index was 1.94. For both indices, the age 16 group showed higher values than the age 13 group. By groups of teeth, DMFT index and DT index exhibited highest to the lowest values in molar, premolar, and anterior teeth, respectively. 77.46% of total numbers of teeth were classified as code 0 in ICDAS-II. Compared to anterior teeth, numbers of decayed teeth were increased in posterior teeth. All caries lesions in anterior teeth and premolars were limited to enamel. ICDAS-II code is an useful method to detect the incipient caries lesion, allowing preventive control on caries management.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.35 no.9_10
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• pp.429-440
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• 2008

As embedded system becomes more complex, software development becomes more important in the entire design process. Most embedded applications consist of multi -tasks, that are executed in parallel. So, dataflow model that expresses concurrency naturally is preferred than sequential programming language to develop multitask software. For the execution of multitasking codes, operating system is essential to schedule multi-tasks and to deal with the communication between tasks. But, it is needed to execute multitasking code without as when the target hardware platform cannot execute as or target platforms are candidates of design space exploration, because it is very costly to port as for all candidate platforms of DSE. For this reason, we propose the serialized multitasking code generation technique from dataflow specification. In the proposed technique, a task is specified with dataflow model, and generated as a C code. Code generation consists of two steps: First, a block in a task is generated as a separate function. Second, generated functions are scheduled by a multitasking scheduler that is also generated automatically. To make it easy to write customized scheduler manually, the data structure and information of each task are defined. With the preliminary experiment of DivX player, it is confirmed that the generated code from the proposed framework is efficiently and correctly executed on the target system.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.34-42
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• 2008

The control points are important assets of countries which express the most accurate location information that is used in surveying land and other measurements. The location information has played an important role in our daily lives with the development of ubiquitous technology. While many researchers have recently applied new technology like RFID(Radio-Frequency Identification) to the effective management of control points, the research into data retrieval and the interoperability of control point data is still primitive step. Therefore, we construct a data modeling to effectively manage control points using ontology data structure and focus on semantic retrieval method. Our retrieval system can provide the inferred and associated information among data using Prot$\acute{e}$g$\acute{e}$-OWL tool. Our system has advantages in reducing the number of repeated queries by hierarchy searching and improving the searching time by association searching. Also, we propose an effective method to construct retrieval systems being able to edit items of categories and properties without editing the related codes.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.4 s.44
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• pp.11-18
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• 2005

Inelastic seismic analysis is necessary for the seismic design due to the nonlinear behavior of a structure-soil system, and the importance of the performance based design considering the soil-structure interaction is recognized for the reasonable seismic design. In this study, elastic and inelastic seismic response analyses of a single degree of freedom system on the soft soil layer were peformed considering the nonlinearity of the soil for the 11 weak or moderate, and 5 strong earthquakes scaled to the nominal peak acceleration of 0.075g, 0.15g, 0.2g and 0.3g. Seismic response analyses for the structure-soil system were peformed in one step applying the earthquake motions to the bedrock In the frequency domain, using a pseudo 3-D dynamic analysis software. Study results indicate that it is necessary to consider the nonlinear soil-structure interaction effects and to perform the performance based seismic design for the various soil layers rather than to follow the routine procedures specified in the seismic design codes. Nonlinearity of the soft soil excited with the weak earthquakes also affected significantly to the elastic and inelastic responses due to the nonlinear soil amplification of the earthquake motions, and it was pronounced especially for the elastic ones.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.1 s.53
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• pp.59-65
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• 2007

Site classification of IBC and KBC is based on the ft-kips unit system and is not friendly for the linear interpolation of the site coefficients due to the implicit relationship between a site class and site coefficients, defining a site class by the range of the soil properties, not by a single soil property. Also, the site class definition of KBC has too wide range of soil properties for each soil class. making the structural engineers difficult to estimate the site coefficients for the diverse soil layers. In this study, a new site classification in SI unit system was proposed for the seismic design codes of KBC etc., and the comparison of the site coefficients of $F_{a}\;and\;F_{v}$ was also performed to investigate the possibility of the linear interpolation of the site coefficients with the proposed new site classification. According to the study results, it was more reasonable for the linear interpolation of the site coefficients to utilize the proposed new site classification considered the Sl unit system and the soil characteristics of the 30m soil layer beneath the shallow embedded foundation, and the linear interpolation of the acceleration coefficients for the design spectrum can be performed more reasonably defining the site coefficients for the representative shear wave velocities of each site class. With the study results, a new site classification, and the linear interpolation permitted acceleration coefficients fer the design spectrum were proposed for the modification of the seismic design regulations of KBC.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.25 no.6B
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• pp.1082-1091
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• 2000

In this paper, the efficient equalization method for OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiflexing) System using the QAM(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in multipath fading channel is proposed in order to faster and more efficiently equalize the received signals that are sent over real channel. In generally, the one-tap linear equalizers have been used in the frequency-domain as the existing equalization method for OFDM system. In this technique, if characteristics of the channel are changed fast, the one-tap linear equalizers cannot compensate for the distortion due to time variant multipath channels. Therefore, in this paper, we use one-tap non-linear equalizers instead of using one-tap linear equalizers in the frequency-domain, and also use the linear equalizer in the time-domain to compensate the rapid performance reduction at the low SNR(Signal-to-Noise Ratio) that is the disadvantage of the non-linear equalizer. In the frequency-domain, when QAM signals, consisting of in-phase components and quadrature (out-phase) components, are sent over the complex channel, the only in-phase and quadrature components of signals distorted by the multipath fading are changed the same as signals distorted by the noise. So the cross components are canceled in the frequency-domain equalizer. The time-domain equalizer and the adaptive algorithm that has lower-error probability and fast convergence speed are applied to compensate for the error that is caused by canceling the cross components in the frequency-domain equalizer. In the time-domain, To compensate for the performance of frequency-domain equalizer the time-domain equalizes the distorted signals at a frame by using the Gold-code as a training sequence in the receiver after the Gold-codes are inserted into the guard signal in the transmitter. By using the proposed equalization method, we can achieve faster and more efficient equalization method that has the reduced computational complexity and improved performance.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.780-787
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• 2005

Many researches and validations for the complexity metrics of the object-oriented systems have been studied. Most of them are aimed for the measurement of the partial aspects of the systems, for example, the coupling between objects, the complexity of inheritance structures, the cohesion of methods, and so on. But the software practitioners want to measure the complexity of overall system, not partial. We studied the complexity of the overall structures of object-oriented systems by analyzing the class diagram of UML. The class diagram is composed of classes and their relations. There are three kinds of relations, association, generalization, and aggregation, which are making the structure of object-oriented systems to be difficult to understand. We proposed a heuristic metric to measure the complexity of object-oriented systems by putting together the three kinds of the relations. Tn analyze the complexity of the structure of a object-oriented system for the maintainability of the system, we measured the degree of understandability of it, the reverse engineering time to draw a class diagram from the source codes, and the number of errors in the diagram. The results of this experiment shows that our proposed metric has a considerable relationship with the complexity of object-oriented systems. The metric will be helpful to the software developers for their designing tasks by evaluating the complexity of the structures of object-oriented systems and redesigning tasks , of them for the future maintainability.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.42 no.2 s.332
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• pp.23-30
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• 2005

This paper describes a DLL(delay locked loop)-based multi-clock generator having the lower active stand-by power as well as a fast relocking after re-activating the DLL. for low power and high speed VLSI chip. It enables a frequency multiplication using frequency multiplier scheme and produces output clocks with 50:50 duty-ratio regardless of the duty-ratio of system clock. Also, digital control scheme using DAC enables a fast relocking operation after exiting a standby-mode of the clock system which was obtained by storing analog locking information as digital codes in a register block. Also, for a clock multiplication, it has a feed-forward duty correction scheme using multiphase and phase mixing corrects a duty-error of system clock without requiring additional time. In this paper, the proposed DLL-based multi-clock generator can provides a synchronous clock to an external clock for I/O data communications and multiple clocks of slow and high speed operations for various IPs. The proposed DLL-based multi-clock generator was designed by the area of $1796{\mu}m\times654{\mu}m$ using $0.35-{\mu}m$ CMOS process and has $75MHz\~550MHz$ lock-range and maximum multiplication frequency of 800 MHz below 20psec static skew at 2.3v supply voltage.