• 한국생활과학회지
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.123-133
• /
• 1995

Lately our environments have been destroyed by such new things as synthetic detergent. How to use detergent at home can be a decisive factor for decreasing water pollution because living sewage by using detergent at home is the main cause of water pollution. We consumers, therefore, should understand the relation between the chemical ingredients of detergent and water pollution and should choose detergent always taking the kinds of detergent, its washing pewer into consideration. We should also contribute to the protection of out environment by keeping the standard of using amount attached to the products.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.49-56
• /
• 1979

To investigate detergency of various woven fabrics in relation to the detergents and washing temperature. cotton, polyester/cotton (p/c), nylon, acetate, and polyester were soiled in aqueous artificial ($carbon-CCl_4$) soil. Each fabric was washed with soap, alkaline and neutral synthetic detergents at $30^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$ respectively. The results obtained may be summerized as follows; 1. In soap, ascension of temperature had the most important effect upon washing efficiency and the higher the temperature was, the higher the washing efficiency was showed in all fabrics. And in case of alkaline synthetic detergent, nylon and p/c fabrics were much more difficult to clean at higher temperature and also acetate and polyester had the best efficiency at $40^{\circ}C$. Detergency of neutral detergent was good but the effect of temperature in neutral detergent was less than in soap. 2. Washing efficiency of cotton was less than that of others. 3. The higher the temperature was, the higher the washing efficiency of cotton in all detergents, and the best was in soap. In p/c, detergency of neutral detergent was good but effect of ascension of temperature was lower than in soap. In nylon, washing efficiencies of alkaline synthetic detergent and neutral detergent were excellent at 30°C but detergency of soap at $60^{\circ}C$ was best. In case of acetate, detergency of all detergents was about the same at $30^{\circ}C$ but that of soap at $60^{\circ}C$ was best. In polyester at $30^{\circ}C$, efficiency of neutral detergent was excellent but that of soap was more excellent at higher temperature and the best detergency of alkaline synthetic detergent showed at $40^{\circ}C$. In general. the higher the temperature is, the higher the washing efficiency of soap is. But when synthetic fibers of nylon and polyester are washed with synthetic detergents, washing at lower temperature is advisable.

• 한국안전학회지
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.76-82
• /
• 2001

An aqueous solution of a commercial liquid synthetic detergent for kitchen use was photodecomposed in the presence of titanium dioxides ponder under an atmosphere of air at room temperature. Titanium dioxides were prepared by sol-gel method from titanium iso-propoxide at different R R ratio($H_2O$/titanium iso-propoxide) and calcined at $500^{\circ}C$. All titanium dioxides m characterized by XRD, BET surface area analyzer and UV-VIS spectrometer. The surface mea of titanium dioxides prepared at R ratio=6 appeared higher volume about 20% than commercial $TiO_2$ catalyses. XRD patterns of titania particles were observed mixing phase together with rutile and anatase type. Titanium dioxides prepared by sol-gel method show higher activity about 6% than commercial $TiO_2$ catalysts on the Photocatalytic foundation of a commercial liquid synthetic detergent for kitchen. The concentration of the detergent decreased to about 90%, of its initial value at illumination times of 2 hour. illumination for 30 minutes decreased the concentration of oxygen to about one-fifth of the initial value.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.140-147
• /
• 2004

An aqueous solution of a commercial liquid synthetic detergent for kitchen use was photodecomposed in the presence of titanium dioxides powder under an atmosphere of air at room temperature. Titanium dioxides were prepared by sol-gel method from titanium iso-propoxide at different R ratio($H_2O$/titanium iso-propoxide) and calcined at $500^{\circ}C$. All titanium dioxides were characterized by XRD, BET surface area analyzer and UV-VIS spectrometer. The surface area of titanium dioxides prepared at R ratio=6 appeared higher volume about 20% than commercial $TiO_2$ catalysts. XRD patterns of titania particles were observed mixing phase together with rutile and anatase type. Titanium dioxides prepared by sol-gel method show higher activity about 6% than commercial $TiO_2$ catalysts on the photocatalytic degradation of a commercial liquid synthetic detergent for kitchen. The concentration of the detergent decreased to about 90% of its initial value at illumination times of 2 hour. Illumination for 30 minutes decreased the concentration of oxygen to about one-fifth of the initial value.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.39-54
• /
• 1994

I am going to survey major topics relating to the title by analyzing the following statistical data. 1 : Global trend of production and import of oil and relating materials 2 : Global trend of major oil production 3 : Capacity of Japanese factory for oil production 4 : Situation of mechanical expression based on raw materials 5 : Change of production amounts of Oil products 6 : Oil production of each items 7 : Imported amounts of oil products 8 : Vegetable oil meals, production, import and global trend 9 : Production of mayonnaise, dressing and edible processing oils 10 : Intake of nutrients, supply of lipids, and consumption of oils 11 : Global production of oleochemicals 12 : Sales amount of oleochemicals 13 : Capacities of fatty acid and fatty alcohol factories 14 : Oleochemical production in 1995 15 : Oleochemical procuction in asia 16 : Production of surfactants for industrial use 17 : Sales amount of detergents and washing materials 18 : Production of soap and synthetic detergent in Japan 19 : Consumption of soap. detergent, and synthetic detergent 20: Relation beween synthetic detergent production and popularization 21 : Biodegradability of soft detergent

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.38-42
• /
• 1970

Bacillus subtilis가 생산하는 효소 Tamylase (상품명)는 시판되는 여러 가지의 합성세제 중 "써니"와 배합해서 효소배합 합성세제로 사용할 때, 가장 좋았으며 amylase 활성에 관하여 측정해본 결과는 "써니"의 세탁에 사용되는 농도(0.2%)에서 그 활성이 90%이상 유지되고 있었으며 세제의 농도가 짙어질수록 효소활성은 감퇴되었고 최적반응조건으로는 기질의 pH $5{\sim}6.5$에서 $ 40^{\circ}C$도 30분 정도 반응시키는 것이 이상적이다. 또한 철 ion에 의해서는 효소활성에 저해를 받으며 내열성은 낮은 편이었고 효소분말과 세제분말을 혼합하였을 때, 저장성이 우수했다. Paper disc method와 cork borer method에 의해서 측정된 proteolytic activity 는 세제를 가했을 때, 그 농도가 세탁에 사용되는 농도, 즉, 0.2% 부근에서는 거의 안정하였다. 그러나 농도가 짙어지면 상당한 활성의 저해를 보여 주었다.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.27-36
• /
• 1986

The purpose of this study was, to estimate the detergency of commercial detergent and to examine the interrelationship between detergency and detergent characteristics, detergent concentration, fiber characteristics, and Rolling-up phenomenon which is the major removal mechanism of oily soil. A mixture of oleic acid-olive oil was used as oily soil. The detergency was estimated by analysis of oleic acid on cotton ana polyester fabrics before and after washing by means of liquid scintillation counting. The Rolling-up of oily soil from PET film was observed and change of contact angle and removal time were measured. The results were as follows ; 1. In the case of soaps and powder synthetic detergents, the optimum concentrations we-re about $0.2\~0.3\%$. And detergencies of liquid synthetic detergents were considerably low, and the detergency was continually increased up with increasing concentration to $0.5\%$, which seemed to be caused by the lower pH than that of soap and powder synthetic deter-gent solutions. 2. As the effect of external or internal fiber structure; the detergency of cotton was lower than that of polyester. 3. In the observation of Rolling-up, the contact angle increased and the Rolling-up time became shorter with increasing detergent concentrations ($0.05\~0.5\%$). And it was confirmed that detergency was increased with Rolling-up effect. In addition, the study on the actual laundry condition was studied using the questionaire. From the results, about $76\%$ of households used the concentration of detergent roughly or excessively and housewives were highly concerned on the recommended dose, but grade of practice were very low.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.189-199
• /
• 2004

This study analyed the results of the survey on the actual condition and the attitude in using laundry detergents of housewives in Jeonbuk region centering around Jeonju\ulcornerGunsan. The purpose of this study is to give more reasonable and scientific clothing management and to help to solve the problems of the environmental pollution caused by laundry detergents. Both Jeonju(71.4％) and Gunsan(71.0%) got informations about environmental pollution through mass media like TV and Radio. As for the degree of recognition of regenerated soap, comparing with the synthetic detergent, most people thought that the regenerated soap had better detergency, less water pollution, and less harm to the human being than the synthetic detergent. Accordingly, it showed they misconceived it. It showed that the aged consumers in Jeonju and Gunsan had all good attitudes for the practice. As roles of consumers toward the problems of environmental pollution, the respondents who thought that the consumers roles were important took high percentage(Jeonju 86.8% and Gunsan 84.5%). In conclusion, they showed high degree of concerns in the recognition of necessity about the proper use of detergent, however, low in their attitudes in real life applications.

• 물과 미래
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.69-77
• /
• 1994

생활수준이 향상됨에 따라 세제의 사용량이 큰 폭으로 증가하고 있으며, 하수처리공정에서 완전히 처리되지 못한 합성세제가 하천이나 강으로 흘러들어 지표수의 오염을 가중시키고 있다. 이와같은 세제는 수중생물에 해로운 여러 독성물질을 함유하고 있으며, 현재까지는 주로 화학적 분석에 의하여 그 독성을 측정하고 있다. 그러나 오염물질 상호간의 작용 등으로 화학분석만으로 적정기간동안에 독성을 평가하는 것은 상당히 어려운 실정인 바, 본 논문에서는 물벼룩인 Daphnia magna와 형광성 박테리아인 Photobacterium phosphoreum을 이용하여 생물학적으로 주방용 세제와 의류용 세제의 급성 독성을 평가하였다. 본 평가에 사용된 세제는 세탁용 세제와 주방용 세제로 구분하여 국내 사용량이 가장 많은 7종류를 선택하였으며, 조사결과 세탁용 세제의 평균 24hr, 48hr-LC50은 각각 4.25%, 2.50%이며, 주방용 세제의 평균 24hr, 48hr-LC50은 각각 2.01%, 1.36%이었다. 또한 세탁용 세제의 평균 5min, 15min-EC50은 각각 1.83%, 1.02%이며, 주방용 세제의 평균 5min, 15min-EC50은 각각 1.57%, 1.21% 이었다. 이를 통하여 국내에서 사용되는 합성세제중 주방용 세제가 세탁용 세제보다 지속적 독성이 큰 것을 알 수 있었으며 세제마다 독성의 정도가 차이가 있었다.

• 유기물자원화
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.115-122
• /
• 2011

의류용 세탁세제와 샴푸와 같은 합성세제가 혼입된 먹이를 급이하였을 경우 줄지렁이 개체군의 산란률, 난포당 부화개체수 및 차세대 발육 유충수의 증가를 유발시켰으며, 산란된 난포의 부화율에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 생태독성학적 측면에서 합성세제는 줄지렁이 개체군에 대해 독성 현상을 유발하지 않으며 가정에서 사용하는 합성세제는 하수슬러지를 지렁이에게 지속적으로 급이하였을 때 나타나는 지렁이 개체군 소멸현상의 직접적인 원인이 아닌 것으로 판단된다.