• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.411-419
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• 2004

Titania particles are widely used as a photocatalyst to treat various contaminants in air and water. Titania particles were formed by vapor-phase oxidation of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) in a tube furnace between 773 and 1,273 K. The effect of process variables such as furnace temperature, flow rate of carrier air, and flow rate of sheath air on powder size and phase characteristics was investigated using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The size distribution of synthesized titania particles was characterized with mode diameter and peak concentration. The mode diameter ranging from 20 to 80 nm decreased with increasing flow rates of sheath air and carrier air, and increased with increasing furnace temperature. The peak concentration increased with increasing flow rates of sheath air and carrier air The best synthetic condition for high production rate can be derived from the experimental data set represented by mode diameter and peak concentration. The crystal structure of synthesized titania particles was found to be anatase phase, ensuring high photocatalytic potential.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.87-97
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• 2020

In this study, the applicability of the geostatistical evolution strategy as an inverse analysis method of estimating hydraulic properties of small-scale basin was tested. The geostatistical evolution strategy is a type of data assimilation method that can effectively estimate aquifer hydraulic conductivity by combining a global optimization model of the evolution strategy and a local optimization model of the ensemble Kalman filtering. In the applicability test, the geometry, hydraulic boundary conditions, and the distribution of groundwater monitoring wells of Hanlim-Eup were employed. On the other hand, a synthetic hydraulic conductivity distribution was generated and used as the reference property for ease of estimation quality assessment. In the estimations, two different cases were tested where, in Case I, both groundwater levels and hydraulic conductivity measurements were assumed to be available, and only the groundwater levels were available, in Case II. In both cases, the reference and estimated hydraulic conductivity fields were found to show reasonable similarity, even though the prior information for estimation was not accurate. The ability to estimate hydraulic conductivity without accurate prior information suggests that this method can be used effectively to estimate mathematical properties in real-world cases, many of which little prior information is available for the aquifer conditions.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제51권12호
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• pp.1181-1194
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 2015년에서 2017년 사이에 유럽항공우주국 Sentinel-1 위성이 촬영한 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) 영상을 활용하여 한강 유역 내 하천의 유량을 추정하는 모형을 개발하였다. 한강 유역 내 15개 중소규모 하천을 연구지역으로 선정하였으며 SAR 인공위성 영상 자료와 수위 및 유량관측소에서 산정한 유량 자료를 모형 구축을 위하여 사용하였다. 우선, 오류 보정을 위해 다양한 전처리 과정을 거친 12장의 SAR 영상을 히스토그램 매칭 기법을 적용하여 이미지의 밝기 분포를 동일하게 만들었다. 이후 임계치 분류방식을 사용하여 추출된 하천 수체의 면적과 지상 관측유량자료와의 관계식을 도출하여 유량추정모형을 구축하였다. 그 결과, 1개소를 제외한 14개 관측소에서 인공위성에서 추출한 하천 면적을 입력 자료로 하는 멱함수 형태의 유량추정모형을 구축할 수 있었다. 14개 관측소의 최소, 평균, 최대 결정 계수($R^2$)는 0.3, 0.8, 0.99로 나타났다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.447-463
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• 2019

해상풍은 해양 현상을 이해하고, 지구 온난화에 의한 지구 환경의 변화를 분석하기 위한 필수 요소이다. 전세계 연구 기관은 해상풍을 정확하고 지속적으로 관측하기 위해 산란계(scatterometer)를 개발하여 운영해오고 있으며, 정확도는 풍향이 ${\pm}20^{\circ}$, 풍속이 ${\pm}2m\;s^{-1}$ 안팎이다. 하지만, 산란계의 해상도는 12.5-25.0 km로, 해안선이 복잡하고 섬이 많은 한반도 근해에서는 자료의 결측이 빈번하게 발생하여 활용도가 감소한다. 그에 반해, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR, 합성개구레이더)는 마이크로파를 활용하는 전천후 센서로, 1 km 이하의 고해상도 해상풍이 산출이 가능하여 산란계의 단점 보완이 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 일반적으로 활용되는 SAR 자료 기반 해상풍 산출 알고리즘인 Geophysical Model Function (GMF, 지구 물리 모델 함수)를 밴드별로 분류하여 조사하였다. 상대 풍향, 입사각, 풍속에 따른 후방산란계수를 L-band Model (LMOD, L 밴드 모델), C-band Model (CMOD, C 밴드 모델), X-band Model (XMOD, X 밴드 모델)에 적용하여 모의하였고, 각 GMF의 특성을 분석하였다. 이러한 GMF를 SAR 탑재 인공위성 자료에 적용하여 산출한 해상풍의 정확도 검증 연구에 대해 조사하였다. SAR 자료 기반 해상풍의 정확도는 영상 관측 모드, 적용한 GMF의 종류, 정확도 비교 기준 자료, SAR 자료 전처리 방법, 상대 풍향 정보 산출 방법 등에 따라 변하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 국내 연구자들의 SAR 자료 기반 해상풍 산출 방법에 대한 접근성이 향상되고, 고해상도 해상풍 자료를 활용한 한반도 근해 분석에 이바지할 것으로 기대된다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.127-137
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• 1997

Equilibrium concentrations of major elements in an underground repository with a capacity of 100,000 drums have been simulated using the geochemical computer code (EQMOD). The simulation has been carried out at the conditions of pH 12 to 13.5, and Eh 520 and -520 mV. Solubilities of magnesium and calcium decrease with the increase of pH. The solubility of iron increases with pH at Eh -520 mV of reducing environment while it almost entirely exists as the precipitate of Fe(OH)$_3$(s) at Eh 520 mV of oxidizing environment. All of cobalt and nickel are predicted to be dissolved in the liquid phase regardless of pH since the solubility limit is greater than the total concentration. In the case of cesium and strontium, all forms of both ions are present in the liquid phase because they have negligible sorption capacity on cement and large solubility under disposal atmosphere. And thus the total concentration determines the equilibrium concentration. Adsorbed amount of iodide and carbonate are dependent on adsorption capacity and adsorption equilibrium constant. Especially, the calcite turns out to be a solubility-limiting phase on the carbonate system. In order to validate the model, the equilibrium concentrations measured for a number of systems which consist of iron, cement, synthetic groundwater and radionuclides are compared with those predicted by the model. The concentrations between the model and the experiment of nonadsorptive elements cesium, strontium, cobalt nickel and iron, are well agreed. It indicates that the assumptions and the thermodynamic data in this work are valid. Using the adsorption equilibrium constant as a free parameter, the experimental data of iodide and carbonate have been fitted to the model. The model is in a good agreement with the experimental data of the iodide system.

• Korean Journal of Geomatics
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2003

Every year, several typhoons hit the Korean peninsula and cause severe damage. For the prevention and accurate estimation of these damages, real time or almost real time flood information is essential. Because of weather conditions, images taken by optic sensors or LIDAR are sometimes not appropriate for an accurate estimation of water areas during typhoon. In this case SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) images which are independent of weather condition can be useful for the estimation of flood areas. To get detailed information about floods from satellite imagery, accurate classification of water areas is the most important step. A commonly- and widely-used classification methods is the ML(Maximum Likelihood) method which assumes that the distribution of brightness values of the images follows a Gaussian distribution. The distribution of brightness values of the SAR image, however, usually does not follow a Gaussian distribution. For this reason, in this study the ANN (Artificial Neural Networks) method independent of the statistical characteristics of images is applied to the SAR imagery. RADARS A TSAR images are primarily used for extraction of water areas, and DEM (Digital Elevation Model) is used as supplementary data to evaluate the ground undulation effect. Water areas are also extracted from KOMPSAT image achieved by optic sensors for comparison purpose. Both ANN and ML methods are applied to flat and mountainous areas to extract water areas. The estimated areas from satellite imagery are compared with those of manually extracted results. As a result, the ANN classifier performs better than the ML method when only the SAR image was used as input data, except for mountainous areas. When DEM was used as supplementary data for classification of SAR images, there was a 5.64% accuracy improvement for mountainous area, and a similar result of 0.24% accuracy improvement for flat areas using artificial neural networks.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.627-635
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• 2020

With the increasing severity of climate change, intense torrential rains are occurring more frequently globally. Flooding due to torrential rain not only causes substantial damage directly, but also via secondary events such as landslides. Therefore, accurate and prompt flood detection is required. Because it is difficult to directly access flooded areas, previous studies have largely used satellite images. Traditionally, water indices such asthe normalized difference water index (NDWI) and modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) which are based on different optical bands acquired by satellites, are used to detect floods. In addition, as flooding likelihood is greatly influenced by the weather, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images have also been used, because these are less influenced by weather conditions. In this study, we compared flood areas calculated from SAR images and water indices derived from Landsat-8 images, where the images were acquired at similar times. The flooded area was calculated from Landsat-8 and Sentinel-1 images taken between the end of May and August 2019 at Lijiazhou Island, China, which is located in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River basin and experiences annual floods. As a result, the flooded area calculated using the MNDWI was approximately 21% larger on average than that calculated using the NDWI. In a comparison of flood areas calculated using water indices and SAR intensity images, the flood areas calculated using SAR images tended to be smaller, regardless of the order in which the images were acquired. Because the images were acquired by the two satellites on different dates, we could not directly compare the accuracy of the water-index and SAR data. Nevertheless, this study demonstrates that floods can be detected using both optical and SAR satellite data.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제62권6호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2020

We estimated the spatio-temporally distributed soil moisture using Sentinel-1A/B SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) sensor images and soil moisture data assimilation technique in South Korea. Soil moisture data assimilation technique can extract the hydraulic parameters of soils using observed soil moisture and GA (Genetic Algorithm). The SWAP (Soil Water Atmosphere Plant) model associated with a soil moisture assimilation technique simulates the soil moisture using the soil hydraulic parameters and meteorological data as input data. The soil moisture based on Sentinel-1A/B was validated and evaluated using the pearson correlation and RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) analysis between estimated soil moisture and TDR soil moisture. The soil moisture data assimilation technique derived the soil hydraulic parameters using Sentinel-1A/B based soil moisture images, ASOS (Automated Synoptic Observing System) weather data and TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)/GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) rainfall data. The derived soil hydrological parameters as the input data to SWAP were used to simulate the daily soil moisture values at the spatial domain from 2001 to 2018 using the TRMM/GPM satellite rainfall data. Overall, the simulated soil moisture estimates matched well with the TDR measurements and Sentinel-1A/B based soil moisture under various land surface conditions (bare soil, crop, forest, and urban).

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.79-92
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• 2009

With the rising reliance on market estimation through customer analysis in customer-centered marketing, there is a rapid increase in the amount of personal data owned by corporations. There has been a corresponding rise in the customers' interest in personal information protection, and the problem of personal information leakage has risen as a serious issue. The purpose of this research is to develop a diagnosis model for personal information protection that is suited to our country's corporate environment, and on this basis, to present diagnostic instruments that can be applied to domestic corporations. This diagnosis model is a structural equation model that schematizes the degree of synthetic effect that administration factors and estimation items have on the protection of personal information owned by corporations. We develop the model- consisting of the administration factors for personal information protection and the measurement items of each factor- using the development method of standardized structural equation model. We then present a tool through which the administration factors and estimation items verified through this model can be used in the diagnosis for personal information protection in corporations. This diagnostic tool can be utilized as a useful instrument to prevent in advance the leakage of personal information in corporations.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회논문지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2012

본 논문은 지상무기체계 교전을 모의하기 위한 시뮬레이션 시스템 구축에 관한 연구이다. 본 논문에서는 에이전트 시뮬레이션 설계 방법론에 기반하여 시뮬레이션 시스템 아키텍처를 제안한다. 제안된 아키텍처의 각 개체는 에이전트 기반으로 모듈화된 컴포넌트들을 조합하여 구성된다. 이와 같은 개체 구성 방법은 개체의 재사용성과 조합성을 향상시키고, 결과적으로 시뮬레이션 시스템의 개발에 투입되는 시간, 비용, 및 노력을 감소시킨다. 지상무기체계 교전의 모의는 환경의 영향을 반영하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 제안된 아키텍처의 합성전장환경은 전장의 환경 데이터를 가지며 시뮬레이션 시스템의 전투개체와 계속적으로 상호작용한다. 이러한 아키텍처를 기반으로 구축된 시뮬레이션 시스템은 목적에 따라 다양한 지상무기체계 교전 시나리오의 신속한 모의가 가능하고, 개체들의 행위 수행에 환경 영향이 반영되어 신뢰성 있는 시뮬레이션 결과를 도출할 수 있다. 본 논문은 제안된 아키텍처를 기반으로 예제 시스템을 구축하여 그 효용성을 증명하였다.